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Cablestayedbridge

TheRusskyBridge,theworld'slongestcablestayedbridge

Ancestor Suspensionbridge

Related None

Descendant Sidesparcablestayedbridge,Selfanchoredsuspensionbridge,cantileversparcablestayedbridge

Carries Pedestrians,bicycles,automobiles,trucks,lightrail

Spanrange MediumtoLong

Material Steelrope,posttensionedconcreteboxgirders,steelorconcretepylons

Movable No.

Designeffort

medium

Falseworkrequired

Normallynone

CablestayedbridgeFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Acablestayedbridgehasoneormoretowers(orpylons),fromwhichcablessupportthebridgedeck.

Therearetwomajorclassesofcablestayedbridges:harpandfan.

Intheharporparalleldesign,thecablesarenearlyparallelsothattheheightoftheirattachmenttothetowerisproportionaltothedistancefromthetowertotheirmountingonthedeck.

Inthefandesign,thecablesallconnecttoorpassoverthetopofthetowers.Thefandesignisstructurallysuperiorwithminimummomentappliedtothetowersbutforpracticalreasonsthemodifiedfanispreferredespeciallywheremanycablesarenecessary.Inthemodifiedfanarrangementthecablesterminateneartothetopofthetowerbutarespacedfromeachothersufficientlytoallowbettertermination,improvedenvironmentalprotection,andgoodaccesstoindividualcablesformaintenance.

Thecablestayedbridgeisoptimalforspanslongerthancantileverbridges,andshorterthansuspensionbridges.Thisistherangewherecantileverbridgeswouldrapidlygrowheavierifthespanwerelengthened,andsuspensionbridgecablingwouldnotbemoreeconomicalifthespanwereshortened.

Contents

1History2Comparisonwithsuspensionbridge3Variations

3.1Sidesparcablestayedbridge3.2Cantileversparcablestayedbridge3.3Multiplespancablestayedbridge3.4Extradosedbridge3.5Cablestayedcradlesystembridge

4Relatedbridgetypes4.1Selfanchoredsuspensionbridge

5Notablecablestayedbridges6References

7Furtherreading



CablestayedbridgebytheRenaissancepolymathFaustoVeranzio,from1595/1616

7Furtherreading8Externallinks

History

Cablestayedbridgesdatebackto1595,wheredesignswerefoundinMachinaeNovae,abookbyVenetianinventorFaustoVeranzio.Manyearlysuspensionbridgeswerecablestayedconstruction,includingthe1817footbridgeDryburghAbbeyBridge,JamesDredge'spatentedVictoriaBridge,Bath(1836),andthelaterAlbertBridge(1872)andBrooklynBridge(1883).Theirdesignersfoundthatthecombinationoftechnologiescreatedastifferbridge.JohnA.RoeblingtookparticularadvantageofthistolimitdeformationsduetorailwayloadsintheNiagaraFallsSuspensionBridge.

TheearliestknownsurvivingexampleofatruecablestayedbridgeintheUnitedStatesisE.E.Runyon'slargelyintactsteelorironbridgewithwoodenstringersanddeckinginBluffDale,Texas

(1890),orhisweeksearlierbutruinedBartonCreekBridgebetweenHuckabay,TexasandGordon,Texas(1889or1890).[1][2]Inthetwentiethcentury,earlyexamplesofcablestayedbridgesincludedA.Gisclard'sunusualCassagnesbridge(1899),inwhichthehorizontalpartofthecableforcesisbalancedbyaseparatehorizontaltiecable,preventingsignificantcompressioninthedeck,andG.LeinekugelleCoq'sbridgeatLzardrieuxinBrittany(1924).EduardoTorrojadesignedacablestayedaqueductatTempulin1926.[3]AlbertCaquot's1952concretedeckedcablestayedbridgeovertheDonzreMondragoncanalatPierrelatteisoneofthefirstofthemoderntype,buthadlittleinfluenceonlaterdevelopment.[3]ThesteeldeckedStrmsundBridgedesignedbyFranzDischinger(1955)isthereforemoreoftencitedasthefirstmoderncablestayedbridge.

OtherkeypioneersincludedFabriziodeMiranda,RiccardoMorandiandFritzLeonhardt.Earlybridgesfromthisperiodusedveryfewstaycables,asintheTheodorHeussBridge(1958).However,thisinvolvessubstantialerectioncosts,andmoremodernstructurestendtousemanymorecablestoensuregreatereconomy.



AbdounBridge,Amman,Jordan



AdaBridgeatduskinBelgrade(Serbia)

RioAntiriobridge,Patras,Greece

Comparisonwithsuspensionbridge

Cablestayedbridgesmayappeartobesimilartosuspensionbridges,butinfacttheyarequitedifferentinprincipleandintheirconstruction.

Insuspensionbridges,largemaincables(normally2)hangbetweenthetowers(normally2),andareanchoredateachendtotheground.Thiscanbedifficulttoimplementwhengroundconditionsarepoor.Themaincables,whicharefreetomoveonbearingsinthetowers,beartheloadofthebridgedeck.Beforethedeckisinstalled,thecablesareundertensionfromtheirownweight.Alongthemaincablessmallercablesorrodsconnecttothebridgedeck,whichis



AlJisrAlMu'allaq,acablestayedbridgeinRiyadh,SaudiArabia

liftedinsections.Asthisisdone,thetensioninthecablesincreases,asitdoeswiththeliveloadoftrafficcrossingthebridge.Thetensiononthemaincablesistransferredtothegroundattheanchoragesandbydownwardstugonthetowers.

Differencebetweentypesofbridges

Suspensionbridge

Cablestayedbridge,fandesign

Cablestayedbridge,harpdesign

Inthecablestayedbridge,thetowersaretheprimaryloadbearingstructureswhichtransmitthebridgeloadstotheground.Acantileverapproachisoftenusedtosupportthebridgedecknearthetowers,butlengthsfurtherfromthemaresupportedbycablesrunningdirectlytothetowers.Thishasthedisadvantage,comparedtothesuspensionbridge,thatthecablespulltothesidesasopposedtodirectlyup,requiringthebridgedecktobestrongertoresisttheresultinghorizontalcompressionloadsbuthastheadvantageofnotrequiringfirmanchoragestoresistthehorizontalpullofthemaincablesofthesuspensionbridge.Bydesignallstatichorizontalforcesofthecablestayedbridgearebalancedsothatthesupportingtowersdonottendtotiltorslide,needingonlytoresisthorizontalforcesfromtheliveloads.

Keyadvantagesofthecablestayedformareasfollows:

muchgreaterstiffnessthanthesuspensionbridge,sothatdeformationsofthedeckunderliveloadsarereducedcanbeconstructedbycantileveringoutfromthetowerthecablesactbothastemporaryandpermanentsupportstothebridgedeckforasymmetricalbridge(i.e.spansoneithersideofthetowerarethesame),thehorizontalforcesbalanceandlargegroundanchoragesarenotrequired

Variations



PuentedelaUnidad,joiningSanPedroGarzaGarcaandMonterrey,aCantileversparcablestayedbridge

AnzacBridge,Sydney

QueenElizabethIIBridge,Dartford,England

Sidesparcablestayedbridge

Asidesparcablestayedbridgeusesacentraltowersupportedononlyoneside.Thisdesignallowstheconstructionofacurvedbridge.

Cantileversparcablestayedbridge

Farmoreradicalinitsstructure,thePuentedelAlamillo(1992)usesasinglecantileversparononesideofthespan,withcablesononesideonlytosupportthebridgedeck.Unlikeothercablestayedtypes,thisbridgeexertsconsiderableoverturningforceuponitsfoundationandthesparmustresistthebendingcausedbythecables,asthecableforcesarenotbalancedbyopposingcables.Thesparofthisparticularbridgeformsthegnomonofalargegardensundial.RelatedbridgesbythearchitectSantiagoCalatravaincludethePuentedelaMujer(2001),SundialBridge(2004)andChordsBridge(2008).

Multiplespancablestayedbridge

Cablestayedbridgeswithmorethanthreespansinvolvesignificantlymorechallengingdesignsthando2spanor3spanstructures.

Ina2spanor3spancablestayedbridge,theloadsfromthemainspansarenormallyanchoredbackneartheendabutmentsbystaysintheendspans.Formorespans,thisisnotthecaseandthebridgestructureislessstiffoverall.Thiscancreatedifficultiesinboththedesignofthedeckandthepylons.ExamplesofmultiplespanstructuresinwhichthisisthecaseincludeTingKauBridge,whereadditional'crossbracing'staysareusedtostabilisethepylonsMillauViaductandMezcalaBridge,wheretwinleggedtowersareusedandGeneralRafaelUrdanetaBridge,whereverystiffmultileggedframetowerswereadopted.AsimilarsituationwithasuspensionbridgeisfoundatboththeGreatSetoBridgeandSanFranciscoOaklandBayBridgewhereadditionalanchoragepiersarerequiredaftereverysetofthreesuspensionspansthissolutioncanalsobeadaptedforcablestayedbridges.[4]

Extradosedbridge

Theextradosedbridgeisacablestayedbridgebutwithamoresubstantialbridgedeckthat,beingstifferandstronger,allowsthecablestobeomittedclosetothetowerandforthetowerstobelowerinproportiontothespan.ThefirstextradosedbridgeintheUSisthePearlHarborMemorialBridge



EnvigadobridgeacablestayedbridgeinEnvigado(Colombia)

(Connecticut)inNewHaven,Connecticut,whichisscheduledtofullyopenin2016.AnewextradosedbridgeisalsobeingplannedtocrosstheSt.CroixRiverbetweenBayport,MinnesotaandHoulton,WisconsinintheTwinCities.

Cablestayedcradlesystembridge

Acradlesystemcarriesthestrandswithinthestaysfrombridgedecktobridgedeck,asacontinuouselement,eliminatinganchoragesinthepylons.Eachepoxycoatedsteelstrandiscarriedinsidethecradleinaoneinch(2.54cm)steeltube.Eachstrandactsindependently,allowingforremoval,inspectionandreplacementofindividualstrands.ThefirsttwosuchbridgesarethePenobscotNarrowsBridge,completedin2006,andtheVeterans'GlassCitySkyway,completedin2007.[5]

Relatedbridgetypes

Selfanchoredsuspensionbridge

Aselfanchoredsuspensionbridgehassomesimilarityinprincipletothecablestayedtypeinthattensionforcesthatpreventthedeckfromdroppingareconvertedintocompressionforcesverticallyinthetowerandhorizontallyalongthedeckstructure.Itisalsorelatedtothesuspensionbridgeinhavingarcuatemaincableswithsuspendercables,althoughtheselfanchoredtypelackstheheavycableanchoragesoftheordinarysuspensionbridge.Unlikeeitheracablestayedbridgeorasuspensionbridge,theselfanchoredsuspensionbridgemustbesupportedbyfalseworkduringconstructionandsoitismoreexpensivetoconstruct.

Notablecablestayedbridges

Seealso:ListoflongestcablestayedbridgespansandCategory:Cablestayedbridges

BasarabOverpassinBucharest(Romania)isthewidestcablestayedbridgeinEurope,measuring44,5metersinwidthandaccommodatingatwowaytramstationwithfullplatforms,safetyareasandtwotrafficlanesineachdirectionatitswidestpoint.[6]BrooklynBridge,famousasasuspensionbridge,alsohascablestays.CableBridge,thesecondcablestayedbridgeintheUnitedStates,crossestheColumbiaRiverandconnectsPasco,WashingtontoKennewick,Washington.CentennialBridge,asixlanevehicularbridgethatcrossesthePanamaCanalwithatotallengthof1.05km(3,451ft).ClarkBridge,crossestheMississippiRiveratAlton,IllinoissubjectoftheNovadocumentarySuperBridge.DenverMillenniumBridge,a130foot(40m)longpedestrianbridgewhichwontheGoldAwardin2003fromtheNewYorkAssociationofConsultingEngineers.Thebridgeisafocalpointofthefilm"ImagineThat"starringEddieMurphy.

ErasmusBridgecrossestheNieuweMaasinRotterdam,Netherlands.Thesouthernspanofthebridgehasan89metrelong(292ft)basculebridgeforshipsthatcannotpassunderthebridge.The



ErasmusBridgeinRotterdam,Netherlands

MostSNP(BridgeoftheSlovakNationalUprising)theworld'slongestcablestayedbridgetohaveonepylonandonecablestayedplane(Bratislava,Slovakia,19671972).

basculebridgeisthelargestandheaviestinWestEuropeandhasthelargestpanelofitstypeintheworld.FredHartmanBridgeJessIzcoaMoureBridge,thefirstCablestayedbridgeinPuertoRicoandtheCaribbean.JiaxingShaoxingSeaBridge,ZhejiangProvince,China.Thebridgeisaneightlanestructurethatspans10,100metresacrossHangzhouBay,connectingJiaxingandShaoxing,twocitiesofZhejiangprovince.Itwasopenedon23July2013andiscurrentlythelongestcablestayedbridgeintheworld.JohnJamesAudubonBridge(MississippiRiver):ThelongestcablestayedbridgeintheWesternHemisphere,crossingtheMississippiRiverbetweenNewRoads,LouisianaandSt.Francisville,Louisiana.JuscelinoKubitschekbridge,auniquebridgefeaturingthree60metretallasymmetricalsteelarchesthatcrisscrossdiagonally.Decksaresuspendedbysteelcablesalternatingandinterlacingateachside.IndianoBridge,crossestheArnoRiverinFlorence,Italy,1978,isthefirstearthanchoredcablestayedsteelbridgeintheworldwithcentralplanesofcables,singleinclinedmasts,venteddeck.HaleBoggsMemorialBridge,crossestheMississippiRiverinLuling,LouisianaandDestrehan,LouisianaitwasthefirstcablestayedbridgeintheUnitedStatescarryinganinterstatehighwayLekkiIkoyiLinkBridge,thefirstofitskindinNigeriacompletedandopenedonMay29,2013byLagosStateGovernorBabatundeFashola.LeonardP.ZakimBunkerHillMemorialBridge,inBoston,Massachusettsisthewidestcablestayedbridgeintheworld.LyneBridge,crossestheM25motorwaynearChertsey,England,1979,isoneofthefewcablestayedbridgestocarryaheavyrailway(theChertseyBranchLine).[7]MillauViaduct,thebridgewiththetallestpiersintheworld:341metrestall(1,118ft)androadway266metreshigh(886ft),spanningtheTarnRiverinFrance.Withatotallengthof2460mandseventowers,italsohasthelongestcablestayedsuspendeddeckintheworld.

MostSNP(Novmost),theworld'slongestcablestayedbridgeincategorywithonepylonandwithonecablestayedplane,spanningDanubeinBratislava,Slovakia.Themainspanis303metres,totallength430.8metres.TheonlymemberofWorldFederationofGreatTowersthatisprimarilyusedasabridge.Ithousesaflyingsaucerrestaurantatthetopofpylon85metrestall.NelsonMandelaBridge,thelongestcablebridgeinSouthernAfricabasedinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica.Thebridgeopenedin2003.NewRailroadBridge,thefirstbridgeinEuropetousecablestayedgirdersystemintherailroadindustry,connectstwobanksoftheSavainBelgrade.

OctavioFriasdeOliveirabridge,crossesthePinheirosRiverinSoPaulo,2008.Ithasa138metres(453ft)highpylonunderwhichtwostayedroadscrosseachotherturning90totheoppositebankoftheriver.OresundBridge,acombinedtwotrackrailandfourlaneroadbridgewithamainspanof490metresandatotallengthof7.85km,crossingtheresundbetweenMalm,SwedenandtheDanishCapitalRegion.



OctavioFriasdeOliveirabridge,inSoPaulo,Brazil.Itistheonlybridgeintheworldthathastwocurvedtrackssupportedbyasingleconcretemast.

PontdeNormandie,crossestheSeineinNormandy,Francebrieflytheworld'slongestcablestayedbridge.PortMannBridge,crossestheFraserRiverinBritishColumbia,Canada.Itiscurrentlythesecondwidestbridgeintheworldat65metres(213ft)carrying10lanesoftheTransCanadaHighway.QueensferryCrossing(formerlytheForthReplacementCrossing)isaroadbridgeunderconstructioninScotland.ItisbeingbuiltalongsidetheexistingForthRoadBridgeacrosstheFirthofForth,andwillconnectLothian,atSouthQueensferry,toFife,atNorthQueensferry.Theprojectedcompletiondateis2016.RandeBridgeinSpainnearVigoisthehighwaycablestayedbridgewiththelongestandslenderestspanintheworldatthetimeofconstruction(19731977).Threelongspansof148m+400m+148m.Pylonsinconcrete,girderinsteel.RioAntiriobridge,crossestheGulfofCorinthnearPatras,Greece.Atatotallengthof2880mandfourtowers,ithasthesecondlongestcablestayedsuspendeddeck(2258mlong)intheworld,withonlythedeckoftheMillauViaductinsouthernFrancebeinglongerat2,460m(8,071ft).However,asthelatterisalsosupportedbybearingsatthepylonsapartfromcablestays,theRioAntirriobridgedeckmightbeconsideredthelongestcablestayed"suspended"deck.RusskyBridge,thecablestayedbridgewiththeworldslongestspan,at1,104meters.SecondSevernCrossingbetweenEnglandandWalesis3.186miles(5.127km)long,consistingofasinglecentralnavigationspanoverthe"Shoots"channelandapproachviaductsoneitherside.TheSecondSevernCrossingBridgeusesFreyssinetcablestays(http://freyssinet.co.uk/newstructuresbridge/).Skybridge,theworld'slongesttransitonlybridge,spanningtheFraserRiverbetweenNewWestminsterandSurrey,BC,Canada.SunshineSkywayBridge,theworld'slongestbridgewithacablestayedmainspancarriesI275acrossTampaBaysouthofSt.Petersburg,Florida,UnitedStates.TheverysimilarlookingOresundbridgeisslightlyshorterbuthasalongermainspan.SuramaduBridgeinIndonesiaisthelongestcablestayedbridgeinSoutheastAsiaandIndonesia.ItconnectsthecityofSurabayainJavawiththeislandofMadura.Itsmainspanis818metreslong.SurgutBridge,thelongestsinglepyloncablestayedbridgeintheworld,crossingtheObRiverinSiberia.SutongYangtzeRiverBridgeineasternChinahasthesecondlongestcablestayedbridgespanat1,088metres(3,570ft).Completedin2008,theSutongBridgeisoneofover40cablestayedbridgesbuiltovertheYangtzesince1995.TataraBridge,hasthefifthlongestspanofanycablestayedbridgeat890metres(2,920ft),partofaseriesofbridgesconnectingHonshandShikokuinJapan.TingKauBridge,theworld'sfirstmajorfourspan(threetowers)cablestayedbridge,formingpartoftheroadnetworkconnectingHongKongInternationalAirporttootherpartsofHongKong,China.VascodaGamaBridgeinLisbon,PortugalisthelongestbridgeinEurope,withatotallengthof17.2km(10.7mi),including0.829km(0.5mi)forthemainbridge,11.5km(7.1mi)inviaducts,and4.8km(3.0mi)inextensionroads.VidyasagarSetu,spansacrosstheHooglyfromKolkatatoHowrahwithatotallengthof823metres(2,700ft).ItisthelongestcablestayedbridgeinIndiaandoneofthelongestinAsiaZhivopisnyBridgeinMoscow,Russia,isthehighestcablestayedbridgeinEurope.ZarateBrazoLargoBridgesovertheParanGuazandParandelasPalmasRiversinArgentina



WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoCablestayedbridges.

(19721976)arethefirsttworoadandrailwaylongspancablestayedsteelbridgesintheworld.Spans:110m+330m+110m.LangkawiSkyBridgeisa125metre(410ft)curvedpedestriancablestayedbridgeinMalaysia,completedin2005.Itislocated700metres(2,300ft)abovesealevelatthepeakofGunungMatChinchangonPulauLangkawi,anislandintheLangkawiarchipelagoinKedah.[8]

References1. "BluffDaleSuspensionBridge"(http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.tx0762).HistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord.

LibraryofCongress.2. "BartonCreekBridge"(http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.tx0955).HistoricAmericanEngineeringRecord.Library

ofCongress.3. Troyano,Leonardo(2003).BridgeEngineering:AGlobalPerspective.ThomasTelford.pp.650652.ISBN0

727732153.4. Virlogeux,Michel(1February2001)."Bridgeswithmultiplecablestayedspans"

(http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iabse/sei/2001/00000011/00000001/art00014).StructuralEngineeringInternational11(1):6182.doi:10.2749/101686601780324250(https://dx.doi.org/10.2749%2F101686601780324250).Retrieved8March2008.

5. "BridgingToTheFutureOfEngineering"(http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/515472)(Pressrelease).AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.12March2007.Retrieved8March2008.

6. "MULTIMEDIAPasajulBasarabafostdeschis.Vezicumaratalainaugurare"(http://www.hotnews.ro/stiriesential8935712multimediavezicumaratapasajulbasarabinaugurare.htm).HotNewsRo.

7. "LyneBridge,ChertseyRailwayStructures"(http://www.semgonline.com/structures/struct_84.html).SouthernEGroup.Retrieved30August2013.

8. LangkawiSkyBridge

Furtherreading

DeMirandaF.,etal.,(1979),"Basicproblemsinlongspancablestayedbridges",Rep.n.25,DipartimentodiStruttureUniversitdiCalabriaArcavacata(CS)Italy,(242pagg.)September1979.Gregory,FrankHutsonFreeman,RalphAnthony(1987).TheBangkokCableStayedBridge.3FEngineeringConsultants,Bangkok.ISBN9744100974.Podolny,WalterScalzi,JohnB.(1986).Constructionanddesignofcablestayedbridges(2nded.ed.).NewYork:Wiley.ISBN0471826553.*Walther,Reneetal.(1999).CableStayedBridges(2nded.).ThomasTelford.ISBN0727727737.

ExternallinksTheImpossibleBridge(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLZYETYlmM)onYouTubeNorthAmericanCableStayedBridgeRegistry(http://www.johnweeks.com/cablestay/index.html)Structurae:CablestayedBridges(http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/?id=1002)CableStayedBridge(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetcable.html)CablestayedbridgesonBrantacan(http://www.brantacan.co.uk/cable_stayed.htm)Bridgemeister:CablestayedBridges(http://www.bridgemeister.com/snapshots.php?type=Y&pg=1)CableStayedBridgeBasics(http://www.matsuobridge.co.jp/english/bridges/basics/cablestay.shtm)StayCable(http://www.freyssinet.co.uk/pdfs/freyssinet_hd_stay_cable.pdf)



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