Case 21 Review
1st 9 weeks objectives
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
____ IS THE WAY OR PROCESS OF SOLVING PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD AROUND YOU.
Science
THE WAY OR METHOD OF SOLVING PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE IS CALLED _________________.
The scientific method
WHAT ARE THE 7 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
1. State the _________2. Make ____________3. Form the _________4. Perform the _______5. Analyze ______6. Draw ____________7. Communicate the _________
1. State the question2. Make observations3. Form the hypothesis4. Perform the experiment5. Analyze data6. Draw conclusions7. Communicate the results
_____ IS AN EDUCATED GUESS WHICH MUST BE PROVEN OR DISPROVEN
Hypothesis
HOW DO YOU PROVE OR DISPROVE A HYPOTHESIS?
Perform an experiment
WHAT IS A THEORY?
An educated guess based on research which cannot be proven or disproven
IN EVERY EXPERIMENT, EVERYTHING MUST BE KEPT ____ EXCEPT FOR WHAT IS BEING _____
Constant Tested
WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?
Parts of the experiment that are kept the same
WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
Parts of the experiment that change
WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
• Independent variable: the one thing that you change in the experiment
• Dependent variable: the thing in the experiment that changes because of the independent variable– What is being measured
• Mr. Krabs wants to make Bikini Bottoms a nicer place to live. He has created a new sauce that he thinks will reduce the production of body gas associated with eating krabby patties from the Krusty Krab. He recruits 100 customers with a history of gas problems. He has 50 of them (group A) eat krabby patties with the new sauce. The other 50 (group B) eat krabby patties with sauce that looks just like the new sauce but is really just a mixture of mayonnaise and food coloring. Both groups were told that they were getting the sauce that would reduce gas production. Two hours after eating the krabby patties, 30 customers in group a reported having fewer gas problems and 8 customers in group B reported having fewer gas problems.– Which people are in the control group?– What is the independent variable?– What is the dependent variable?– What should Mr. Krab’s conclusion be?– Why did 8 customers in group B report having fewer gas problems?
• Group b• Sauce• Amount of body gas• The sauce worked• Placebo effect
• Spongebob loves to garden and wants to grow lots of pink flowers for his pal Sandy. He bought a special flower power fertilizer to see if it will help plants produce more flowers. He plants two plants of the same size in separate containers with the same amount of potting soil. He places one plant in a sunny window and waters it every day with fertilized water. He places the other plant on a shelf in a closet and waters it with plain water every other day.– What did Spongebob do wrong in the experiment? – What should Spongebob do to test the effectiveness of flower
power fertilizer?
• Changed more than one thing• Should have given one plant the flower power
fertilizer and not the other and kept everything else the same
CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SCIENTIST WHO DEVELOPED THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS?
Mendeleev
HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE ARRANGED?
In order of increasing atomic number
WHAT IS THE SMALLEST BUILDING BLOCK OF ALL MATTER?
Atom
WHAT IS MATTER WHICH IS MADE UP OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM?
Element
EVERY ATOM HAS ____ BASIC PARTS
3
POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE OF THE ATOM?
Proton
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE OF THE ATOM?
Electron
NEUTRAL PARTICLE OF THE ATOM
Neutron
WHERE ARE THE PROTONS FOUND IN AN ATOM?
Nucleus
WHERE ARE THE ELECTRONS FOUND IN AN ATOM?
Around the nucleus: electron cloud
WHERE ARE THE NEUTRONS FOUND IN THE ATOM?
Nucleus
WHAT IS THE NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EVERY ELEMENT BOX CALLED?
Atomic number
WHAT IS THE NUMBER AT THE BOTTOM OF EVERY ELEMENT BOX CALLED?
Atomic mass
HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY ELECTRONS AN ATOM HAS?
Look at the atomic number
HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY PROTONS AN ATOM HAS?
Look at the atomic number
HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY NEUTRONS AN ATOM HAS?
Subtract the atomic mass and atomic number
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS TO THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?
Metals
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS ON THE RIGHT OF THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?
Nonmetals
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT TOUCH THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?
Metalloids
WHAT ARE THE HORIZONTAL ROWS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED?
Periods
WHAT ARE THE VERTICAL COLUMNS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED?
Families or groups
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ARE GREAT CONDUCTORS, HAVE A SHINY LUSTER, AND ARE MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE?
Metals
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ARE GASES OR BRITTLE SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE – THEY ARE INSULATORS, NONMALLEABLE, AND NONDUCTILE?
Nonmetals
WHAT ELEMENTS HAVE PROPERTIES OF BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS?
Metalloids
WHAT DOES MALLEABLE MEAN?
Pounded into thin sheets
WHAT DOES DUCTILE MEAN?
Stretched into thin wires
WHAT IS FAMILY ONE CALLED?
Alkali earth metals
WHAT IS FAMILY 2 CALLED?
Alkaline earth metals
WHAT ARE FAMILIES 3-12 CALLED?
Transition metals
WHAT IS FAMILY 13 CALLED?
Boron family
WHAT IS FAMILY 14 CALLED?
Carbon family
WHAT IS FAMILY 15 CALLED?
Nitrogen family
WHAT IS FAMILY 16 CALLED?
Oxygen family
WHAT IS FAMILY 17 CALLED?
Halogens
WHAT IS FAMILY 18 CALLED?
Noble gases
WHAT ARE THE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM’S OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL CALLED?
Valence
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS DOES FAMILY 13 HAVE?
3
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS DOES FAMILY 17 HAVE?
7
ALL OF THE ATOMS IN FAMILY 18 HAVE ___ VALENCE ELECTRONS EXCEPT FOR _____ WHICH HAS __ VALENCE ELECTRONS
• 8• Helium• 2
THE FIRST ELECTRON SHELL AROUND THE NUCLEUS CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM OF ___ ELECTRONS
2
THE 2ND ELECTRON SHELL CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM OF ___ ELECTRONS
8
WHAT ARE THE 2 ROWS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TABLE CALLED?
Synthetic
THE FIRST ROW OF SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS ARE CALLED?
Lanthanides
THE 2ND ROW OF SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS ARE CALLED?
Actinides
HOW MANY PROTONS?HOW MANY ELECTRONS?HOW MANY NEUTRONS?
22
Titanium
Ti
48
• 22• 22• 26
Complete the chart
Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic # Atomic mass
13 27
36 36 84
9 19
26 26 56
82 125
Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic # Atomic mass
13 13 14 13 27
36 36 48 36 84
9 9 10 9 19
26 26 30 26 56
82 82 125 82 207
ALL OF THE ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ZIGZAG LINE ARE METALS EXCEPT FOR _____
Hydrogen
ALL OF THE ELEMENTS TOUCHING THE ZIGZAG LINE ARE METALLOIDS EXCEPT FOR ____
Aluminum
ALL OF THE NOBLE GASES HAVE 8 VALENCE ELECTRONS EXCEPT FOR _____
Helium
WHICH FAMILY ON THE PERIODIC TABLE WILL NEVER BOND WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT?
• Noble Gases– They are non-active
IF AN ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON, IT WILL HAVE A ____ CHARGE
Positive
IF AN ATOM GAINS AN ELECTRON, IT WILL HAVE A _____ CHARGE
Negative
ATOMS CANNOT BE ____ OR ____ IN A CHEMICAL REACTION
• Created• Destroyed
IN A CHEMICAL EQUATION, THE SUBSTANCES ON THE LEFT SIDE ARE CALLED?
Reactants
IN A CHEMICAL EQUATION, THE SUBSTANCES ON THE RIGHT SIDE ARE CALLED?
Products
THE LARGE NUMBERS IN FRONT OF THE ELEMENT OR COMPOUND IS CALLED?
Coefficient
THE SMALL NUMBER TO THE BOTTOM RIGHT SIDE OF THE ELEMENT OR COMPOUND IS CALLED?
Subscripts
WHAT IS THE SUBSCRIPT IN THE FOLLOWING COMPOUND: 6CO2
2
WHAT IS THE COEFFICIENT IN THE FOLLOWING COMPOUND: 6CO2
6
THE LAW OF ____ OF ____ STATES THAT MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CHANGED FROM ONE FORM INTO ANOTHER
Law of conservation of mass
BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:NA + MGF2 NAF + MG
2Na + MgF2 2NaF + Mg
BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION?NA + HCL2 H +NACL
2Na + 2HCl2 H +2NaCl
• Make sure that if the same elements is listed more than once on the same side of the equation, you have to add them together!
ACIDS AND BASES
• An acid will have an H atom – example: HCl
• A base will have an OH atom– Example: KOH
FORCE AND MOTION
ALL MATTER IS CONSTANTLY IN _____
Motion
MOTION INVOLVES A CHANGE IN _____
Position
THE STARTING POINT OF MOTION IS CALLED A ______ ______
Reference point
THE TOTAL LENGTH OF MOTION IS YOUR ____
Distance
____ INCLUDES THE DISTANCE AND DIRECTION OF THE STOPPING POINT FROM YOUR REFERENCE POINT. (DISTANCE FROM WHERE YOU STARTED TO WHERE YOU FINISHED?
Displacement
DISTANCE TRAVELED DIVIDED BY THE TIME TAKEN TO TRAVEL THAT DISTANCE IS _____
Speed
THE UNITS FOR SPEED ARE ___
m/s
____ SPEED OCCURS WHEN AN OBJECT TRAVELS AT A STEADY RATE WITH THE SAME INSTANTANEOUS SPEED FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME.
Constant
THE SPEED AND DIRECTION OF A MOVING OBJECT IS _____
Velocity
ON A SPEED GRAPH, THE STEEPER THE LINE THE GREATER THE _____
Speed
• Object A has the greater speed
» A
• Distance• B
• Time
A HORIZONTAL LINE ON A SPEED GRAPH INDICATES A SPEED OF ____
Zero
• The object is at rest. DO NOT FORGET TO LOOK AT THE Y AXIS TO DETERMINE WHAT TYPE OF GRAPH IS SHOWN.
• Distance
• Time
WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR SPEED?
Distance divided by time
A CHANGE IN SPEED DIVIDED BY THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE CHANGE TO OCCUR IS ______
Acceleration
WHAT ARE THE UNITS FOR ACCELERATION?
m/s2
AN OBJECT THAT SPEEDS UP HAS ___ ACCELERATION
Positive
AN OBJECT THAT SLOWS DOWN HAS ___ ACCELERATION
Negative
AN OBJECT THAT IS SPEEDING UP WILL HAVE A LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH THAT GOES WHAT DIRECTION?
Up • A straight diagonal line means constant. Because this is an
acceleration graph is means the object has a constant acceleration.
• Speed
• Time
AN OBJECT THAT IS SLOWING DOWN WILL HAVE A LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH THAT GOES WHAT DIRECTION?
Down
• Speed
• Time
A HORIZONTAL LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH INDICATES AN ACCELERATION OF ___, OR A ____ SPEED.
• Zero – because the object is going a constant speed, it is not accelerating
• Constant
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
THE TENDENCY OF AN OBJECT TO RESIST A CHANGE IN ITS MOTION IS _____
Inertia
STATE NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION.
• An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion until acted on by an unbalanced force.
____ IS THE RUBBING FORCE THAT ACTS AGAINST MOTION BETWEEN TWO TOUCHING SURFACES
Friction
STATE NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION
• Force = mass x acceleration
STATE NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF MOTION.
• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
A FORCE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE MOTION OF THE OBJECT WILL CAUSE THE OBJECT TO ________
Slow down
THE SI UNIT FOR FORCE IS ____
Newton (N)
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY IS ____ MOVING FROM PLACE TO PLACE
Electrons
THE PATHWAY NEEDED FOR ELECTRONS TO MOVE IS CALLED A
Circuit
THE CIRCUIT NEEDS TO BE MADE UP OF SOME SORT OF METAL OR OTHER ________
Conductor
THE CIRCUIT NEEDS TO BE WRAPPED WITH AN ______ WHICH WILL NOT ALLOW ELECTRICITY TO FLOW THROUGH EASILY
Insulator
A ____ CIRCUIT HAS MORE THAN ONE PATH FOR ELECTRICITY TO FLOW
Parallel
A ____ CIRCUIT HAS ONLY ONE PATH FOR ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FLOW
Series
A BATTERY IS CALLED A
Cell
A BULB IS CALLED A
Load
WHICH IS THE DEVICE CONNECTED TO A CIRCUIT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICITY FLOWING THROUGH A CIRCUIT
Switch
THE MEASURE OF HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY A POWER SOURCE CAN PROVIDE IS KNOWN AS ____
Voltage
THE MEASURE OF HOW DIFFICULT IT IS FOR ELECTRONS TO FLOW THROUGH A CIRCUIT IS CALLED
Resistance
THE UNIT USED TO MEASURE HOW MUCH POWER AN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE WILL USE IS KNOWN AS THE ____
Watts
THE BUILD-UP OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES ON AN OBJECT IS KNOWN AS
Static
Tell if each is an insulator or conductor
1. Glass2. Gold3. Plastic4. Wool5. Copper6. Your body7. Wood8. Rubber9. Aluminum
1. I2. C3. I4. I5. C6. C7. I8. I9. C
A THIN WIRE OFFERS A ____ RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY THAN A THICK WIRE
Greater
A SHORT WIRE OFFERS ____ RESISTANCE THAN A LONG WIRE
Less
IF A CIRCUIT’S RESISTANCE INCREASED, THE OBJECT WILL BE _____ CHARGED
Positively
IF AN OBJECT GAINS ELECTRONS, THE OBJECT WILL BE ___ CHARGED
Negatively
IN A BATTERY, ELECTRONS FLOW FROM THE ____ TERMINAL TO THE ____ TERMINAL
• Negative• Positive
WHAT DO SUBSTATIONS DO?
Increase or decrease voltage with a transformer
WHAT DO TRANSMISSION LINES DO?
Carry electricity from a step up substation to your city (a long way)
WHAT DO TRANSFORMERS DO?
Increase or decrease voltage of electricity
TURNS MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Generator
TURNS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY
Motor
WHAT IS USED TO CHANGE THE VOLTAGE GOING THROUGH POWER LINES?
Transformer
ENERGY CONSERVATION
ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLENISHED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS WE CAN USE IT IS CALLED _____ RESOURCE
Renewable
ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CANNOT BE RENEWED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS WE USED IT UP ARE CALLED ____ RESOURCES
Nonrenewable
• Certain gases in the atmosphere do not let Earth’s heat escape into the atmosphere, instead, they absorb Earth’s heat and send the heat back to the Earth’s surface. This process is known as the _____________
Greenhouse effect
IF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GETS OUT OF CONTROL, IT COULD CAUSE A RISE IN TEMPERATURE ALL OVER THE WORLD CALLED
Global warming
WHAT GAS IS PUT OFF WHEN WE BURN FUELS?
Carbon dioxide