CCGPS
• SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.– a. Explain the cycling of energy through the
processes of photosynthesis and respiration.• We will discuss:
– Photosynthesis– Cellular Respiration– Fermentation
Assessments
• Quizzes– Photosynthesis– Cellular Respiration– Fermentation
• Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Project
We are going to…
• work in the classroom and the computer lab
• take notes• complete our homework• learn!!!!!
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Project
• Design a project that will show information about photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the connections between the two.
• Can create one of the following:– Children’s Storybook– Song– Recipe– Play– Prezi
• Required to create a handout and present final product
PhotosynthesisSections 4.2-4.3
The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical
energy.
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Overview• All energy on earth comes from the sun.• We depend on:
– Plants– Algae (underwater plants)– Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)
• To provide this energy to us!
Overview
Overview• Photosynthetic organisms are producers.• Producers make their own source of
chemical energy.• Plants use photosynthesis and are
producers.• Photosynthesis captures energy from
sunlight to make sugars.
Overview• Carbon dioxide and water are taken in by
plants• Plants absorb light energy and convert it to a
usable form.– ATP
• Energy is used to “fix” carbon dioxide into sugar molecules– Chemical energy
• Sugar is converted to starch and stored for use by the plant, and by animals when they eat plants.
Chlorophyll• Chlorophyll is a
molecule that absorbs light energy.
• In plants, chlorophyll isfound in organelles called chloroplasts.
leaf
leaf cell
chloroplast
Plants are green because of the pigment chlorophyll.
(which absorbs light energy)
• During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments, this is the reason leaves turn brown in the fall.
• Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or yellow.
• Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.–grana
(thylakoids)–stroma
• chloroplast
• stroma
• grana (thylakoids)
Chloroplasts• Have TWO
membranes– A “bi-bilayer!”
• The inner membrane is called the thylakoid.
• The thylakoid is folded and looks like stacks of coins called granum (grana=singular).
• The stroma is the space surrounding the granum.
Image source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html
Chloroplasts• Chlorophyll
molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
• Act like a light “antenna”
• These molecules can absorb sunlight energy.
Image from Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 73. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.
Light (dependent)Reactions• Happen ONLY in sunlight
– Hence they depend on light!– Water is also required
1. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid
2. The energy generates molecules of ATP (ADP converted to ATP)
3. Convert NADP+ to NADPH (Electron Carriers)-Energy then goes to Light Independent reaction
4. Produce Oxygen (O2) gas
Light (dependent)Reactions
Image from: Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 74. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.
Light (dependent)Reactions
Light Independent Reactions(formerly the “dark reactions”)
• Happen in sunlight, and in the dark.– Hence “independent of light”– Makes sugars
1. Takes place in the stroma.
2. CO2 enters from the atmosphere
3. ATP generated by sunlight drives the Calvin Cycle.
4. Monosaccarides (eg. glucose) are manufactured in the cycle.
5. Monosaccarides are used to “build” polysaccharides (eg. Starch).
Light Independent Reactions(formerly the “dark reactions”)
Image from: Biology 11: College Preparation. Pg 74. Nelson, Toronto. 2003.
Light Independent Reactions(formerly the “dark reactions”)
Overall ReactionWhat is the equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen + energy
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy
• C6H12O6
• granum (stack of thylakoids)
• thylakoid
•sunlight
• 1 six-carbon sugar
• 6H2
O
• 6CO2
• 6O2
• chloroplast• chloroplast• 1
• 2
• 4• 3
• energy
• stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)
Sun
LIGHT
H2O CO2
Light Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
CHLOROPLAST
SugarsO2
Factors that affect the rate of Photosynthesis are…
• Availability of Water
• Temperature
• Intensity of Light
• Concentration of CO2