Cells and their Organelles!Cells and their Organelles!
ObjectivesObjectives
History of a History of a CellCell
Cell Cell Organelles; Organelles; Description Description and and FunctionsFunctions
Difference Difference between between plant and plant and animal cellanimal cell
History of the CellHistory of the Cell Cells first seen with a simple microscopeCells first seen with a simple microscope First cell seen by Anton Van LeeuwenhoekFirst cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Cell named and described by Robert Hook Cell named and described by Robert Hook
in 1665in 1665
Cell Theory:Cell Theory:
1. Cells are the 1. Cells are the basic units of lifebasic units of life
2. All organisms 2. All organisms are made up of are made up of one or more cellsone or more cells
3. All cells arise 3. All cells arise from preexisting from preexisting cells.cells.
Types of CellsTypes of Cells Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells
lack a true lack a true nucleus and nucleus and internal internal structures.structures.
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells have a true have a true nucleus and nucleus and internal internal structures.structures.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membraneaka- Lipid Bilayeraka- Lipid Bilayer
Thin layer of lipid and protein that Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the separates the cell’s contents from the world around it.world around it.
Functions like a gate, controlling what Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.enters and leaves the cell.
Flexible and allows cell to change shape.Flexible and allows cell to change shape.
Lipid BilayerLipid Bilayer Cell membranes Cell membranes
consist of 2 fatty consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail acids, joined tail to tail. to tail.
The phosphate The phosphate heads are polar heads are polar and water lovingand water loving
Lipid tails are Lipid tails are nonpolar and nonpolar and water fearingwater fearing
Cell WallCell Wall Provides support Provides support
for the cell for the cell Surrounds all Plant Surrounds all Plant
CellsCells Rigid and allows for Rigid and allows for
little or no little or no movementmovement
Made of cellulose Made of cellulose and starchand starch
Nucleus and Nuclear Nucleus and Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope
The “Brain” of The “Brain” of the cellthe cell
Controls all Controls all activities and activities and functionsfunctions
Contains DNA in Contains DNA in the form of the form of ChromatinChromatin
One of the largest One of the largest organelles in the organelles in the cellcell
Nucleus and Nuclear Nucleus and Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope
Surrounded by a Surrounded by a Nuclear Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope that is that is 4x as thick as 4x as thick as any other any other membranemembrane
Nuclear Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope is a is a form of form of protectionprotection
Nucleolus and Nuclear Nucleolus and Nuclear PoresPores
Found in the center Found in the center of the nucleus.of the nucleus.
Responsible for Responsible for making ribosomesmaking ribosomes
�Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus
Mitochondria!Mitochondria!
Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the cell.cell.
Transforms energy Transforms energy for the cell (food for the cell (food molecules are molecules are broken down).broken down).
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration occurs here.occurs here.
Highly Folded for Highly Folded for more surface area.more surface area.
Can be several Can be several hundred per cell.hundred per cell.
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Folded membrane that Folded membrane that
forms a network of forms a network of interconnected interconnected compartments inside compartments inside the cellthe cell
Production of the Production of the protein and lipid protein and lipid components of most components of most of the cell's organellesof the cell's organelles
Ex: Tissues inside boxEx: Tissues inside box
Rough ER Vs. Smooth Rough ER Vs. Smooth ERER
Rough is coated Rough is coated with ribosomes, with ribosomes, smooth isn’tsmooth isn’t
Rough- site of Rough- site of PROTEIN PROTEIN synthesissynthesis
Smooth- site of Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.LIPID synthesis.
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Directs Directs molecular molecular traffic in the traffic in the cellcell
Series of Series of closely closely stacked, stacked, flattened flattened membranes membranes sacssacs
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Receives newly Receives newly synthesized proteins synthesized proteins and lipids from the and lipids from the ER and distributes ER and distributes them to plasma them to plasma membranemembrane
Has vesicles that act Has vesicles that act as packages.as packages.
Nickname UPSNickname UPS
VacuolesVacuoles
Fluid filled sac Fluid filled sac surrounded by a surrounded by a membranemembrane
Temporary storage of Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and food, enzymes, and waste productswaste products
Usually one large Usually one large vacuole in plantsvacuole in plants
Several smaller Several smaller vacuoles in animal vacuoles in animal cellscells
LysosomesLysosomes
AKA: Suicide BagsAKA: Suicide Bags Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymes to digest enzymes to digest excess or worn excess or worn out cell parts, out cell parts, food, invading food, invading virusesviruses
Ex: Tadpole and Ex: Tadpole and its tailits tail
RibosomesRibosomes Particles where the cell Particles where the cell
assembles proteins assembles proteins according to the according to the directions of the DNAdirections of the DNA
Not bound by a Not bound by a membrane- still membrane- still considered a cell considered a cell organelleorganelle
Made by the nucleolusMade by the nucleolus Found free floating in Found free floating in
the cytoplasm and on the cytoplasm and on Rough ERRough ER
ChloroplastChloroplast
Only found in Only found in Plant CellsPlant Cells
Contains Contains ChlorophyllChlorophyll
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs hereoccurs here
Each plant cell Each plant cell can have several can have several chloroplastchloroplast
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Made of Made of
Microtubules and Microtubules and Microfilaments. Microfilaments. (Both made of (Both made of protein)protein)
Found throughout Found throughout the cellthe cell
Provide shape, Provide shape, support, and support, and structure to the structure to the cellcell
CytoplasmaCytoplasma The clear like fluid that surrounds The clear like fluid that surrounds
inside the cellinside the cell Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an
animal cellanimal cell Chemical reactions occurs hereChemical reactions occurs here
FLAGELLAFLAGELLA
o Flagella are Flagella are usually singular usually singular (occasionally (occasionally there are more) there are more) projections found projections found on the outside of on the outside of the cell. the cell.
o Primary means Primary means of transportation of transportation and or and or movementmovement..
CilliaCillia
Several, hairlike Several, hairlike projections that projections that surround the surround the outside of the a outside of the a cellcell
Also used for Also used for movement and movement and transportationtransportation
Plant Cell v/s Animal CellPlant Cell v/s Animal Cell All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wallAll Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall All Plant cells contain the organelle ChloroplastAll Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast All plant cells usually have one large vacuole All plant cells usually have one large vacuole
the can occupy 90% of the cell.the can occupy 90% of the cell.