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Chapter 9:Joints (Articulations)
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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 1-Synarthrosis:
no movement
fibrous, bony (fusion), or cartilaginous connections
may fuse over time
Very strong
4 types Suture
Skull only
Bony fusion Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
Gomphosis Fibrous
Teeth to gums
Synchondrosis rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones:
epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
Synostosis Fused bones, immovable
metopic suture of skull
epiphyseal lines of long bones
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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 3-Diarthrosis (synovial joints):
more movement
at ends of long bones within articular capsules
lined with synovial membrane
where syn fluid is found
Lubrication Nutrient distribution
Shock absorption
accessory structures
Cartilage - cushion
Fat pads protection
Ligaments support
Tendons support, attaches muscles
Bursae cushions where tendons and ligaments rub
types of synovial joints
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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 3-Diarthrosis (synovial joints):
types of synovial joints 1 & 2 of 6
Gliding Flattened or slightly curved faces
Limited motion
Hinge
Angular motion in a single plane
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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 3-Diarthrosis (synovial joints):
types of synovial joints 3 & 4 of 6
Pivot
Rotation only
Ellipsoidal
Oval articular face within a depression
Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)
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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 3-Diarthrosis (synovial joints):
types of synovial joints 5 & 6 of 6
Saddle
2 concave faces, straddled
Ball-and-Socket
Round articular face in a depression
V b l J i
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Vertebral Joints
Figure 97
C2 to L5 spinal
vertebrae articulate: at inferior and superior
articular processes
(gliding joints)
between adjacentvertebral bodies
(symphyseal joints)
Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage
separate vertebral bodies
D t I t t b l Di
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Damage to Intervertebral Discs
Figure 98
Slipped disc:
bulge in anulus fibrosus
invades vertebral canal
Herniated disc:
nucleuspulposusbreaks through anulus fibrosus
presses on spinal cord or nerves
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The Shoulder Joint
Figure 99a
akaglenohumeral
joint:
allows more motion
than any other joint
is the least stable
supported by skeletalmuscles, tendons,
ligaments
Ball-and-socketdiarthrosis
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The Elbow Joint
Figure 910
A stable hinge joint With articulations between humerus, radius, and ulna Humeroulnarjoint:
trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
limited movement Humeroradialjoint:
smaller articulation
capitulum of humerus and head of radius
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The Hip Joint
Figure 911a
Also called coxal joint
Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Wide range of motion Head of femur fits in it
Socket of acetabulum
Which is extended by
fibrocartilage acetabular labrum
h
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The Knee Joint
Figure 912a, b
A complicated hinge joint
Transfers weight from femur
to tibia 2 femurtibia articulations:
at medial and lateral
condyles
1 between patella andpatellar surface of femur
Medialand lateral menisci:
fibrocartilage pads
at femur
tibia articulations cushion and stabilize joint
give lateral support
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Rheumatism - A pain and stiffness of skeletal
and muscular systems
Arthritis- All forms of rheumatism thatdamage articular cartilages of synovial joints
Osteoarthritis-Caused by wear and tear of joint
surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagenformation, generally in people over age 60
Rheumatoid Arthritis-An inflammatory condition,
caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune
disease, involves the immune system, any age Gouty Arthritis- Occurs when crystals (uric acid or
calcium salts) form within synovial fluid due to
metabolic disorders
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