Ch. 6“Learning”
Next Quiz (#3) covers pages 126-
149
LEARNING : A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from
experience
PRINCIPLES1 . L e a r n i n g i s a c h a n g e i n m e n t a l s t a t e . C h a n g e o c c u r s
i n s i d e t h e l e a r n e r2 . S e e n o n l y t h r o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n3 . L e a r n i n g i n v o l v e s a c h a n g e o f b e h a v i o r4 . R e s u l t s f r o m e x p e r i e n c e ( r e p e t i t i o n )5 . L e a r n i n g i s r e l a t i v e l y p e r m a n e n t6 . C a n b e a p p l i e d / t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n e w s i t u a t i o n7 . W a t c h i n g , L i s t e n i n g , R e a d i n g , e t c . a l l c o n t r i b u t e t o
l e a r n i n g
LEARNING is based on an association between stimuli and responses
THE …
A – B – C’s of Learning
A__________Behaviors
C__________
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
______________ elicits a _______________ [S R]
EXAMPLE:
Bell rings, students leave!
I v an P av l o v ( R u s s i a n B i o l o g i s t )
D i g e s t i v e s y s t e m o f d o g s – s a l i v a t i o n a t t h e s i g h t o f f o o d i se x p e c t e d
C a n w e g e t t h e d o g t o s a l i v a t e a t t h e a n t i c i p a t i o n o f f o o d ? ? ? ?
C a n w e g e t t h e d o g t o r e s p o n d t o a n i n a p p r o p r i a t e s t i m u l u s ? ? ? ?
P a v l o v ’ s d i s c o v e r y l e a d s t o C l a s s i c a l C o n d i t i o n i n g
T h e E le m e n ts : U n C o n d i t i o n e d S t i m u l u s ( U C S )
U n C o n d i t i o n e d R e s p o n s e ( U C R ) N e u t r a l S t i m u l u s ( N S )
C o n d i t i o n e d S t i m u l u s ( C S ) C o n d i t i o n e d R e s p o n s e ( C R )
UCS UCR
NS + UCS UCR
CS CR
THE FORMULA
An ___________________ stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
A ______________ stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
A _______________ stimulus elicits a conditioned response
IN OTHER WORDS
Pavlov makes his way into “The Office”
http://vimeo.com/5371237
orhttp://www.NBC.com/The_Office/video/#mea=133738
Season 3 Episode 16
Experiment time!
A hop, skip, and a jump!
Go over Classical Conditioning worksheet – numbers 1-10
_____ → _____
UCS UCR
_____ + _____ → _____
NS UCS UCR
_____ → _____
CS CR
Startle
TYPES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. S______________
2. D____________
3. T____________
4. B____________
http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/tempstim.mhtmlDemonstrating Types of Classical Conditioning
•Contingency Theory
•_______________
•Spontaneous Recovery
•Generalization
•_______________
•Higher Order Conditioning
OTHER KEY VOCABULARY (131-133)
How does this cartoon exhibit HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING?
Reading: What Ever Happened to Baby Albert?
AnxietyThe physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger,
whether real or _______________.
_______________Attack Period of extreme anxiety and physical symptoms such as heart
palpitations, shakiness, dizziness, and racing thoughts. Initial attacks are often reported to feel like a heart attack due to the heart palpitations. A
medical exam should be conducted to rule out any such condition.
http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/index.htmlAnxiety Disorders
http://www.phobialist.com/
Phobia An intense fear of a specific object or situation. Most of us consider
ourselves to have phobias, but to be diagnosable, the fear must significantly __________ ______ ______ _____ __________.
1. M-m-m-math Anxiety? It’s All in the Teaching (2002)
2. When Fear Takes Control of the Mind (2006)
3. Could Fear Wreak Havoc on Your Life? (2001)
Counterconditioning Methods – Peter & the Rabbit
_______________
Systematic __________________________
How do we help baby Albert?(Therapies)
A treatment technique where the client is exposed to gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli while relaxing; the goal is for the client to eventually confront a phobia or fear without the previously associated anxiety. (Movie Clip: What about Bob?)
A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcxKIJTb3Hg (2:08)
________________ Therapy A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli.
Ex. Chemicals + Alcohol = Sick
(Therapies continued)
Therapy in the 21st Century
http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~bhbn/psy/index-VR-Psychology.html#sandbox
Articles:
•Virtual Cures
•Virtually Fearless (1999)
•Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
VRE and Soldiers Overcome Burnshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNIqyyypojg
Video: Things That Go Bump!
From Discovery Health Channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6-p9Ul5En4
_____ → _____
UCS UCR
_____ + _____ → _____
NS UCS UCR
_____ → _____
CS CR
Salivation
SalivationMeat
Powder
Bell
& other forms of learning
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning – A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
Edward L. _______________
Figure 1. (1911) Illustration of a "Puzzle Box"Used in His Research on Instrumental Learning in Cats.
1905 Formalized the Law of __________
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8&feature=related
B.F. ___________(1904 – 1990) PROJECT _______________
OPERANT (__________) BOX or CHAMBER
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&feature=r
elated (time 3:57)
TYPES OF REINFORCERS• _____________REINFORCER
S (ex. food, water, & adequate warmth)
• ______________ or CONDITIONED REINFORCERS (ex. money)
• _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Stephan and Cody were two mentally disabled boys who seldom smiled at other people. Dr. Hopkins used a procedure in which he would take them for walks, and if they smiled at passers by, he would give them some pieces of M & M's candy. This procedure caused Stephan and Cody to smile much more often than they had before.
• _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Insect bite itches, Scratch it.)
Abr
aham
Mas
low
’s
Hie
rarc
hy o
f Nee
ds
How do our M & M friends demonstrate the idea of Operant Conditioning? What kinds of behavior are elicited first? What about ____________ (138) & ______________(138-139)? What about _____________ (142) & __________________________________?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPHcw2vz9H0&feature=related (time 4:28)
Use of Reinforcement and Punishment in Shaping a Child‘s Behavior
LET’S LOOK AT…
Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
• Reward and Reinforcer can be used interchangeably
• What is rewarding to you may not be rewarding to another.
• Punishment doesn’t suggest what to do.
• Works only if guaranteed & consistent
• Severely punished may withdraw (Seligman)
• Can create hostility
• May be imitated (Monkey see…)
• Draws attention to it
PUNISHMENTSREWARDS vs.
PAGES 138 - 139
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
• CONTINUOUS vs. _________________
• INTERVAL (____________) SCHEDULES– Fixed– Variable
• RATIO (_______________) SCHEDULES– Fixed– Variable
1. ___________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced (i.e., a consequence is delivered). The time period required is always the same.
2. _________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced. After the reinforcement, a new time period (shorter or longer) is set with the average equaling a specific number over a sum total of trials.
3. _______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a specified number of correct responses. This schedule is best for learning a new behavior.
Notice that behavior is relatively stable between reinforcements, with a slight delay after a reinforcement is given. Also notice the number of behaviors observed during the 30 minute time period is larger than that seen under either of the interval schedules.
4. ______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a set number of correct responses. After reinforcement the number of correct responses necessary for reinforcement changes. This schedule is best for maintaining behavior.
•_____________________Monkey see, monkey do!
•_____________________Get away with or are rewarded for violence
They always “get the girl/guy/money/car - etc.
•_____________________Works the audience up
Watch the fans at a sporting event Watch your friends watch the WWF
•_____________________We become used to - desensitization
1. Violent behavior is not representative of most people
2. Violent behaviors are not real - special effects and technology
3. Most people use other than violent means to resolve conflict
___________________
Arbitration
___________________
Other•Positive modeling
•Encourage other activities
•Monitor - watch first, watch with, explain
•Limit time
•Watch educational programs
•Act - call legislators
•Abiding by rating system