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1. Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is manufactured in industry through ...................................
2. The rawmaterials used are , and ..
3. This process consists of 3 stages // reactions.
Step I To produce sulphur dioxide
Explanation : Sulphur is burnt in air (oxygen) to produce sulphur dioxide gas
Chemical equation : S + O2 SO2
Step II To produce sulphur trioxide
Explanation : ..............................................................................................................
Chemical
equation :......................................................................................................
Step III To produce oleum
Explanation : ...............................................................................................................
Chemical equation : SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Step IV To produce sulphuric acid
Explanation : Oleum is diluted in water to produce sulphuric acid
Chemical equation ......................................................................................................
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A. SULPHURIC ACID
Suitable/optimum condition :
Temperature : ......................... 0C
Pressure : .................... atmCatalyst : .............................., V2O5
Stage 1 Stage 2
Stage 3
sulphur oxygen water
4
(a) (b) (c)
(d)Sulphuric acid
Burns in air Temperature: ..............oC
Pressure : ....... atm
Catalyst : .....................
Dilute in water
Dissolves inconcentrated
H2SO4
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Complete the diagram below.
1. An important use of sulphuric acid is in the production of fertilizers. Name thefertilizers produced and write the equations involved when sulphuric acid reacts with :
(i) aqueous ammonia
Name of fertilizer :
...
Chemical equation :..
(ii) potassium hydroxide
Name of fertilizer :...
Chemical equation :
..
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Uses of SulphuricAcid, H
2SO
4
In industries :
As an electrolyte in
acumulatorpaints
aartificial fibres
ial fibres
detergents fertilizers*
Ammonium sulphate
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Potassium sulphate
2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O
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Environmental Pollutionby Sulphur dioxide
.
Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous and acidic gas. This gas can cause ___________, _________ , shortness of breath and bronchitis.
Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water/water vapour/rain water to
produce a mixture of sulphurous acid, H2SO3, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4. The
presence of these acids in rain water results in acid rain.
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4
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corrodes concrete
buildings
Effects of Acid Rain
to Environment
lower the pH of water
makes the soil acidic
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Manufacture of ammonia in industries through Haber Process.
Combines nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas with ratio 1 : 3, in suitable/optimum condition.
Chemical equation :
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AMMONIA
Condition :
Temperature : 450 0C
Pressure : 200 atm
Catalyst : Iron/Ferum, Fe
N2 + ............. 2NH3
Uses of ammonia :
(i) ..
(ii) .
(iii)
(iv). To produce explosives
(V) to prevent coagulation
Manufacture of fertilizer
As a raw material to
produce nitric acid
As an alkali to preventhecoagulation of latex
B. AMMONIA AND ITS SALT
H2
gas
+
Properties of Ammonia :
(i)............................................
(ii)...........................................
(iii)..........................................
(iv)..............................................
(v) give white fumes whenreacted with hydrogen chloridegas
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The manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers :
(a) Ammonium nitrate
Ammonia reacts with nitric acid through neutralization reaction to produce
ammonium nitrate.
Chemical equation : NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
(b) Ammonium sulphate
Ammonia reacts with .............................. through neutralization reaction to produce
ammonium sulphate.
Chemical equation : _____________________________________
(c) Urea
Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at a temperature of 200 0C and at pressure of
200 atm to produce urea.
2NH3 + CO2 (NH2)2CO + H2O
Ammonium fertilizers :
1. The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers are determined by the percentage of nitrogen
(by weight) present in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is more
effective.
The percentage ofnitrogen (by weight) can be calculated using the following formula
Example :
[ Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ]
Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
= 2(14) 1002 [ 14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)
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Mass of nitrogen
Relative molecular mass of thefertilizer
100 %
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= 21.21 %
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in the following compounds :[ Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ]
Fertiliser Formula Percentage of nitrogen (%)
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
Urea (NH4)2HPO4
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Definition :An alloy is a mixture oftwo or more elements with a certain fixed composition in whichthe major component is a metal.
Properties and Uses of some common alloys :
ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
Brass
% of ..
% of ..
Bronze
% of ..
% of ..
Duralumin % of ..
. % of .. % of ..
% of ..
Pewter % of ..
% of ..
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C. ALLOY
The aim of makingalloys
to increase the hardnessof the pure metal (makeit harder)
......................................
.....................................
.....................................
......................................
.......................................
........... .(make it stronger)
......................................
.....................................
.....................................
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ALLOY COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
% of ..
Stainless Steel % of ..
% of ..
% of ..
Steel % of ..
% of ..
Bronze is an alloy consists of copper and tin. Explain why bronze is harder than copper.
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Draw the atoms
arrangement
Explain the atomsarrangement above
Explain the atoms
arrangement when
forces is applied
Pure metal / Copper Alloy / bronze
The atoms ofthe same sizeare packed together in__________ manner, closelyand _____________. Thereare little spaces between theparticles.
The presence of differentatom___________ distrupts the
orderly arrangment of atoms in
pure metal.
When force is applied the atom
layers __________________________________________
When force is applied theatoms layers_______________ easily.
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JPNT 2009 CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
Polymer Monomer Polymer Monomer Uses
Carbohydrate glucose Polythene ethene Plastic bags
Insulations forelectrical wiring
Natural rubber isoprene Polypropene propene
Piping
Ropes
FatFatty acid andglycerol
PVC Chloroethene
Water pipes
Toys
Protein amino acid Perspex Methyl methacrylate
Safety glass
Traffic signs
TeryleneHexane-1,6-diolBenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
Clothing
Sails
Nylon
Hexane-1,6-diamine
Hexane-1,6-dioic acid
Ropes
Clothing
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
POLYMERS
Definition : Polymers are...
.......................................................................................
.......................................................................................
Types of
polymers
Naturally occurring
polymersSynthetic
polymers
long-chain molecules formed by
joining together monomers.
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Effects of Improper Disposal of Synthetic Polymer
Polymer are very stable and are not easily_____________ .
Soil Pollution
Plastic thrown on land fillup our living spaces
Air Pollution
Burning of syntheticpolymer such as PVC andplastic will produce.. gas
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Ways to dispose synthetic polymer
Water Pollution
Plastic will flow stop the
flow of river water and
drains that causes
.
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JPNT 2009 CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY
CERAMIC
Main component :
.
PROPERTIES
1. Withstand high temperature anddo not melt easily (have a veryhigh melting point).
2. .......................................................
3. .......................................................
4. .......................................................
USES
1. Clay pots, sealing surface of spaceshuttle.
2. .........................................................
3. ........................................................
4. ........................................................
Kaolin ( aluminosilicate)
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Component: Component: Component: Component: Component:
Glassortransparent
polymers
Silver chloride,
AgCl crystal
Properties : Properties : Properties : Properties :
Strong and
light
High tensile
strength
Easily
coloured
Low densityEasily
moulded and
shaped
Not easily
burnt.
Properties :
Uses : Uses :
Bullet trains
MRI
Magnetic
energy-storage
systems
Generators
Uses : Uses : Uses :
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Definition : Composite materialis.
..........................................................................................................
Reinforced
Concrete Superconductors Optic Fibres Fibre GlassPhotochromic
Glass
Concrete
Steel rods MetalsMetals oxide
Silica, SiO2
Na2CO3CaO
Glass fibrePlastic threads
Very strongWithstand
tensile forcesDo not rust
Transparent
Transparent
Changes
colour in
response to
sunlight
Used in optic
fibres for
comunication
water storage
tanks
boats hulls
car panels
making
optical
lenses
carwindshields
a structural material that is formed by
combining two or more different subtances.
F. COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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Suhu Tekanan Mangkin
A 450oC 1 atmosphere Vanadium(V) oxideB 550oC 2 atmosphere Vanadium(V) oxideC 550oC 3 atmosphere iron powder D 650oC 4 atmosphere iron powder
Which pair of alloy and its composition is true ?[Pasangan aloi dengan komposisinya yang manakah benar ?]
Alloy Composition[Aloi] [Komposisi]
A Steel [Keluli] Iron, zinc [Besi, zink]
B Bronze [Gangsa] Zinc, tin [Zink, stanum]
C Brass [Loyang] Copper, zinc [Kuprum. Zink]
D Pewter [Piuter] Tin, iron [Stanum, besi]
Which statement explains why duralumin is harder than pure aluminium?[Pernyataan yang manakah menerangkan mengapa duralumin adalah lebih kerasdaripada aluminium tulen?]
A Aluminium atoms form ionic bonds with copper atoms in duralumin.[Atom aluminium membentuk ikatan ionik dengan atom kuprum dalam duralumin.]
B The copper atoms in duralumin are more reactive than aluminium atoms[Atom kuprumi dalam duralumin lebih reaktif daripada atom aluminium]
C The arrangement of atoms in duralumin is less orderly compared those in purealuminium.
[Susunan atom duralumin kurang teratur berbanding dengan aluminium tulen]
6 Which of the following polymer is suitable for making water pipes?
Antara polimer berikut, yang manakah sesuai bagi membuat paip air?
A
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B
C
D
7. Which of the following are true about the environment pollution by polymers?
Antara berikut, yang manakah benar tentang pencemaran alam sekitar oleh polimer?
I Polymers are toxic when they are converted to monomersPolimer adalah beracun apabila ianya ditukar kepada monomer
II Polymers are not easily broken down by decomposersPolimer sukar dipecahkan oleh pengurai
III Polymers stimulate the growth of algae in waterPolimer merangsang pertumbuhan alga dalam air
IV Polymers release toxic gases when they are burntPolimer membebaskan gas beracun apabila ianya dibakar
A I and II onlyB II and IV only
C I, II and III only
D I, II, III and IV
8 Ceramic is made fromSeramik di buat dari
A Silica, SiO2Silika oksida, SiO2
B CementSimen
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C MarbleMarmar
D Aluminosilicate hydrate Aluminosilikat terhidrat
Which pair of composite material and its usage is true ? [Pasangan bahan komposit dan kegunaannya yang manakah benar ?]
Composite materials Usage [Bahan Komposit] [Kegunaan]
A Fibre glass To make water storage tanks[Gentian kaca] [Untuk membuat tangki air]
B Fibre optics To make optical lenses[Gentian optic] [Untuk membuat cermin mata gelap]
C Photochromic glass To make electrical cables
[Kaca fotokromik] [Untuk membuat kabel elektrik]
D Ceramic glass To make helmets[Seramik kaca] [Untuk membuat topi keledar]
10 The uses of substance X;
What is substances X?
AB
CD
Nitric acidSulphuric acid
AmmoniaAmmonium sulphate
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To clean metals.
To produce detergents.
To make paints.
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(c) Give two uses of product Q in our everyday life.Berikan dua kegunaan hasil Q dalam kehidupan harian kita.
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................[2 marks]
2 Diagram 4 shows the steps involved in the industrial process in manufacturingammoniaRajah 4 menunjukkan langkah-langkah yang terlibat dalam industri pembuatanammonia
DIAGRAM 4
(a) Name this industrial processNamakan proses industri ini
..[ 1 mark]
(b) State the pressure and the catalyst used in the reaction.Nyatakan tekanan dan mangkin yang digunakan dalam tindak balas ini
..[ 2 marks]
(c) Write an equation for the reaction in the catalyst chamber.` Tuliskan satu persamaan tindak balas yang berlaku di dalam camber mangkin
..[ 2 marks]
(d) State one use of ammoniaNyatakan satu kegunaan ammonia
..
..[ 2 marks]
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Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Compressed Catalystchamber
Ammonia
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3 The information below is about alloy.Maklumat berikut adalah tentang aloi.
(a) Name the element added to copper to form brass.Namakan unsur yang dicampur dengan kuprum untuk membentuk loyang.
........................................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]
(b) What is the type of particles in pure copper?
Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum tulen ?
........................................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]
. (c) Draw the arrangement of particles in pure copper and brass.Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan zarah-zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum tulen dandalam loyang.
(i) Pure copperKuprum tulen
[ 1 mark](ii) Brass
Loyang
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Brass and pewter are example of alloy.Loyang dan piuter ialah dua contoh aloi.Brass consists of mixture of copper and other element.Loyang terdiri daripada campuran kuprum dan unsur
lain.Brass is harder than pure copper.
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[ 2 mark]
(d) Diagram 5.2 shows parts of a car made up of manufactured substances in industry.Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan bahagian sebuah kereta yang diperbuat daripada bahanbuatan dalam industri.
(i) The car seat is covered with polyvinyl chloride, PVC a synthetic polymer. Name themonomer of polyvinyl chloride.Kerusi kereta di atas dibaluti dengan polivil klorida, PVC sejenis polimer sintetik.Namakan monomer bagi polivinil klorida.
....[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how the usage of a synthetic polymers like PVC can give rise toenviromental pollution problem.Terangkan bagaimana penggunaan polimer sintetik sepertiPVC bolehmeningkatkan masalah pencemaran alam sekitar.
....
....[2 marks]
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PVC seat cover
Alas kerusiPVCGlass windscreen
Cerminkaca
DIAGRAM /RAJAH5.2
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ACTIVITY 3
1. (a) Acid rain is one of the problem arises from the production of sulphuric acid.
Hujan asid adalah salah satu kesan yang timbul daripada penghasilan asid sulfurik.
(i) Name the chemical that contribute the most causing the acid rain.
Namakan bahan kimia yang paling banyak menyebabkan hujan asid.
(ii) Explain the environmental effects caused by acid rain.
Jelaskan kesan persekitaran yang disebabkan oleh hujan asid.
[5 marks]
2. Diagram 1 shows a car. A few part of the car is made of manufactured substances inindustry.Rajah 1 menunjukkan sebuah kereta. Beberapa bahagian kereta diperbuat daripadabahan buatan industri.
DIAGRAM / RAJAH1
(a) The body car is made of alloy.Badan kereta diperbuat daripada sejenis aloi,
(i) What is the meaning of alloy?Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan aloi?
(ii) Name the alloy used and state it composition.Namakan aloi yang digunakan dan nyatakan komposisinya.
(iii) Explain why the alloy is used and not pure metal.Terangkan mengapa aloi tersebut digunakan dan bukannya logam tulen
[5 marks]
(b) Glass is another example of manufactured substances in industry.
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Body car
Badan Kereta
Tyre
Tayar
Window glass
Cermin tingkap
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(i) What is the major component of glass.
(ii) Name four types of glass.
[5 marks]
END OF CHAPTER 9
195