Motivational Interviewing
Marilyn Herie PhD, RSW
CAMH Interprofessional Student EducationFebruary 6, 2013
Confidence Ruler
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No Way I am Bill Miller
http://www.williamrmiller.net/
First, empty your cup
A scientist went to visit a famous Zen master. While the master quietly served tea, the scientist talked about Zen. The master poured the visitor's cup to the brim, and then kept pouring. The scientist watched the overflowing cup until he could no longer restrain himself. "It's overfull! No more will go in!" the scientist blurted. "You are like this cup," the master replied, "How can I show you Zen unless you first empty your cup?"
http://users.rider.edu/~suler/zenstory/emptycup.html
A hypothetical scenario…
How are you feeling?
http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/sentences-that-can-change-your-life.html
Learning Objectives
1. Identify practical strategies to motivate change
2. Reflect on how you can adapt these strategies with your clients
3. Set concrete objectives for clinical practice
Persuasion Exercise
• Choose one person near you to have a conversation with, and work together
• One will be the speaker, the other will be a counsellor
14Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Speaker’s Topic• Something about yourself that you
want to changeneed to changeshould changehave been thinking about changing
but you haven’t changed yet…in other words – something you’re
ambivalent about15
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Counsellor: Find out what change the person is considering making, and then:
• Explain why the person should make this change
• Give at least three specific benefits that would result from making the change
• Tell the person how they could make the change
• Emphasize how important it is to change• If you meet resistance, repeat the above.
P.S. This is NOT motivational interviewing16
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Listeners:
What were you thinking or feeling during this conversation?
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Common Reactions to Righting Reflex
• Angry, agitated• Oppositional• Discounting• Defensive• Justifying• Not understood• Not heard• Procrastinate
• Afraid• Helpless, overwhelmed• Ashamed• Trapped• Disengaged• Not come back – avoid• Uncomfortable
18Miller & Rollnick, 2013
“Unsolicited advice is the junk mail of life.” (Bern Williams)
“Advice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didn’t.” (Erica Jong)
A taste of Motivational Interviewing21
Speaker’s Topic:• Something about yourself that you
want to changeneed to changeshould changehave been thinking about changingbut you haven’t changed yet
i.e. – something you’re ambivalent about
A Taste of Motivational Interviewing:Conversation with one speaker and one listener.
22Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Listener
23
• Listen carefully with a goal of understanding the dilemma• Give no advice. • Ask these four open questions and listen with interest:1. Why would you want to make this change?2. How might you go about it, in order to succeed?3. What are the three best reasons to do it?4. On a scale from 0 to 10, how important would you
say it is for you to make this change?Follow-up: And why are you at __ and not zero?• Give a short summary/reflection of the speaker’s
motivations for change• Then ask: “So what do you think you’ll do?” and
just listenMiller & Rollnick, 2013
Speakers:
What were you thinking or feeling during this conversation?
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Common Human Reactions to Being Listened to
• Understood• Want to talk more• Liking the counselor• Open• Accepted• Respected• Engaged• Able to change
• Safe• Empowered• Hopeful• Comfortable• Interested• Want to come back• Cooperative
25Would you rather work with these people…
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Common Reactions to Righting Reflex
• Angry, agitated• Oppositional• Discounting• Defensive• Justifying• Not understood• Not heard• Procrastinate
• Afraid• Helpless, overwhelmed• Ashamed• Trapped• Disengaged• Not come back – avoid• Uncomfortable
26
…or these?
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
What is it for?
Motivational interviewing is a collaborative conversation to strengthen a person’s own motivation for and commitment to change
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Spirit of MI
The “Righting Reflex”
“I try to get my daughter to eat healthy, but that food is expensive and she doesn’t like it anyway.”
“Injecting Oxycodone isn’t so great for my veins, but it’s better than a lot of other crap out there.”
“I only have unprotected sex with my boyfriend, and I know he wouldn’t cheat on me.”
Practitioner to the rescue!
It is your choice whether to make this change…
But giving your kids healthy food is very important in preventing future problems
But if you keep injecting, your veins aren’t the only serious thing to worry about
You are the one who has to decide…
But even people we trust make mistakes sometimes, and that includes your boyfriend
Regardless of what you do, I will be here to support you…
It is your choice whether to make this change…
But giving your kids healthy food is very important in preventing future problemsBut if you keep injecting, your veins aren’t the only serious thing to worry about
But even people we trust make mistakes sometimes, and that includes your boyfriend
Regardless of what you do, I will be here to support you…
You are the one who has to decide…
• “It is your choice whether to make this change.”
• “You are the one who has to decide.”• “Regardless of what you do, I will be
here to support you.”
“People are most able to change when they feel free not to.”
- Carl Rogers
The “Spirit” of Motivational Interviewing
• Partnership• Acceptance• Compassion• Evocation
• Absolute worth• Accurate empathy• Autonomy support• Affirmation
41Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Partnership
“You are the best judge of what is going to work for you.”
Acceptance
“I am here to help whatever you decide to do.”
Compassion
Guide me to be a patient companion, to listen with a heart as open as the sky. Grant me vision to see through his eyes, and eager ears to hear his story…Let me honour and respect his choosing of his own path.
Adapted from Miller, 2013, “A Meditative Preparation” (p.24)
Evocation
“What were you hoping for by coming here today?”
Why would I use it?Motivational interviewing is a person-centered counseling method for addressing the common problem of ambivalence about change.
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
http://tinyurl.com/c5gamll
Where am I in MI?
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“Spirit” of MI – Resist the Righting Reflex
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“Spirit” of MI – Directional (versus directive)
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“Spirit” of MI – Evoke (versus educate)
The Evidence Base for Motivational Interviewing
Research publications evaluating MI effectiveness have been doubling every three years.
www.motivationalinterview.org
MI Outcome Studies by Era
020406080
100
1988-94 1995-99 2000-02 2003-06
Alcohol Drugs Dual Dx GamblingOffenders Eating Dis Adh/Retention SmokingHIV Risk Cardiac Diabetes PsychiatricHealth Prom Family Violence AsthmaDental
55Slide from Bill Miller, 2010
MI Applications• Public health &
workplace• Sexual health• Dietary change• Weight management• Voice therapy• Gambling• Physical activity• Stroke rehab• Chronic pain
• Medication adherence• Diabetes• Mental health• Addictions• Fibromyalgia• Chronic leg ulceration• Self-care• Criminal justice• Vascular risk• Domestic violence
Anstiss, 2009
A Causal Chain for MI
Therapist MI-consistent speech
Increased client change talk
Improved treatment outcomes
Moyers et al., 2009
“What [practitioners] reflect, they will hear more of.”
Moyers et al., 2009
“Miller and Mount, 2001 have suggested that learning MI involves at least two processes, one of adding preferred behaviors, and another of suppression of non-preferred behaviors.”
(Baer, 2004)
“There is some evidence that eliminating those responses such as confrontations, advice without permission, directing, threatening, and raising concern without permission is more important than just adding MI-consistent responses.”
(Moyers and Ernst, 2001)
2002
2009 612012
2008 2011 62
2012 2013
But what if the person refuses to change?
A 'No' uttered from the deepest conviction is better than a 'Yes' merely uttered to please, or worse, to avoid trouble.
Mahatma Gandhi
“He that complies against his willis of the same opinion still.”
Samuel Butler1612-1680English Poet
The Ineffective Practitioner
“Sal”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN7T-cmb_l0&feature=related
Four Processes in MI1. Engaging: The relational foundation2. Focusing: Clarify directions: What is the
horizon?3. Evoking: The person’s own arguments for
change4. Planning: Developing commitment to
change + formulating a plan of action
Miller and Rollnick, 2013
“Planning is the clutch that engages the engine of change talk” (p.30)
Engaging
FocusingEvoking
Planning
Four Processes in MI
Adapted from Miller and Rollnick, 2013, p. 26
Engaging
Focusing
PrioritiesDiagnosis Treatment
Plan
Symptoms
Benefits
Agenda-Mapping Worksheet
PrioritiesDiagnosis Treatment
Plan
Symptoms
Benefits
Finances
Stress
Relationship
Agenda-Mapping Worksheet
PrioritiesDiagnosis Treatment
Plan
Symptoms
Benefits
Finances
Stress
Relationship
Agenda-Mapping Worksheet
Video Demonstration
Agenda Mapping conversation with "Sal"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klnHJ4coG8o
“Readiness Ruler”
• How important is it to change this behaviour?
• How confident are you that you could make this change?
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People usually have several things they would like to change in their lives – this may be only one of those things. Answer the following two questions with respect to your goal for this week.
Evoking
The Effective Practitioner“Sal”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RXy8Li3ZaE&feature=related
Planning
Change Talk
Change Talk and Sustain Talk
Opposite Sides of a Coin
Sustain Talk and Resistance
• Sustain Talk is about the target behavior• Resistance is about your relationship• Both are highly responsive to counsellor
style• We respond to both in the same way
Change Talk:
I should really cut back on the drinking…
Sustain Talk:
But beer is good!
Change Talk:
Smoking is unhealthy…
Sustain Talk:
But it is part of who we are
Change Talk:
I should practice this motivational interviewing stuff…
Sustain Talk:
But I am booked back-to-back with clients and there is no time!
DARN CAT
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
Yet another metaphorMI Hill
Preparatory Change Talk Mobilizing Change Talk
Contemplation Preparation Action(Pre-)
Slide from Bill Miller, 2010
D A R N C A T
DARN CAT
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
Snap fingers = DARN
Clap = CAT
Silence = No change talk
Listening for Change Talk
“I am getting too old for this lifestyle.”
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
“My probation order is the only reason I am coming here.”
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
“I am not addicted. I can quit anytime I want.”
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
“I want to get well again, but my pain is still really bad.”
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
“I have started a modified exercise program, quit smoking and drinking, am practicing mindfulness meditation for one hour daily and will do whatever else I need to return to work.”
• Desire• Ability• Reasons• Need
• Commitment• Action• Taking Steps
When you are not sure where to go next…
“Tell me more…Tell me more…”
Where am I in MI?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Evoking Change Talk
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Recognizing Change Talk
Foundation Skills:
O A R S
FOUR KEY STRATEGIES – OARSOPEN questions (to elicit client change talk)
AFFIRM the client appropriately (support, emphasize personal control)
REFLECT (try for complex reflections)
SUMMARIZE ambivalence, offer double-sidedreflection
Miller & Rollnick, 2013
Mylopoulos, M, Lohfeld, L, Norman, GR, Dhaliwell, G, Eva, KW (2012). Renowned physicians' perceptions of expert diagnostic practice, Acad Med. 87(10):1413-7.
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UNDIVIDED ATTENTION
HEART
“To Listen”
IMPERIAL
Simple Reflection
Complex Reflection
http://tinyurl.com/ara93vh
Simple Reflection
Complex Reflection
They are really on your case about coming to a support group.
It wasn’t your idea to come to group, and you’re not sure this is going to be at all helpful to you.
“I’m only coming to group today because my doctor and my probation officer are both pressuring me.”
Practicing Reflective Listening
Individually, take a moment to write down an example of a simple and a complex reflection for the following statement (coming up – next slide).
Then compare what you wrote with others at your table. As a group, choose the best examples to share with the larger group.
Practicing Reflective Listening (1)
“How I live my life is no one else’s business, and certainly not yours!”
Simple Reflection:
___________________________________
___________________________________
Complex (Enhanced) Reflection:
___________________________________
___________________________________
“How I live my life is my own business and certainly not yours.”
Simple Reflection:
You are the only one to decide how to live your life.
Complex (Enhanced) Reflection:
You’re being told you have to make all these changes, and that doesn’t feel very respectful of your choice and autonomy.
“How I live my life is my own business and certainly not yours.”
Practicing Reflective Listening (2)
“I know you mean well, but I don’t need this medication any more.”
Simple Reflection:
___________________________________
___________________________________
Complex (Enhanced) Reflection:
___________________________________
___________________________________
“I know you mean well, but I don’t need this medication any more.”
Simple Reflection:
You see that I am concerned, but you are ready to stop taking the medication.
Complex (Enhanced) Reflection:
You feel like I am pushing for you to take this medication, and not really appreciating where you are at.
“I know you mean well, but I don’t need this medication any more.”
Reflecting Panel
1. Four volunteers: Counsellors
2. One volunteer: Client Something you are considering changing and struggling with
3. One volunteer: Coach A sounding board for the client
Reflecting Panel Instructions
1. Client: Share a paragraph with the Reflecting Panel about your struggle/experience
2. Panel: Take turns offering a single reflection3. Client: After ALL Panel members are done,
talk to your coach about which reflection resonates most for you and why
4. Client: Offer this feedback to the panel, and continue the paragraph
“A Psychological Law”
I learn what I believe as I hear myself speak.
Bill Miller (Based on D. Bem, 1967, “Self-Perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena”)
…or put another way…
The word you keep between your lips is your slave. The word you speak is your master.
- Arabic proverb
Where am I in MI?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Simple Reflections
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Complex Reflections
Additional Reflections and Next Steps
Confidence Ruler
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No Way I am Bill Miller
http://www.williamrmiller.net/
If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost. That is where they should be. Now put the foundation under them.
Henry David Thoreau
Castles in the air?
Engaging
Focusing
Evoking
Planning
Motivational Interviewing: Practice TipsMI Spirit: The Essential Foundation
Partnership: You and the client are equal experts
Acceptance: Absolute worth, accurate empathy, autonomy support, affirmation
Compassion: Beneficence, caring, focus on the other
Evocation: The client’s wisdom is most important
OARS: Key Skills
Open Questions:What are your reasons for change? How might you go about it in order to succeed?
Affirmation: You have worked hard to make this happen. I can see that you’ve given this a lot of thought.
Reflections: You wish that… You would like to…
Summary Statements: Let me make sure I understand how this all fits together…
Diagnosis Treatment Plan
Symptoms
Benefits
Finances
Stress
Relationship
Agenda‐MappingCan we take a few minutes to talk about the different issues or concerns that you or others have? Just to get a “big picture” view of what you are coping with right now…
Given all of these possible areas for change, what are your priorities? Where would be the most helpful place for us to start?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
People usually have multiple or competing priorities. On a scale of zero‐to‐ten, how important is it to change…? How confident are you that you could make this change?
Readiness Ruler
Why did you say [lower number] and not [higher number]?
What would it take to go from [lower number] to [higher number]?
Elicit:What do you already know about…?
Provide information: Be brief!
Elicit: How does that fit for you? What do you make of that?
Listen for Change Talk: DARN CATDesire, Ability, Reasons, Need
Commitment, Activation, Taking Steps
Reference: Miller, W. & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change (3rd Edition). New York: Guilford.© 2013 Marilyn Herie, PhD RSW [email protected]
Four MI Processes
Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.
‐Kierkegaard
Recommended ResourcesMartino, S., Ball, S.A., Gallon, S.L., Hall, D., Garcia, M., Ceperich, S., Farentinos, C., Hamilton,
J., and Hausotter, W. (2006). Motivational Interviewing Assessment: Supervisory Tools for Enhancing Proficiency (MIA STEP). Salem, OR: Northwest Frontier Addiction Technology Transfer Center, Oregon Health and Science University.
http://www.motivationalinterview.org/Documents//MIA-STEP.pdfMiller, W.R. & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change (Third
Edition). New York: Guilford.Miller, W.R. & Rollnick, S. (2009). Ten things that Motivational Interviewing is not. Behavioural
and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 129-140. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5318416
Rollnick, S., Miller, W.R., & Butler, C.C. (2008). Motivational Interviewing in Health Care: Helping Patients Change Behavior. New York: The Guildford Press.
First chapter and table of contents available at www.motivationalinterview.orgRosengren, D.B. (2009). Building Motivational Interviewing Skills: A Practitioner Workbook. New
York: Guilford.Wagner, C.C. & Ingersoll, K.S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing in Groups. New York: Guilford
Useful WebsitesMotivational Interviewing Websitehttp://www.motivationalinterview.net/Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT) Websitewww.motivationalinterviewing.orgExamples of Motivational Interviewing Videos on YouTubehttp://www.youtube.com/user/teachproject#p/u
Motivational Interviewing Glossary of AcronymsCompiled by Marilyn Herie, PhD, RSW November, 2012ACE (Spirit of MI from Miller and Rollnick 2002 edition)Autonomy / Collaboration / Evocation versusAuthority / Coercion / EducationOARS (Fundamental strategies of MI)Open questions / Affirmations / Reflections / Summary statementsEARS (Strategies for eliciting change talk)Evocation / Affirmation / Reflective listening / Summary statementsRULE (Fundamental strategies in MI v.2)Resist the righting reflex / Understand reasons for change (motivation) / Listen empathically / Empower
the client to use own resourcesDARN CAT (Types of preparatory change talk and commitment language)Desire / Ability / Reasons / Need / Commitment / Action / Taking stepsFRAMES (Ingredients of brief, motivational interventions)Feedback / Responsibility / Advice / Menu (of strategies)/ Empathy / Self-efficacyRAISE (How to give advice)Relationship / Advice to change / “I” statements (affirmation) / Support autonomy / EmpathyREADS (Principles of MI)Roll with resistance / Express empathy / Avoid argumentation / Develop discrepancy / Support self-
efficacyPACE (Spirit of MI from Miller and Rollnick 2013 edition)Partnership / Acceptance / Compassion / EvocationMIST (Coding form)Motivational Interviewing Supervision and Training ScaleMITI (Coding form)Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Coding FormMET (Manual-based motivational intervention)Motivational Enhancement TherapyMIA (Coding abbreviation, used in the MITI)Motivational Interviewing AdherentMINA (Coding abbreviation, used in the MITI)Motivational Interviewing Non-AdherentMIA-STEP (MI supervision manual and coding resource)Motivational Interviewing Assessment – Supervisory Tools for Enhancing ProficiencyAMIAdaptations of Motivational Interviewing