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Canopy Managementanopy ManagementGrowing Grapes in the Puget Sound Regionrowing Grapes in the Puget Sound RegionMercy OlmsteadMercy Olmstead
WSU Viticulture Extension EducatorWSU Viticulture Extension Educator
Introductionntroduction Goals of canopyGoals of canopy
managementmanagement EnvironmentalEnvironmental
factorsfactors
Enhancing fruit setEnhancing fruit set
with foliar nutritionwith foliar nutrition
Trellising systemsTrellising systems
Light distributionLight distribution
AdvantagesAdvantages
Introductionntroduction TechniquesTechniques
PruningPruning
Leaf and fruitLeaf and fruit
thinningthinning
Fruit effectsFruit effects
When to do it?When to do it?
What are your goals?hat are your goals? Good, quality fruit!Good, quality fruit!
How do you getHow do you get
there?there?
Typically thoughtTypically thought
that lower yields givethat lower yields give
better grape qualitybetter grape quality
Yield and Fruit Qualityield and Fruit Quality
Yield
Quality
Yield and Fruit Qualityield and Fruit Quality Not trueNot true
Too much variation in real lifeToo much variation in real life
More of a slow drop offMore of a slow drop off
What makes up yield?What makes up yield?
Quality
Yield
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Yield Componentsield Components
Irrigation, nutritionIrrigation, nutritionAll seasonAll seasonBerry WeightBerry Weight
??
Irrigation, nutrition,Irrigation, nutrition,
temperaturetemperature
BudbreakBudbreak
Fruit setFruit set
Flowers/clusterFlowers/cluster
Berries/clusterBerries/cluster
Pruning levelPruning level
Nutrition, CanopyNutrition, Canopy
mgmtmgmt
BudbreakBudbreak
Cluster initiationCluster initiation
Shoots/nodeShoots/node
Clusters/shootClusters/shoot
Density/Trellis designDensity/Trellis design
Pruning LevelPruning Level
PlantingPlanting
Winter PruningWinter Pruning
Vines/acreVines/acre
Nodes/vineNodes/vine
ManagementManagementOptionsOptions
DeterminedDeterminedDuringDuring
ComponentComponent
So, how do I get good quality?o, how do I get good quality? What else is going on?What else is going on?
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Environmental effectsEnvironmental effects
Bud developmentBud development
Irrigation managementIrrigation management
Fruit setFruit set
Vine nutritionVine nutrition
How to improve at bloom?How to improve at bloom?
Canopy management isCanopy management is
key!key!
Canopy & Environmentanopy & Environment Three scalesThree scales
MacroclimateMacroclimate regional climate (tens of sq.regional climate (tens of sq.miles)miles)
MesoclimateMesoclimate site (sometimes vineyard block)site (sometimes vineyard block)
MicroclimateMicroclimate area within canopyarea within canopy Large canopies may be cooler, sparse canopies mayLarge canopies may be cooler, sparse canopies may
be warmerbe warmer
Environment changes based on theseEnvironment changes based on theserangesranges
Environmental Factorsnvironmental Factors Environmental factors play big role!Environmental factors play big role!
TemperatureTemperature
WindWind
LightLight
WaterWater
Fruit SetFruit Set canopy & nutrientscanopy & nutrients
Canopy interacts with the environmentCanopy interacts with the environment
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesishotosynthesis Process takesProcess takes
sunlight, COsunlight, CO22, and, and
water = Owater = O22 andandcarbohydratescarbohydrates
Eventually used forEventually used for
growth and vinegrowth and vine
developmentdevelopmentCourtesy of Prentice Hall
Light Qualityight Quality PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
requires certainrequires certain
quantityquantity
Also need certainAlso need certainqualityquality
Plants donPlants dont needt need
entire spectrumentire spectrum
400400--700 nm700 nm
PhotosyntheticallyPhotosynthetically
active radiation (PAR)active radiation (PAR)
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Inside the Canopynside the Canopy
Smart, 1984
Lightight First layer absorbsFirst layer absorbs
almost all lightalmost all light
Progressively less insideProgressively less inside
canopycanopy
First layerFirst layer mostmost
important layerimportant layer
Thicker leaves thanThicker leaves than
interiorinterior
How important is it?How important is it?
R. Smart
Yearly Growth in Grapesearly Growth in Grapes
Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
Buds & Nodesuds & Nodes Buds are comprisedBuds are comprised
of growing pointsof growing pointsprotected by scalesprotected by scales
Three types:Three types: AxillaryAxillary budbud
Dormant bud (growsDormant bud (growsnext year)next year)
Latent bud (onlyLatent bud (onlygrows if vine isgrows if vine isstressed)stressed)
Bud Structureud Structure Consists of primary,Consists of primary,
secondary andsecondary and
tertiary budstertiary buds
PrimaryPrimary full cropfull crop SecondarySecondary 3030--50% of50% of
cropcrop
TertiaryTertiary 55--10% of10% of
cropcrop
Light and Developmentight and Development Affects:Affects:
Bud developmentBud development
Fruit colorFruit color
Fruit acid levelsFruit acid levels Fruit soluble sugarsFruit soluble sugars
PhenolicsPhenolics
FlavorsFlavors
Berry shrivel?Berry shrivel? somesome
areasareas
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We want berries!e want berries! What can you do to helpWhat can you do to help
fruit set?fruit set?
NN++
Important nutrients:Important nutrients:
MgMg++ -- chlorophyllchlorophyll
KK++ -- balances cell pressurebalances cell pressure
BB++ -- important at bloomimportant at bloom
Many soil based fertilizersMany soil based fertilizers
take time for plant to usetake time for plant to use
Difficult to get into soilDifficult to get into soil
solutionsolution
Foliar Fertilizationoliar Fertilization Temporary fixTemporary fix
Yearly problems needYearly problems needsoil amendmentssoil amendments
NotNot effective foreffective formacronutrientsmacronutrients
Good way to supplyGood way to supplymicronutrientsmicronutrients
CAUTIONCAUTION avoidavoidtoxicity!toxicity! ConcentrationConcentration
Tank mixes withTank mixes withpesticidespesticides
Foliar Spraysoliar Sprays Zn most commonZn most common
widely deficientwidely deficient
BB++ before bloom tobefore bloom to
aid in fruit setaid in fruit set
FeFe most difficult tomost difficult to
correctcorrect
Need to apply throughNeed to apply through
soil long termsoil long term
KK++ -- no effectno effect
Requirements largeRequirements largefor foliar feedsfor foliar feeds
Foliar Spraysoliar Sprays Important toImportant to
determine which isdetermine which is
lackinglacking
MicronutrientMicronutrient
alphabet soupsalphabet soups cancan
be expensivebe expensive
Where do you wantWhere do you want
to spend money?to spend money?
Grape Berryrape Berry Seeds and skins highSeeds and skins high
in tannins & phenolsin tannins & phenols
Interested in sugarInterested in sugaraccumulationaccumulation
Increase in berryIncrease in berry
color at veraisoncolor at veraison
Coombeand McCarthy, 2000
Coombeand McCarthy, 2000
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Waterater All grapes need supplemental waterAll grapes need supplemental water
Summer monthsSummer months Depends onDepends on soi l ty pesoi l t ype
Soils with higher OM tend to hold onto waterSoils with higher OM tend to hold onto water
1616--20 inches?20 inches?
Waterater Irrigation techniquesIrrigation techniques
Affects canopy sizeAffects canopy size Full irrigationFull irrigation
Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)
Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD)Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD)
Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)egulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) Concept:Concept:
Hold back water to limit shoot growth earlyHold back water to limit shoot growth early
= Smaller canopy= Smaller canopy
Advantages:Advantages:
Reduces shoot growthReduces shoot growth
Better bud development (increased light)Better bud development (increased light)
Fruit exposureFruit exposure
Canopiesanopies RDI (top) from berryRDI (top) from berry
set to veraisonset to veraison
Full irrigation =Full irrigation =
bigger canopybigger canopy
Shading?Shading?
Fruit budFruit bud
development?development?
Managing Irrigationanaging Irrigation To implementTo implement
Control canopy size byControl canopy size by
monitoring watermonitoring water
statusstatus
PAWSPAWS
WISEWISE
Defining Canopy Mgmt.efining Canopy Mgmt. Using variousUsing various
techniquestechniques controlcontrol
leaf surface arealeaf surface area
TechniquesTechniques Proper trellisingProper trellising
choicechoice
Dormant pruningDormant pruning
Shoot thinningShoot thinning
Shoot positioningShoot positioning
Leaf removalLeaf removal
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Advantagesdvantages If you control canopyIf you control canopy
size:size: Improve grape qualityImprove grape quality
= good wine= good wine
Improve yieldImprove yield
Support more highSupport more high
quality grapesquality grapes
Reduce diseasesReduce diseases
Air flowAir flow
Goals of Canopy Managementoals of Canopy Management Simple!Simple!
InexpensiveInexpensive(efficient)(efficient)
Adapted forAdapted for
particular siteparticular site
Consider variety andConsider variety and
vigorvigor
Rootstock?Rootstock?
Toolsools Trellis designTrellis design
Open canopy, sunOpen canopy, sun
exposureexposure
Dormant pruningDormant pruning
Manage fruitingManage fruiting
positionspositions
Shoot thinningShoot thinning
Shoot positioningShoot positioning
Leaf removalLeaf removal
Fruit removalFruit removal
Trellis Designrellis Design Which one is right forWhich one is right for
me?me?
Questions to ask:Questions to ask:
Typical sunlightTypical sunlight
exposure?exposure?
Air movement?Air movement?
Variety vigor?Variety vigor?
Soil type?Soil type?
Irrigation?Irrigation?
PruningPruning
hand orhand or
machine?machine?
Additional Questionsdditional Questions Will it rot or rust?Will it rot or rust?
Good question in thisGood question in this
area!area!
Are end posts secure?Are end posts secure? What is the cost?What is the cost?
Does cost correlateDoes cost correlate
with management?with management?
Bilateral Cordonilateral Cordon Cordon, spurCordon, spur--prunedpruned
systemsystem
Large portion ofLarge portion of
viniferavinifera industryindustry Well suited to areasWell suited to areas
with abundantwith abundant
sunlightsunlight
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Vertical Shoot Positioned (VSP)ertical Shoot Positioned (VSP) Advantages:Advantages:
Good air circulationGood air circulationfor high risk areasfor high risk areas
Sun exposure for fruitSun exposure for fruit
developmentdevelopment
Scottcott-Henry Trellis Systemenry Trellis System Developed in OregonDeveloped in Oregon
Well suited to overlyWell suited to overly
vigorous varietiesvigorous varieties
Labor intensiveLabor intensive
Difficult to trainDifficult to train
shoots downshoots down
Good fruit qualityGood fruit quality
Both tiersBoth tiers
Geneva Double Curtaineneva Double Curtain Divided canopyDivided canopy
Better sun exposureBetter sun exposure
Good for high vigorGood for high vigor
varietiesvarieties
Shoots are pointedShoots are pointed
downdown
Increase number ofIncrease number of
shootsshoots
Increased yieldIncreased yield
Dormant Pruningormant Pruning Technique dependsTechnique depends
upon trellis systemupon trellis system
Many are spurMany are spur--prunedpruned
systemssystems
How many to leave?How many to leave?
How fruitful is vine?How fruitful is vine?
Typically, 2Typically, 2--3 bud3 bud
spursspurs
Golden Rulesolden Rules of Pruningf Pruning Manage spurs to getManage spurs to get
good shoot positionsgood shoot positions
15 buds/lb of pruning15 buds/lb of pruning
weightweight PositionsPositions no crossno cross--
row shadingrow shading
Leave 5 shoots/ft ofLeave 5 shoots/ft of
canopycanopy
What if Pruning Didnhat if Pruning Didnt Work?Work? Still have a largeStill have a large
canopy?canopy?
Shoot thinningShoot thinning
Improves airImproves aircirculationcirculation
Regulates yieldRegulates yield
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Shoot Thinninghoot Thinning Conserves reservesConserves reserves
for fruit developmentfor fruit development When to do it?When to do it?
As early as possibleAs early as possible
Will open up canopyWill open up canopy
and prevent mistakesand prevent mistakes
when pruningwhen pruning
Want to avoid puttingWant to avoid putting
reserves into shootreserves into shoot
growth !growth !
Shoot Thinninghoot Thinning How to do it?How to do it?
Let the vine talk toLet the vine talk toyouyou
Need to balanceNeed to balance
between leaves andbetween leaves and
fruitfruit
How many?How many?
Shoot Positioninghoot Positioning Trellis systemTrellis system
Use of wires to positionUse of wires to position
shootsshoots
Up or downUp or down
Better light interceptionBetter light interception
Fruit exposure!Fruit exposure!
When?When?
As soon as shoot reachesAs soon as shoot reaches
wind wirewind wire
Height depends on trellisHeight depends on trellis
systemsystem
Cluster Thinningluster Thinning Removal of cropRemoval of crop
When to do it?When to do it? After fruit set toAfter fruit set to
ensure good cropensure good crop
Better evaluationBetter evaluation
Earlier thinning =Earlier thinning =larger berrieslarger berries
SorokowskySorokowsky,,Reynolds, SchlosserReynolds, Schlosserstudy in Canadastudy in Canada
Clone of ChardonnayClone of Chardonnay
Figure 1: Impact of thinning time on meanigure 1: Impact of thinning time on meancluster weightluster weight
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Bloom Set Mid-stage I Lag phase Veraison No thinning
Time of cluster thinning
clusterweight(g)
CrossCross--hatched bars differ significantly from unthinnedhatched bars differ significantly from unthinned
controlcontrol
Figure 3: Impact of thinning time on solubleigure 3: Impact of thinning time on solublesolids in berry and must samplesolids in berry and must samples
CrossCross--hatched bars differ significantly from unthinned controlhatched bars differ significantly from unthinned control
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
Bloom Post-set Mid-Stage I Lag phase Veraison No thinning
Time of thinning
Soluble
solid
s
(Brix)
berries
must
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Cluster Thinningluster Thinning Best results at and after fruit setBest results at and after fruit set
Even inEven in laglag phasephase
Berry maturity advanced by thinningBerry maturity advanced by thinning
Increased pH,Increased pH, Brix, and volatileBrix, and volatile
terpenesterpenes
What else?hat else? Leaf strippingLeaf stripping
Promotes lateralPromotes lateral
growthgrowth
Better spray coverageBetter spray coverage
ImprovedImproved
microclimatemicroclimate
Better air circulationBetter air circulation
When?When?
22--4 weeks after fruit4 weeks after fruit
setset
Before
After
Fruit Exposureruit Exposure Caution!aution! Exposed fruit may get sunburned!Exposed fruit may get sunburned!
Worse on West side of NWorse on West side of N--S vine rowsS vine rows
Do we needDo we need sunblocksunblock??
Yes! Leaves do the trick!Yes! Leaves do the trick!
Berry temperature & exposureerry temperature & exposure Using thermocouples,Using thermocouples,
temperaturetemperaturemeasuredmeasured East sideEast side shadedshaded
East sideEast side exposedexposed
West sideWest side shadedshaded
West sideWest side exposedexposed
Sunburn on west side,Sunburn on west side,exposed!exposed!
Same for W. WA?Same for W. WA?
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What is Ideal?hat is Ideal? 5 Shoots per foot5 Shoots per foot
3 foot shoots (total)3 foot shoots (total) 1/3 lb of pruning wood per foot1/3 lb of pruning wood per foot
1414--16 leaves per cluster (~1.516 leaves per cluster (~1.5--2.5 in2.5 in/0.4 oz)/0.4 oz)
40% canopy gaps40% canopy gaps
60% fruit exposure60% fruit exposure
Summaryummary Numerous factors affect canopy growthNumerous factors affect canopy growth
Many techniques to manageMany techniques to manage
Optimum fruit exposure importantOptimum fruit exposure important
Foliar feeds are temporary fix!Foliar feeds are temporary fix!
Good balance required!Good balance required!
Check out the website!heck out the website!
http://www.fruit.wsu.edu/Grapeweb/index.html
THANK YOU!HANK YOU!