By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NYNY
Edited By: Adam StonehillEdited By: Adam Stonehill
By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NYNY
Edited By: Adam StonehillEdited By: Adam Stonehill
Earlier Explorations – Earlier Explorations – Pre Colombian Pre Colombian Discoveries Discoveries
Earlier Explorations – Earlier Explorations – Pre Colombian Pre Colombian Discoveries Discoveries
1. Islam & the Spice Trade Malacca
2. A New Player Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” – early 1400s. Significant that they were stopped for internal considerations otherwise the Chinese probably would have conquered the “New World”
Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He
1371-1435Voyages used for
showing off Chinese power
and accumulation of knowledge,
not for $
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port! The heart of the Indian Ocean Trade Circuit
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre-1492 pre-1492 (Geocentrism vs (Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism)Heliocentrism)
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre-1492 pre-1492 (Geocentrism vs (Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism)Heliocentrism)
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration1. Crusades by-pass
intermediaries in trade routes to get to Asia. (Muslim Empires)
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries. (spread “your type” of Christianity)
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Importance - Created an “atmosphere” conducive to
exploration
Portuguese Maritime Empire• First European “oceanic” explorers
• West Africa first (forts established)
• First Europeans to reach “wealthy” Indian ocean trade by Vasco da Gama
• Gain “eastern” territories of Pope Alexander VI’s Treaty of Tordesillas
• Main colonies are: Brazil (Sugarcane, most slaves of any colony) and East Indies (spices)
• Decline with rise of Dutch and English by 1700.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
(Christopher Columbus)(Christopher Columbus)
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
(Christopher Columbus)(Christopher Columbus)
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
Fernando Cortez – by Fernando Cortez – by controlling leader controlling leader
controlled the controlled the population and wrote population and wrote
about itabout it
Fernando Cortez – by Fernando Cortez – by controlling leader controlling leader
controlled the controlled the population and wrote population and wrote
about itabout it
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortes –Cortes –Spanish have many Spanish have many
Native American AlliesNative American Allies
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to Cortes –Cortes –Spanish have many Spanish have many
Native American AlliesNative American Allies
Francisco Pizarro – Francisco Pizarro – followed Cortes’ followed Cortes’ strategy after strategy after reading diaryreading diary
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10-50 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws New Laws 1542 1542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.