BusinessPhrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key
ElżbiEta JEndrych
BUSINESS PHRASES, COLLOCATIONSAND METAPHORS
Glossary with Practice and Answer Key
Wydawnictwo C.H.BeckWarszawa 2016
BUSINESS
ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH
Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key
© Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck 2016
Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Sp. z o.o.ul. Bonifraterska 17, 00-203 Warszawa
Skład i łamanie: GRAFOSDruk i oprawa: Elpil, Siedlce
ISBN 978-83-255-8385-9
ISBN e-book 978-83-255-8386-6
Business Phrases, Collocations and MetaphorsGlossary with Practice and Answer Key
Manager projektu: Anna Wieczorek
Spis treściUnit 1 ECONOMICS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors .............................................................. 9
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 16List of popular collocations ................................................................................................................................ 20
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 38Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 43
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 45
Unit 2 MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 47Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 47
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 56List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 61
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 81Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 88
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 95
Unit 3 EMPLOYMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 98PART 1. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION ........................................................................................................ 98Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 98
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 99List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 101
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 102Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 103
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 104
PART 2. EMPLOYMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 104Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 112
List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 116Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 128
Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 132Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 133
Unit 4 PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING ....................................................................................................... 135Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 135
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 138
6 Spis treści
List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 140Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 144
Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 146Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 147
Unit 5 TRADE .................................................................................................................................................................. 149Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 149
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 156List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 160
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 171Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 175
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 178
Unit 6 DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS ........................................................................... 180Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 180
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 184List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 186
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 190Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 193
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 194
Unit 7 FINANCE AND BANKING ......................................................................................................................... 195PART 1. FINANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 195Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 195
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 205List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 209
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 226Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 230
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 235
PART 2. ACCOUNTING ......................................................................................................................................... 237Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 237
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 242List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 246
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 248Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 250
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 250
PART 3. BANKING ................................................................................................................................................ 251Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 251
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 257List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 260
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 267Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 269
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 270
PART 4. INSURANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 271Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 271
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 273List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 274
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 276
PART 5. TAXES .................................................................................................................................................... 277Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 277
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 279List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 280
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 281
7 Spis treści
Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 282Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 283
PART 6. STOCK EXCHANGE ............................................................................................................................... 283Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 283
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 287List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 288
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 291Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 293
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 296
Unit 8 PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................... 298PART 1. PEOPLE .................................................................................................................................................... 298Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 298
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 302List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 305
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 314Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 317
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 320
PART 2. ORGANIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 322Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 322
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 325List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 328
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 336Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 339
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 341
Unit 9 LEGAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................................................ 342Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors .............................................................. 342
Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 346List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 348
Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 355Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 357
Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 357
KEY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 359
Unit 1 ECONOMICS
GLOSSARY OF HIGH FREQUENCY PHRASES, COLLOCATIONS AND METAPHORS
alokacja zasobów › allocation of resources/resource allocationaudyt środowiskowy › environmental audit/green auditbardzo szybki wzrost › exponential growthbilans handlu zagranicznego › balance of trade bilans płatniczy › balance of paymentsbezrobocie strukturalne › structural unemploymentblok handlowy › trading bloc/trade blocbrakuje towarów (na rynku) › goods are missingcena równowagi › equilibrium pricecena gwarantowana › guaranted price/fixed pricecena ustawowa › official pricecena zamrożona › frozen pricechłonność rynku › market absorptionchłonny rynek › ready marketchronić krajowych producentów › protect domestic producerschronić nowe gałęzie przemysłu › protect infant industrieschronić przemysł krajowy przed importem › protect domestic industries from importscykl koniunkturalny › business cycle/economic cycleczarny rynek › black marketczynniki produkcji › factors of productiondobra kapitałowe › capital goodsdobra koniunktura › economic prosperity/prosperity/boom
10 Unit 1 Economics
dodatni bilans handlowy › favourable balance of trade/positive balance of tradedolna granica cenowa › price floordostępność siły roboczej › availability of labourdostępny na rynku › available on the marketduży popyt na › high demand for/huge demand for/great demand for/big demand fordziałać na globalnym rynku › operate on the global marketefekt cieplarniany › greenhouse effectefekt skali › economies of scaleeksport niewidoczny › invisible exporteksporter netto › net exporterelastyczność popytu › elasticity of demandelastyczny rynek pracy › flexible labour marketgęsto zaludniony › densely populatedglobalne ocieplenie › global warmingglobalny rynek › global marketgospodarka dobrze rozwijająca się › thriving economygospodarka dzielenia się towarami, ekonomia współdzielenia › sharing economygospodarka kapitalistyczna › capitalist economygospodarka kwitnie › economy is boominggospodarka mieszana › mixed economygospodarka nakazowa › command economy/centrally planned economy/controlled economygospodarka oparta na usługach › service economygospodarka oparta na wiedzy › knowledge economy/knowledge-based economygospodarka rynkowa › market economygospodarka zwalnia › economy slows downgórna granica cenowa › price ceilinghamować rozwój wolnego rynku › hamper free market developmenthandel międzynarodowy › international trade/cross-border tradehandel wewnętrzny › domestic trade/home tradehandel zagraniczny › foreign trade/overseas tradehotele i restauracje (jako branża) › hospitality sector/hospitality industryinflacja kosztowa › cost-push inflation/cost-induced inflationinflacja popytowa › demand-pull inflation/demand inflationinflacja strukturalna › structural inflationingerencja rządu › government interferenceingerować za pomocą podatków › interfere by means of taxesistnieje niedobór towarów (na rynku) › goods are scarcekapitał ludzki › human capital
11Unit 1 Economics
klęska żywiołowa › natural disasterkoniunktura gospodarcza › economic situation/state of the economykonkurencja cenowa › price competitionkonkurencja doskonała › pure competition/perfect competitionkonkurencja między firmami › competition between companieskonkurencyjny produkt › competitive productkonsumpcja na głowę mieszkańca › consumption per capitakontrola cen i płac › price and wage controlskontrolować poziom inflacji › keep inflation under controlkontyngent eksportowy › export quotakoszyk towarów › basket of goodskraj o niskich kosztach siły roboczej › low-cost countrykraj o wysokim dochodzie › high-income countrykraj rozwijający się › developing countrykraj rozwinięty › developed countrykwitnąca gospodarka › booming economy/prosperous economyliczba osób bezrobotnych › jobless figuremasowa konsumpcja › mass consumptionmasowy rynek › mass marketmechanizm cenowy › price mechanismmechanizm wolnorynkowy › free market mechanismnagły wzrost popytu › surge in demandnakładać restrykcje handlowe › impose trade restrictionsnałożyć embargo › impose a ban (on trade)/impose an embargo/put an embargonarazić się na ryzyko inflacji › run the risk of inflationnasycić rynek › saturate the marketniedobory towarów (na rynku) › shortages of goodsniekorzyści skali, negatywny efekt skali › diseconomies of scalenieruchomości › real estateniewidzialna ręka konkurencji › invisible hand of competitionnisza na rynku › market nicheochrona konsumenta › consumer protectionochrona środowiska › environmental protection/protection of the environmentodnawialne źródła energii › renewable energy sourcesogół społeczeństwa › the general public/the publicograniczenia importowe › restrictions on import/import restrictionsokreślić górną granicę cenową › put a ceiling on a price
12 Unit 1 Economics
ostra konkurencja › tough competition/intense competition/fierce competition/cut-throat competition/keen competition/strong competitionotoczenie biznesu › business environmentożywienie na rynku › market boompaliwa kopalne › fossil fuelspaństwowy monopol › state monopolyplan zaciskania pasa w gospodarce › austerity measurespłaca minimalna › minimum wagepodaż i popyt › supply and demandpodaż pieniądza › money supplypodaż przewyższa popyt › supply outstrips demand/supply exceeds demandpodaż zaspokaja popyt › supply meets demandpodstawowe produkty spożywcze › essentials foodstuffs/basic foodstuffspodział pracy › division of labourpogorszenie koniunktury, pogorszenie sytuacji gospodarczej › economic slumppogorszyć inflację › exacerbate inflationpopyt i podaż › demand and supplypośredniczyć › act as an intermediarypowstrzymać inflację › halt inflationprawo konkurencji › competition lawprawo podaży i popytu › the law of supply and demandprodukcja i sprzedaż › trade and industryprodukcja pierwotna › primary productionprodukt krajowy brutto › gross domestic product/GDPprognoza gospodarcza › economic forecast/economic outlook/economic projectionpromować wolny handel › promote free tradeprzeciętny dochód na głowę › per capita income/average incomeprzemysł budowlany › construction industryprzemysł ciężki › heavy industryprzemysł lekki › light industryprzemysł modowy › fashion industryprzemysł rozrywkowy › entertainment industry/show businessprzemysł spożywczy › food industryprzemysł strategiczny › strategic industryprzemysł wydobywczy › extractive industryprzemysł wytwórczy › manufacturing industryprzetwórstwo żywności › food processingprzewaga konkurencyjna › competitive advantage/competitive edge
13Unit 1 Economics
przyjazny dla środowiska › environmentally friendly/environment friendlyprzyspieszony wzrost › accelerated growthprzyznać koncesję › grant a concessionregulować ceny › regulate pricesroboty publiczne › public worksrolnictwo organiczne › organic farmingrolnictwo przemysłowe › factory farming/battery farmingropa naftowa › crude oilrosnący popyt na › increasing demand for/growing demand forrównowaga rynkowa › market equilibrium/equilibrium on the marketrynek akcji › equity market/stock marketrynek finasowy › financial marketrynek instrumentów pochodnych › derivatives marketrynek kapitałowy › capital marketrynek konsumpcyjny › consumer marketrynek mieszkaniowy › housing marketrynek nasycony › saturated marketrynek nielegalny › illegal marketrynek nieruchomości › property market/real estate marketrynek niszowy › niche marketrynek pieniężny › money marketrynek pierwotny › primary marketrynek podziemny › underground marketrynek pracy › job market; labour market (BE), labor market (AE)rynek przemysłowy › industrial marketrynek towarowy › commodity marketrynek walutowy › foreign exchange/FOREX/FX/currency marketrynek wewnętrzny, rynek krajowy › domestic market/home marketrynek wirtualny › virtual marketrynek wtórny › secondary marketrynek z nadpodażą › congested market/glutted marketschładzać gospodarkę › cool down the economysektor usług › service industry/service sector/tertiary production/tertiary sectorsilnie dotowany eksport › heavily subsidised exportsiła nabywcza (waluty) › purchasing power (of a currency)siła portfela › power of the pursesiła robocza › work force/workforce/manpower/laboursiła wyższa › force majeure/act of God
14 Unit 1 Economics
siły popytu i podaży › forces of supply and demandsiły rynkowe › market forcesskorygowany o inflację › inflation adjusted/adjusted for inflationskutki działalności biznesowej na środowisko › environmental footprint of business operationssłaba gospodarka › weak economy/fragile economy/ailing economysłabnąca gospodarka › flagging economy/weakening economysłabnący popyt na › falling demand forsłaby popyt na › low demand for/weak demand forspadek koniunktury › contraction/economic decline/economic downturnspecjalna strefa ekonomiczna › special economic zone/SEZsprawny rynek › healthy marketstabilna gospodarka › stable economystarzejąca się populacja › ageing populationstopa inflacji › inflation rate/rate of inflationstopa wzrostu gospodarczego › rate of economic growthstopa życiowa › standard of livingstrajk › industrial action/strikestrumień dochodu › stream of incomesurowce › raw materialsswobodny przepływ towarów, siły roboczej i kapitału › free flow of goods, labour and capitalsystem walutowy › currency systemszara strefa › grey market/twilight zone (BE), gray market (AE)szpiegostwo przemysłowe › industrial espionagesztuczna kontrola cen › artificial price controlsszybki odpływ kapitału › flight of capital/capital flightszybki wzrost gospodarczy › fast economic growth/rapid economic growthszybko zmieniające się otoczenie biznesu › volatile business environmentśrodki produkcji › means of productiontowary konsumpcyjne › consumer goodstowary konsumpcyjne trwałego użytku › consumer durablestowary pierwszej potrzeby › essential goods/staple goods/staples/necessity goodstowary szybko zbywalne, towary szybko rotujące › fast moving consumer goods/FMCGuczciwy handel (bez wykorzystywania nikogo) › fair tradeujemny bilans handlowy › adverse balance of trade/adverse trade balanceułatwiać eksport › facilitate exportusługi na rzecz handlu › services to tradeutrzymać zrównoważony rozwój › maintain sustainable growth
15Unit 1 Economics
uzdrowienie gospodarki › economic recoveryuzyskać kontrolę nad rynkiem, opanować rynek, zdominować rynek › corner the marketwahania koniunktury › market fluctuationswahania popytu › fluctuations in demandwalczyć z recesją › fight recessionwartość dodana › added valuewartość pieniądza w czasie › time value of moneywolna konkurencja › free competitionwolna strefa ekonomiczna › free economic zone/FEZwolny obszar celny, strefa wolnocłowa › free zone/duty-free zone/free-trade zone/tax-free zonewpływ na środowisko › environmental impactwydobycie surowców › extraction of raw materialswschodzący rynek › emerging marketwskaźnik bezrobocia › unemployment rate/unemployment ratiowskaźnik cen detalicznych › retail price index/RPIwskaźnik cen towarów i usług konsumpcyjnych › consumer price index/CPIwskaźnik gospodarczy › economic indexwspólna waluta › single currencywspółpraca gospodarcza › economic cooperationwydajność pracy › work efficiencywyniki gospodarcze, wyniki osiągane przez gospodarkę › economic performancewyznacznik popytu › determinant of demandwzrost gospodarczy › economic growthwzrost i spadek koniunktury › boom and bustzaburzony rynek › disturbed marketzahamować inflację › curb inflationzalać rynek towarami › flood the market with goodszalanie rynku towarami › market glutzamrożenie cen › price freezezanieczyszczać środowisko › pollute the environment/harm the environment/damage the environment/contaminate the environmentzanieczyszczenie środowiska › pollution of the environmentzałamanie rynku; zawodność rynku › market failurezapobiegać nieuczciwej konkurencji › prevent unfair competitionzaspokoić popyt › meet demand/satisfy demand/cope with demandzasoby nieodnawialne › non-renewable resourceszasoby siły roboczej › labour resourceszastój gospodarczy › economic slow-down
16 Unit 1 Economics
zastój w interesach › business stagnationzdrowa gospodarka › sound economy/healthy economyzliberalizowana gospodarka, uwolniona gospodarka › deregulated economy/liberalised economyzła koniunktura › economic slump/slump/troughzmiana popytu › change in demandzmienny rynek › volatile marketznaleźć chłonny rynek na › find a ready market for znieść bariery w handlu › lift trade restrictionszrównoważony rynek › balanced market/well-balanced marketzrównoważony wzrost › sustainable growthzużycie energii › energy consumptionzwiększyć eksport › boost exportzwiększyć popyt › increase demand/boost demand
Practice Section 1
Task 1
Complete the expressions.
allocation of ....................
protect .................... producers
cross-.................... trade
the law of .................... and demand
consumption per ....................
centrally .................... economy
.................... market mechanism
.................... domestic product
extraction of .................... materials
maintain .................... growth
Task 2
Give the full terms for the following acronyms.
1. SEZ – ........................................................................................................................
2. GDP – ........................................................................................................................
3. CPI – ........................................................................................................................
4. FEZ – ........................................................................................................................
17Unit 1 Economics
Task 3
Identify ten adjectives in the pool that may precede the word ‘competition’.
tough fierce significant intense cut-throat animated great keen eager exaggerated strong strict gross free weak
Task 4
Translate into English.
1. wzrost i spadek koniunktury – ......................................................
2. zła koniunktura – ......................................................
3. cykl koniunkturalny – ......................................................
4. dobra koniunktura – ......................................................
5. koniunktura gospodarcza – ......................................................
6. spadek koniunktury – ......................................................
Task 5
Give the opposites to the following expressions.
1. heavy industry – ......................................................
2. healthy economy – ......................................................
3. negative balance of trade – ......................................................
4. ailing economy – ......................................................
5. free economy – ......................................................
6. economy slows down – ......................................................
7. boom – ......................................................
8. impose restrictions – ...................................................... restrictions
9. foreign trade – ...................................................... trade
10. economies of scale – ...................................................... of scale
Task 6
Identify the words in the pool that may precede the word ‘market’.
free foreign easy red global secondary saturated blind industrial black primary grey new domestic durable fixed
18 Unit 1 Economics
Task 7
Add the missing prepositions.
1. fluctuations .................... demand
2. keep .................... .................... competition
3. keep inflation .................... control
4. impose restrictions ....................
5. available .................... the market
6. operate .................... the global market
7. keep ahead .................... competition
8. economy slows ....................
9. surge .................... demand
10. find a ready market .................... something
Task 8
Identify incorrect collocations.
1. production, underground, labour, commodity, virtual, domestic, fair + market
2. weak, weakening, sound, ailing, high, flagging, falling, strong, low + economy
3. light, textile, extractive, fashion, manufacturing, current, present + industry
4. market + niche, scale, boom, economy, mechanism, glut
Task 9
Identify the words that may precede the word ‘economy’.
1. sh.................... economy
2. th..................... economy
3. we................... economy
4. fr...................... economy
5. ai..................... economy
6. mi.................... economy
7. st..................... economy
19 Unit 1 Economics
Task 10
Identify the words in the pool that may precede the word ‘demand’.
high huge slim low slight great large weak little
Task 11
The expressions below do not represent correct collocations. Change the second element in each pair to create correct collocations.
1. market materials market ........................................
2. price trade price ...........................................
3. free recovery free .............................................
4. economic freeze economic ...................................
5. fair espionage fair ...............................................
6. industrial glut industrial .....................................
7. currency competition currency .....................................
8. raw system raw ..............................................
Task 12
Identify incorrect collocations.
1. healthy, recovered, upgraded + market
2. slight, low, weak + demand
3. industrial, industry, striking + action
4. vogue, visible, volatile + business environment
5. consumptive, consumer, consumable + goods
6. factors, ways, means + of production
7. grey zone, twilight zone, grey market
8. services + to, for, at + trade
9. sustaining, sustained, sustainable + growth
10. stocked, congested, glutted + market
11. weak, fragile, low, ailing + economy
12. country, domestic, home + market