Mons, 20/11/2014
by Virginie Dégardin IEMN-TELICE (Telecommunications, Interférences et Compatibilité Electromagnétique)
OUTLINE
1. PLC context From indoor environment to transportation systems
2. PLC on vehicular network 3. PLC on avionic network 4. Conclusion 5. On going and future works
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1. PLC context and scientific approach
Broadband (BB) PLC for high-speed home networking
2 standards : IEEE P1901 and ITU G.hn in the 2-100 MHz ( > 500 Mbits/s)
in-home or access (for the last mile) network
A.M. Tonello, J. Song, S. Weiss, and F. Yang, "PLC for the
Smart Grid: State-of-the-Art and Challenges," Proceedings of
Conference on Mobility and Computing (CMC 2012), Guilin,
China, 21-23 May, 2012
Narrow band (NB) or BB PLC for smart grid
BB PLC for transportation systems ?
NEW CHALLENGES ?
• Need of communication (embedded
system for safety and entertainment)
Interest : does not require a new
communication bus
• complexity
• cable weight
• vehicle weight
• fuel
2. PLC on vehicular network
Context : need of high-speed communication without adding wires and nodes, and existing 12V supply lines in all cars Objectives : Deduce, from intensive measurements, an accurate and stochastic model of vehicular PLC channel to validate the feasibility of in-vehicle Power Line Communication
Main difficulties : • EMC aspect : Impact of PLC systems on other services radiated and conducted emission limits limited transmission power for PLC systems; • PLC channel Noise : stationary and impulsive Transfer function : Multipath environment and time varying
Framework & project : PREDIT contract, in cooperation between VALEO, PSA-Peugeot-Citroën, IETR-INSA and IEMN-TELICE, the “Pole Sciences et Technologies pour la Sécurité dans les Transports” (Science and Technology for Safety in Transportation -ST2).
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Deterministic propagation Model
2. PLC on vehicular network
Modeling and characterization of the propagation channel
CRIPTE : Succession of interconnected tubes. Each junction is characterized by its [S] matrix
Experimental approach
“Direct” : AB and DE
“Indirect” : AC, AE and AF
Architecture of the harness decided with car manufacturers
“Direct” : D4 D3
“Indirect” : D1 D2
total length = 260 m ; 116 terminal loads
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• Good agreement between theory and experiment • Average insertion loss : 20dB for direct path scenario 35 dB for indirect path scenario
2. PLC on vehicular network
Modeling and characterization of the propagation channel
Comparison between experiments and deterministic modeling
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 010
-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
Insertion gain (dB)
Pro
bab
ilit
y P
(X<
x)
direct path scenario, Measurement
direct path scenario, Theory
indirect path scenario, Measurement
indirect path scenario, Theory
Direct pathIndirect path
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References : V. Degardin, M. Lienard, P. Degauque, E. Simon and P. Laly, “Impulsive Noise Characterization of In-Vehicle Power Line,” IEEE Trans. on Electromagn. Compat., vol. 50, n°4, pp. 861-868, 2008. M. Lienard, M.O. Carrion, V. Degardin, P. Degauque, “Modeling and analysis of in-vehicle power line communication channels”, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 2, 670-679, 2008. M. Olivas Carrion, “ Communication sur le réseau d’énergie électrique d’un véhicule : modélisation et analyse du canal de propagation “, thèse de Doctorat, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Juillet 2006
2. PLC on vehicular network
Highlights: • Development of impulsive noise measurement system (4 *200 MHz) • Characterization of amplitude, duration , frequency, IAT of the pulses => influence of the driving condition (cruising, braking …) • Elaboration of impulsive noise model •Optimum modem impedance 50 100 • Identification of two scenarios (Direct path and Indirect path) • CISPR25 : PSD <-80 dBm/Hz • Theoretical result : 14 Mbit/s available in direct path scenario
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time (µs)
Am
plitu
de
(V
)
Signal -60 dBm/Hz
Noise measurement
Context : The More (or even the All) Electric Aircraft Replacement of hydraulic and pneumatic energy sources by electrical ones :
Higher electrical power Changes in the voltage levels Increase in the wires mass
Increase data communication exchanges on A/C which leads to:
Increase in the number of wires Increase system complexity
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3. PLC on avionic network
Framework & project : • TAUPE Project with European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2012) under Grant agreement number 213645 ; • DPCA contract “ISS Power and Control” in collaboration with Airbus and Safran Engineering Services ; • PhD. Thesis FIAC in collaboration with Sagem Défense, Safran Engineering Services and IETR from INSA – Rennes •International Campus on Safety and Intermodality in transportation systems (CISIT).
Cabin Lighting System
Landing gear
Flight control system (Spoiler, aileron)
3 possible applications in a commercial aircraft DO160 EMC constraints => CM current limit ICM
• a complex tree-shaped architecture of the harness • Signal crosstalk between adjacent systems in bundles
• Between a motor and an PWM inverter on a 3 phase AC Power cable • PWM impulsive noise
• PP and Point-to-Multipoint topology • HVDC network
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3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS)
Typical architecture of a CLS : representative of tree-shaped of many aircraft harness configurations
Power: Secondary Power Distribution Box (SPDB) Illumination Ballast Units (IBUs). Typically, 1 power line feeds 8 to 24 IBUs - Each power line runs within a cable bundle Data (control command): Remote control (cabin crew) through the Cabin Interconnection Data System (CIDS) Decoder Encoder Unit (DEU)IBU idea : Dedicated transmission line can be removed by using PLC
SPDB
IBU IBU
Typically: 1 power line for 8 – 24 IBUs DEU
CIDS
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3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS)
STEP 1 : Laboratory Test bench Simulation • Architecture • Statistical channel properties for the various links based on the theoretical modeling of the propagation on the harness • Modeling the PLC link → expected throughput or BER
Tree network architecture Maximum length SPDB-IBU: 43 m VT : multiplying connector PLC lines inside a cable bundle Number of wires in the bundle: 2 to 30 Total length of the wires: 706 m
SPDB : Distribution Box IBU : Illumination Unit
3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS) STEP 1 : Laboratory Test bench Simulation • Architecture • Statistical channel properties • Modeling the PLC link → expected throughput or BER
Important local fading due to multipath + coupling to the other wires
PLC frequency band
Statistical aspects on: • Path loss • Coherence bandwidth (band in which H(f) does not vary “appreciably”)
3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS) STEP 1 : Laboratory Test bench Simulation • Architecture • Statistical channel properties • Modeling the PLC link → expected throughput or BER
Comparison statistical behavior of the channel
Predicted results vs Measurements => Good agreement
Input for the simulation of the data transmission
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 010
-2
10-1
100
Insertion gain(dB)
Pro
bab
ilit
y P
(X<
x)
Exp 1.8-30 MHz
Theory 1.8-30 MHz
3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS) STEP 1 : Laboratory Test bench Simulation • Architecture • Statistical channel properties • Modeling the PLC link → expected throughput or BER
HPAV specifications
- 1155 subcarriers on [1.8-30] MHz (only 917 sc with spectrum mask)
- ½ Turbo convolutional code and channel interleaving
- compatible with the CLS channel characteristics
What’s about injection and noise power ?
3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System (CLS) STEP 1 : Laboratory Test bench Simulation
Amplitude of noise and signal current on the PLC line ?
• Noise due to systems directly connected to the PLC line is assumed to be well filtered
• Noise is due to the coupling of the disturbing currents flowing on the other wires
3. PLC on avionic network
Modem Tx
ICM dist IDM signal
ICM signal
Bruit blanc
Modem Rx
IDM noise
Noise Amplitude ?
IDM noise = ICM dist + CF IdistIDM noise IDM signal = ICM signal + CFDM-CM signal Amplitude ?
Norme DO160 => ICM 20 dBµA/kHz
CT = Idm_noise / Icm_dist CF = ICM_signal / IDM_signal
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System STEP 2 : Lab. Test bench Experiments
• Characteristics of the “Univ. Lille” modems – Design and development of “versatile” modems (based on FPGAs)
to be able to change:
• Signal processing, modulation scheme, etc.
– In the following HPAV standards
• Principle of the experiments (DM)
Modem
ICM noise
IDM signal ICM signal Current probe
White noise generator
1: Adjust the power of the modem ICM signal < 20 dBµA in the whole bandwidth 2: Adjust the power of the noise generator ICM noise < 20 dBµA in the whole bandwidth 3: Send 100 PHY Block (520 bytes) of OFDM frames, Store the Rx frames BER
3. PLC on avionic network
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A. PLC on Cabin Lighting System STEP 2 : Lab. Test bench Experiments
Throughput : Maximum bit rate to guarantee a BER <= 10-3
3. PLC on avionic network
IBU 1 IBU 2–4 IBU 5–7 IBU 8–11 IBU 12–14
Distance (m) 11.6 12 –18 28 –32 35 –40 42–43
Number of VT 1 2 1 2 3
Throughput Exp. (Mbits/s) 98.5 98.5 98.5 94.6 91.4
Throughput Th. (Mbits/s) 98.5 98.5 98.4 94.5 78.4
maximum bit rate : 98.5 Mbits/s. Throughput : Maximum bit rate to guarantee a BER <= 10-3 Chosen values for CF and CT for a percentile to 80%
V. Degardin et al., "Investigation on power line communication in aircrafts", IET Commun., vol. 8, no. 10, 1868-1874, 2014. V. Degardin et al., “Theoretical approach to the feasibility of power line communication in aircrafts, “ IEEE Trans. vehicular tech, March 2013. Report of the weekly magazine "Air &Cosmos“ on Taupe project, “Vers une architecture électrique de l’avion mieux optimisée”, March 2012.
3. Performance on the avionic network
Highlights: • Measurements of PWM impulsive noise
=> influence of the cable length, motor speed, inverter voltage, and equipment.
• Measurement of insertion gain • Optimize the PLC link with noise processing • at 20 Mbit/s, a CSD > 56 dBµA/kHz is required
to obtain BER < 10-4
• Study and optimize the MIMO – PLC link (SFBC code) – bit rate of 5 Mbits/s : Gain of 7 to 10 dB
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B. PLC on a 3 phase AC Power cable between a motor and a PWM inverter
Objectives: • Feasibility of a PLC communication on a 3 phase AC power cable • Decreasing the number of wires to be used and simplifying the architecture
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References: V. Degardin, K. Kilani, L. Kone, M. Lienard, P. Degauque, "Feasibility of a high bit rate power line communication between an inverter and a motor", IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 9, 4816-4823, 2014. K. Kilani, V. Degardin, P. Laly, M. Lienard, “Transmission on aircraft power line between an inverter and a motor : impulsive noise characterization“ , IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April 3-6, pp. 301-304, 2011.
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4. Conclusion
• Analysis of the feasibility of the PLC communication in vehicular and avionic environments • The scientific approach :
• Characterizing and modeling the networks (Insertion gain and noise) Impulsive noise measurement system (4 inputs 200 MHz) vehicular noise models deterministic model of avionic and vehicular representative harnesses validated by measurements
• Modeling and optimizing the PLC link to predict BER and throughputs PLC simulation tools based on OPERA and HPAV specifications
• Validating the theoretical results with configurable modems versatile modems
• Applicability of PLC to aircraft: Need to fulfill regulatory requirements for reliability, susceptibility and robustness
– EMC susceptibility standards
– After an interruption of the link, PLC communication must be reestablished t<1ms
– Low latency
=> HPAV specifications not adequate. Simplify the transmission scheme while guaranteeing the prescribed maximum value of the BER. Optimize channel coding and modulation
• New application : default detection, cable monitoring, arc tracking avoidance
5. Future works
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Thank You.