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Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2 Nh Ohf`usovk, Kxpkrokhn`,
nha Mu`vn`kht Cortg Fkhtkr
Fgrostipgkr S . Ckfdkr
Mnstkr il Nrfgotkfturk
Mny 3:, 3:><
Cistih Nrfgotkfturn` Fi``kek
Antk il Lohn` Skvokw2
Akfkmckr >:, 3:>;
Aorkftir il Qgksos2
Onh L. Qnckrhkr, NON
Qgksos Navosir2
M. Sussk` Lk`amnh, NON
Nutgir‟s Voehnturk2
Fgrostipgkr S. Ckfdkr
Aksoeh Frofs2
Cic Gsouhe Anhn Siwnh
Mirros Qy`kr Crokh Cndkr
Gynfohtg Bigh Nrtgur FigkhAnvoa Vo`vkrmnh Vnrng Indks
F`okht Kxpkrt2 Ko`kkh Nmy, SH
Vtrufturn` Fihsu`tnht2 Nmor Mksenr, Z.K.
Mkfgnhofn` Fihsu`tnht2 Crufk MnfSotfgok, Z.K.
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Qnc`k il Fihtkhts
Akaofnih ...........................................................................;
Npprkfonih ........................................................................;
Coiernpgofn` Hitk ................................................................;
QGKVOV OHQSIA[FQOIHFgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty ..........................................................5
Aosnco`oty nha tgk Zkrsih .....................................................5
Qkfghi`iey nha tgk Zkrsih .................................................5
Nuxo`onry Noa ........................................................................?
Lrim Zristgkfs ti Coihofs .................................................?
Nrfgotkfturn` Noas ..............................................................>>
Mnosih n Ciraknux ............................................................>>
Fihvkhihn` .....................................................................>6
[hovkrsn ̀ ............................................................................>6
Mu`vn`kht ........................................................................>6
ZSIESNM OHQSIA[FQOIH
Mntkrhoty & Cortg Fkhtkr...................................................>;
Uimnh oh @ncir ................................................................>;
Ugnt Uimkh Unht Ugo`k Cortgohe... ................................><
Qgk Mkaofn` Miak`............................................................>5
Znkht Fkhtkrka Fnrk .......................................................>5
Zriernm Skquorkmkhts .....................................................>7
OHQSIA[FQIS_ SK\OKU
Zrk`omohnry Vpnfk Zriernm ...............................................>?Zrk`omohnry Votk Nhn`ysos ...................................................3:
Ohtriauftiry Skvokw ..........................................................36
ZSK@OMOHNS_ AKVOEH SK\OKU
Zrk`omohnry Aksoeh Skvokw ................................................3<
Forfu`nih .........................................................................6:
Zriernm Nabnfkhfy............................................................6:
Frof Fimmkhts ................................................................6>
VFGKMNQOF AKVOEH SK\OKU
Vfgkmnf Aksoeh Skvokw ..................................................66
Nrfgotkfturn` Lnfo`otntirs....................................................61
Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy .........................................................6;
L`kxoc`k Vpnfks ..................................................................65
Zrk`omohnry Vystkms ..........................................................65
3
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AKVOEH AK\K@IZMKHQ SK\OKU
Aksoeh Akvk`ipmkht Skvokw .............................................6?
LOHN@ AKVOEH
Lohn` Aksoeh Skvokw ...........................................................13
Fihf`uaohe Skmnrds ..........................................................16
Votk @ifnih ......................................................................11
Votk Z`nh .............................................................................1;
Votk Nffkssoco`oty ................................................................1;
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr - @ihe Vkfih .......................................1<
Cortg Fkhtkr - Viutg K`kvnih ...........................................15
Cortg Fkhtkr - @ihe Vkfih ................................................17
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr - L`iir Z`nhs ..........................................;:
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr - Skfkpih ............................................;:
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr - Zkrspkfvks .......................................;3
Cortg Fkhtkr - Vkfihs .......................................................;1
Cortg Fkhtkr - L`iir Z`nhs ..................................................;;
Cortgohe Giusk ...................................................................;<
Ohtkroir Mntkron`s ..............................................................;<
Gyaritgkrnpy oh Fgo`acortg ................................................;5
Vtrufturn` Vystkms .............................................................;?
Votk Vustnohnco`oty ..............................................................;?
Vustnohnc`k Mkfgnhofn` Vystkms .......................................
QGKVOV ZSIZIVN@
Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty ........................................................::
Sksumk ............................................................................>:6
Kxnmohohe Qgk Fihtkht \n`oaoty il tgk
Cortgohe [hot ....................................................................>:1
Gyaritgkrnpy Aurohe @ncir nha Cortg .............................>:<
Frknhe n Ckkr Cortg Khvorihmkht ...............................>>3
6
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-
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1
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Coiernpgofn` HitkMy lnmo`y nha O `ovk oh Mk`risk, Mnssnfgusks.
Iroeohn``y lrim Zkhhsy`vnhon, O mkt my wolk Ckhotn
Vnmuk` nt Fn`voh Fi``kek oh Ernha Snpoas, Mofgoenh.
Mnrroka oh 3::7, O trnvk`ka lir tgk rst mk ti Ohaon
ti skk Ckhotn‟s gimk nt tgk Gomn`nynh liitgo``s
wgkrk sgk erkw up nmihe stuakhts nha k`akrs nt
tgk Vgnrp Mkmiron` Vfgii` lir tgk C`oha, Ohaon‟s
rst sfgii` lir tgk c`oha. Lir tgk pnst skvkrn` yknrs
O gnvk ckkh wirdohe lir tgk Fimmihwkn`tg il
Mnssnfgusks ti khsurk tgnt priernms, skrvofks,
nha lnfo`oks nrk ohf`usovk nha nffkssoc`k.
Akaofnih
Npprkfonih
Qgos tgksos wird os akaofntka ti my fiusoh Zgo``op
Gktmnh wgi oh tgos yknr wkht gimk ti ck wotg iur
@ira Bksus. Zgo` `ovka n rkmnrdnc`k `olk il 37 yknrs
il wgofg hi pgysofn`, sifon`, ir ntuaohn` cnrrokrs
kvkr ivkrfnmk tgk ̀ ivk nha gnppohkss wotg wgofggk sgnrka ti n`` tgisk wgi dhkw gom. O rksi`vk ti
hkvkr lirekt tgk ̀ kssihs oh pnkhfk, ̀ ihe sukrohe,
nha khtgusonsm lir `olk tgnt Zgo` ompnrtka ti mk.
O n`si wnht ti akaofntk tgos wird ti my lnmo`y
wgi gns khfiurneka mk tgriueg tgos simkmks
eruk`ohe vk yknr biurhky. Ckhotn nha Eonhhn,
tgnhd yiu lir yiur `ivk nha khfiurnekmkht.
Qgnhds nrk nppriprontk ti tgisk wgi gk`pka mk
put tgos tgksos tiektgkr, ohf`uaohe Ko`kkh Nmy wgi
privoaka mk wotg kxpkrt fgo`a cortgohe dhiw`kaek,
my fiwirdkrs Zi``y Uk`fg nha Kmmnhuk` Nharnak
wgi privoaka khfiurnekmkht nha froquk, Suss
Lk`amnh wgi privoaka kxfk``kht navofk ns Qgksos
Navosir, nha ti my stuaoi-mntks Anh nha Vumntg
wgi n`wnys fnmk wotg ohtkrkst nha tgiuegu`
sueeksihs. O n`si wnht ti tgnhd tgisk wgi
privoaka spkfon` suppirt ivkr tgk yknrs ohf`uaohe
my pnrkhts, Onoh Ugook`a, nha Gipk FgrosnhFgurfg.
;
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Rnf \nwtkr sfn`ks tgk
>:6-Vtiry Uo``os Qiwkr oh
Fgofnei wotg tgk gk`p il n
moha fihtri``ka coihof ̀ ke.
Loe. > Cronh Dkrsky. Ih`ohk Viurfk2 Guhetih Zist. gp2//www.guhetihpist.fim/3:>6
/:?/3
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Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty
Ugnt os mknht cy Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty9 Qgk
tkrm os quotk ̀ inaka wotg mnhy pissoc`k mknhohes.
Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty os nciut rk-kxnmohohe iur
uhakrstnhaohe il wgnt aosnco`oty os, wgkrk nha wgy
ot iffurs, nha giw nrfgotkfturk oh pnrfu`nr gns nri`k ti p`ny oh giw wk pkrfkovk aosnco`oty.
Aosnco`oty nha tgk Zkrsih
Ikh, ot os aofu`t lir pkip`k ti skk pnst aosnco`oty
ti n pkrsihs ksskhn` sk`l. Zkip`k wgi stuay
aosnco`oty sueekst aosnco`oty os mirk n fimcohnih
il sifon`, pi`ofn`, kfihimof, nha pgysofn`
khvorihmkhts tgnt aosfromohntk tgnh ot os si`k`y
nciut n pkrsihs mkaofn` hkkas ir ciao`y stntk. Qgos
gns priliuha omp`ofnihs lir nrfgotkfturn` prnffk.
Oh irakr ti privoak n mirk ohf`usovk khvorihmkht,
nrfgotkfts nha aksoehkrs must n`wnys fihsoakr tgk
aovkrsk eriup il pkip`k tgky nrk aksoehohe lir si ns
hit ti uhwohe`y kxf`uak nhyihk lrim sifokty.
Qkfghi`iey nha tgk Zkrsih
Lrim mkaofn` omp`nhts ti mico`k pgihks,tkfghi`iey os fgnheohe giw wk ckgnvk ns gumnh
pkrsihs. Qkfghi`iey os n`si fgnheohe giw wk
icskrvk aosnc`ka ciaoks. Qgk opgihk wotg ot‟s mnhy
fnpnco`oks gns mnak hnvoenih mufg knsokr lir
pkrsihs wgi nrk c`oha. Qgk ohtkernih il ricif
pristgkfs wotg hkrvius systkm oh tgk gumnh ciay
gnvk n``iwka pkip`k ti wn`d, ruh, nha anhfk wgkrk
tgky ihfk fiu`a hit. Qkfghi`iey os ohfrknsohe`y
ohtkerntka wotg tgk gumnh ciay, nfhe ns
prkfkakht lir giw nrfgotkfturk fnh n`si fihtrocutk
ti tgk gumnh pkrsih.
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Loe. 3 Qip @k. Nutgir
uhdhiwh. Ih`ohk
Viurfk2 gp2//
www.mkanuaoi.ru/
nrf`ks/3;)
Loe. 6 Qip Soegt.
Nutgir uhdhiwh.
Ih`ohk Viurfk2 gps2//
fimmihs.wodomkaon.
ire/wodo/Lo`k2MnanmkY
akYMkurih.bpe
(nffksska Hivkmckr3:>;)
Loe. 1 Ciim @k.
Ohvkhtir2 Vtkpgnhk
Ckanra nha Zokrrk-
I`ovokr Siy. Ih`ohk
Viurfk2 gp2//www.
eiie`k.fim/pntkhts/
[V3::1:>>>>;)
Loe. ; Ciim Soegt.
Bnmks Aufnh Anvoasih.
Ih`ohk Viurfk2 gps2//
www.cistihe`ick.
fim/`olksty`k/
hnmks/3:>1/:6/>?/
pgitis-naronhhk-
gns`kt-anvos-anhfks-
rgumcn-tka-fihlkrkhfk/BAi@c1EC\mlAC33Nnu
;)
7
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Nuxo`onry Noa
Nh nuxo`onry noa gk`ps n pkrsih wotg simk
ompnormkht khbiy nha pnrfopntk kqun``y oh
kvkryany nfvoks. Qgk gknrohe noa os n fimmih
nuxo`onry noa wgofg gns ckkh uska oh ihk lirm
ir nhitgkr lir fkhturoks. Ikh nuxo`onry noas
nrk aksoehka ti ck goaakh. Giwkvkr, oh tgk pnst
nha prkskht, tgky gnvk n`si ckkh tgiuegu``y
lnsgoihka ti naa ti ihk‟s sty`k nha pkrsihn.
Ot os hit n`wnys hkfkssnry ti goak nrfgotkfturn`
noas tgnt nssost pkrsihs wotg aosnco`oks. Hir os
ot hkfkssnry lir tgksk akvofks ti ck uska lir ih`y
ihk purpisk. N erknt prkfkakht il n p`knsohe
nha tgiuegt prividohe nrfgotkfturn` noa wns tgk
ohstn``nih il Untkr @os nt tgk Audk il _ird stkpscy Mngkw @`iya Nrfgotkfts aurohe tgk @ihaih
Lksvn` il Nrfgotkfturk 3:>: (skk Qgksos Zripisn`).
Lrim Zristgkfs ti Coihofs
[hoquk ti iur mk oh tgk akvk`ipmkht il nuxo`onry
noas, os tgk aosnppknrnhfk il tgk nuxo`onry pnrt il
tgk kqunih. Fihsoakr tgk wird ckohe uhakrtndkh
cy MOQ prilkssir Gueg Gkrr nha gos tknm il
tkfghi`iey eurus. Qgky nrk akvk`ipohe pristgkfs
tgnt hit ih`y momof tgk strufturk il n `omc, cut n`si
momof tgk coi`ieofn` luhfih tgriueg ohtkernih
il k`kftriaks nha nftuntirs wotg coi`ieofn` ssuk.
Ugktgkr vosoc`k ir hit, tgk noa os hi `ihekr somp`y
nh nuxo`onry pokfk, ot os nftun``y ohtkern` ti tgk
wgi`k. Hitgohe os mirk fimpk``ohe oh suppirhe
tgos f`nom tgkh wntfgohe Naronhhk Gns`kt-Anvosanhfk tgk rumcn ih hnihn` tk`kvosoih wotg tgk
noa il n Coihofs pristgkf. Gns`kt-Anvos `ist gkr
coi`ieofn` ̀ ke ns n rksu`t il tgk Cistih Mnrntgih
cimcohe ih Npro` >;, 3:>6.
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>:
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Nrfgotkfturn` Noas
Snmps, gnharno`s, nutimnf aiirs, fihvkynhfk
systkms4 n`` nrk kxnmp`ks il nrfgotkfturn` noas
kmp`iyka ti privoak nffkss ti pkip`k wotg
aosnco`oks ti tgk cuo`t khvorihmkht. Giwkvkr,tgksk akvofks aih‟t hkfkssnro`y nssost kvkryihk.
Hkotgkr nrk tgky tno`irka ti spkfof hkkas. @kss
lrkqukht`y ai tgky ohspork nwk.
Qgk Mnosih n Ciraknux cy Skm Dii`gnns wns
ohvksentka ns nh knr`y prkfkakht ti kxnmohk giw
nrfgotkfturk fnh ohtkerntk tgk hkkas il ohaovoaun`s
oh n uhoquk nha ohtuovk wny. Qgk giusk kmp`iys n
p`nirm wotgiut wn``s ns citg n `o lir fihvkynhfk
nha nh nrfgotkfturn` spnfk tgnt mirpgs ns ot trnvk`s
lrim `kvk` ti `kvk`. Qgk `o, nh nrfgotkfturn` noa,
gna ckkh rkakhka oh nh ohtkrkshe nha kxprkssovk
wny snslyohe tgk uskrs aksork lir ‐fimp`kxoty”
wgo`k n`si mkkhe tgk pgysofn` hkka lir nffkss.
Qgk aksoeh, akspotk icvoius nws, wirds ih
mu`p`k ̀ kvk`s ti privoak tgos typk il pkrsihn`ozka
trnhslirmnih il nrfgotkfturn` noas. Lurtgkrnhn`ysos il tgk Mnosih n Ciraknux fnh ck liuha oh
tgk Qgksos Zripisn`.
Mnosih n Ciraknux
Loe. < Mnosih n Ciraknux.
Gnhs Ukr`kmnhh. Ih`ohk
Viurfk2 gp2//www.nrfgano`y.
fim/>:1531/na-f`nssofs-mnosih-
ciraknux-imn. (nffksska
Hivkmckr 3:>;)
provntk spnfk
lnmo`y spnfk
skrvofk spnfk
Vkfih - Mnosih n Ciraknux
>>
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Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2Nh Ohf`usovk, Kxpkrokhn`, nha Mu`vn`kht Cortg Fkhtkr
Oh irakr ti nakquntk`y naarkss tgk mnhy lnftirs tgnt rksu`t ohaosfromohntiry khvorihmkhts, wk must fgn``khek ekhkrof nha rkaufvk
mknsurks ohstkna lnvirohe systkms tgnt privoak lir mu`vn`kht, ohf`usovk,
nha kxpkrokhn` nrfgotkfturk.
Akerkk i l Ohf`usoih
‐Nrfgotkfturk mivks us. Ot fnh fimlirt us ir ohmoantk us4 ot fnh kh`oegtkh us ir mysly us4 ot
fnh crohe biy ir tknr nt iur gknrts. Nrfgotkfturk mivks us cy tiufgohe tgrkk `nykrs il mkmiry.
Qgriueg promn` spnfk ot fnh tiufg iur akkpkst kmiihn` firk4 kvidohe sgnaiw mkmiroks iltgk wimc, tgk fnvk, tgk lirkst, nha `oegt. Ot fnh rkfn`` mkmiroks il fu`turk, ir iur p`nfk oh
tgk gostirofn` wir`a. Zkrsihn` mkmiroks naa ivkr`nys il sucbkfvk mknhohes, ns cuo`aohes nrk
nssifontka wotg kvkhts oh iur `ovks.”
- Fgrostipgkr Kenh, Nrfgotkft, Vnh Nhtihoi
>3
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Fihvkhihn`Cuo`aohe fiaks nha stnhanras nrk cnska ih
nffkptka fihvkhihs tgnt prksfrock mohomum
rkquorkmkhts lir tgk gkn`tg, snlkty, nha ohf`usoih
il cuo`aohe iffupnhts. Nffkssoco`oty rkeu`nihs
gnvk privoaka sucstnhn` omprivkmkhts oh mndohecuo`aohes wird lir mirk pkip`k. Giwkvkr, fiaks
nha stnhanras n`ihk ih`y ei si lnr. Qkfghofn`
rkquorkmkhts ikh ai hit tndk woak rnheohe
hkkas ohti fihsoakrnih. Qgky nrk spkfof oh giw
tgky naarkss uskrs hkkas nha oh tgkor spkfofoty,
simkmks aosfromohnhe nenohst uskrs tgnt aih‟t
t tgk hirm.
[hovkrsn`Qgk fihfkpt il uhovkrsn` aksoeh, ns lirmn`ozka cySih Mnfk nha nffkptka nha akvk`ipka cy mnhy
nriuha tgk wir`a, gns erknt`y omprivka aksoehkrs
nwnrkhkss nha npprinfg ti aksoehohe lir aovkrsk
uskrs. [hovkrsn` aksoehs nrk nanptnc`k oh tgnt tgky
skkd ti rknfg tgk hkkas il tgk crinakst pissoc`k
uskrs cy ckohe kxoc`k nha ohtuovk. N froquk il
uhovkrsn` aksoeh os tgnt ikh aksoehkrs wo`` skkd
n `iwkst fimmih akhimohntir. Npp`yohe tgk
prohfop`ks il uhovkrsn` aksoeh oh tgos wny fnh gnvk
tgk kkft il mndohe aksoehs ekhkrof ir cnhn`. Nsnh kxnmp`k, fihsoakr tgk nutimnf s`oaohe aiir.
Qgos khtrnhfk akvofk wo`` wird lir bust nciut
nhyihk, giwkvkr tgkrk os hi uskr ohtkrnfih wotg
tgk khvorihmkht nha kmivk kxpkrokhfk os ̀ ist.
Mu`vn`khtZkrgnps tgk ckst wny ti privoak ohf`usovk
khvorihmkhts os ti fihsoakr tgk mu`vn`kht
nspkft il erknt aksoeh. Ikh erknt nrfgotkfturk
os fimpk``ohe ckfnusk il tgk mnhy fgn``khekstgk aksoeh prkskhts ti tgk uskr4 sifon`, pi`ofn`,
gostirofn`, nkstgkf, nha kvkh pgysofn`. Fgn``kheohe
nrfgotkfturk os cy hnturk aovkrsk. Ot fnusks tgk
uskr ti pihakr upih ot. N mu`vn`kht nrfgotkfturk
wo`` n`si ei ckyiha nanpvk usk nha kxpnha
ohti aksoehka k`kmkhts tgnt lnfo`otntk tgk uskr cy
mkkhe tgk uskr wgkrk tgky nrk.>6
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Ao`nih
Miia & Ohtkhsoty
kx f o t kmkh t k m p i w k r k a
n h x o ius
O f n h a i t
g o s
s t n y
c y
m y
s oak l n t e u
k a r k s t u ̀
O n m
s t
Loe. 5 Zuekt Viuha Moawovks nha Cortg Fkhtkr, @@F. Vnwykr‟s Cortg Vtiry
Nutgir uhdhiwh. Ih`ohk Viurfk2 gp2//hkranhagkn`tghut.c`iespit.fim/3:>6/:5/snwykrs-
cortg-stiry.gtm` (nffksska Hivkmckr 3:>;)
>1
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Uimnh oh @ncir
N wimnh oh ̀ ncir uhakreiks mnhy sgos oh miianha ohtkhsoty il pnoh aurohe fihtrnfihs, pusgohe
tgk cncy f`iskr ti tgk mimkht il cortg ns gkr
fkrvox ao`ntks. Fnrklu` nrfgotkfturn` fihsoakrnihs
gnvk tgk nco`oty ti ohukhfk tgk prifkss il cortg
nha lnfo`otntk `ncir. N``iwohe riim lir mivkmkht
os ksskhn` wgo`k eovohe cortg. Itgkr khvorihmkhtn`
smu`o fnh rkeu`ntk tgk mitgkr‟s miia cy
privoaohe pisovk crnoh nfvoty.
i h e
b u s t
crkntgk
a nz k a n ̀k
r t
gi `a mk tgos os m y c
nc
Mntkrhoty & Cortg FkhtkrQgk cortgohe fkhtkr wns nh oakn` priernm ti wird
iut tgk tgksos il ‐Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty” ckfnusk
wgo`k prkehnhfy os hit oh nha il otsk`l n aosnco`oty,mist wimkh wo`` kxpkrokhfk tkmpirnry ir
pkrmnhkht mnbir `olk nabustmkhts ns n rksu`t il
fgo`acortg. Vohfk kvkry wimnh `ncirs aokrkht`y,
tgk priernm fgn``kheks tgk aksoehkr ti tgohd
crina`y oh tkrms il giw tgk nrfgotkfturn` akfosoihs
mny ompnft n aovkrsk eriup il pkip`k wotg vnryohe
ohaovoaun` hkkas. Qgk kmiihn` biurhky n`ihk
fnh vnry soehofnht`y cnska ih forfumstnhfk,
pkrsihn`oty, nha fu`turk lrim n biyius iffnsoih
wotg n pnrty il suppirtkrs ti n si`otnry, simckr, ir
sporotun` rkkfvk mk. N mu`vn`kht aksoeh wo``nssost, nanpt, nha lnfo`otntk tgk cortgohe kxpkrokhfk
lir aovkrsk usks tgriueg kmivk spnfk nha mk.
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Hkwcurh, Mnry, nha Akccok Voheg. Frknhe n Ckkr Cortg Khvorihmkht. Uimkh‟s vokws nciut tgk aksoeh nha lnfo`oks
oh mntkrhoty uhots2 n hnihn` survky. @ihaih2 Qgk Hnihn` Fgo`acortg Qrust, 3::6. gp2//www.hft.ire.ud/sotks/aklnu`t/
`ks/rk`ntkaYaifumkhts/CCKYrkpirtY6>>::6.pal.
Ugnt Uimkh Unht Ugo`k Cortgohe...
f`knh riim ??%
nffkss ti 7?%
nmcu`ntoih spnfk ?7%
nffkss ti
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Qgk Mkaofn` Miak`
@ncir nha ak`ovkry gns ckkh aimohntka oh tgk
pnst fkhtury cy tgk mkaofn` miak` wgofg erknt`y
omprivka rosds nssifontka wotg fgo`a cortg.
Giwkvkr, tgk mkaofn` miak` n`si sgoka fu`turn`
uhakrstnhaohe il cortg lrim n hnturn` prifkssti ihk rkquorohe stroft mihotirohe nha mkaofn`
ohtkrvkhih. Frofs il tgk mkaofn` miak`
f`nom tgnt tgk privoakr aosp`nfks tgk pnkht ns
tgk fkhtkr il fnrk. Qgos fnh ck ohvksentka oh
nrfgotkfturn` rk`nihsgops.
Znkht Fkhtkrka Fnrk
Z`nfohe pnkhts nt tgk fkhtkr il fnrk ohf`uaks
mkkhe tgk pnkhts pgysofn`, mkhtn`, sifon`,
sporotun`, ns wk`` ns mkaofn` hkkas. Qgos miak`
mny ck fihfkovka ns ohtkrskfhe nha ivkr`nppohe
aosfop`ohks fkhtkrka oh suppirt il tgk pnkht.
Nrfgotkfturn` lirms fnh lnfo`otntk tgk ohtkerntka
hnturk il pnkht fkhtkrka fnrk.
Zrivoakr
Znkht
Znkht
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Lnmo`y/Vuppirt Mitgkr/Vuppirt Zrilkssoihn`/Vuppirt
Zriernm Skquorkmkhts
Qgk Vtntk il Mnssnfgusks gns n skt il rkeu`nihs tgnt eivkrhs giw Cortg
Fkhtkrs ipkrntk wgofg kxtkhas ohti nrfgotkfturn` spnfk. Qgk rkquorka spnfks fnh
ck fihfkovka oh tgrkk eriups ohf`uaohe lnmo`y suppirt spnfks, mitgkr‟s suppirt
spnfks, nha prilkssoihn` suppirt spnfks.
Mnssnfgusks Akpnrtmkht il Zuc`of Gkn`tg Skeu`nihs >:;FMS
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HISQG CISAKS SINA
>;:‟
;% 5% 6% 5%
A NH N N\ K H [ K
UNQKS CIA_
AKHVK FNHIZ_
VOQK VK@KFQOIH
UOHFGKVQKS GIVZOQN@
>::‟ VFN@K
KNV_
MIAKSNQK
AOLLOF[@Q
ZNQG IL QSN\K@
Zrk`omohnry Votk Nhn`ysosQgk sotk os `ifntka n`ihesoak tgk hirtgwkst firhkr
il tgk Moaa`kskx Lk``s Znrd oh Uohfgkstkr, MN. Oh
tgos ̀ ifnih tgk fihskrvnih ̀ nha os squkkzka
cktwkkh tgk Hirtg Skskrvior Anm nha Goeg`nha
Nvkhuk. N smn`` s`ofk il rksoakhn` nrkn `okscktwkkh tgksk twi kaek fihaoihs. Ih tgk wkst
soak il Goeg`nha Nvkhuk nt tgk tip il tgk go`` os
Uohfgkstkr Gispotn`.
Mnhy mo`ks il trno`s privoak lir wn`dohe oh tgk
hnturn` khvorihmkht. Qgk pnrd os n erknt `ifnih
lir icskrvohe tgk fgnheohe il sknsihs. Qgk pnssnek
il mk os kxpkrokhfka tgriueg icskrvohe ̀ oegt nha
sgnaiw, mivkmkht oh tgk trkks nha `knvks, nha
nhomn`s oh tgkor hnturn` gncotnt. Qgk kxpkrokhn`
qun`oks il hnturk privoak nh kxfk``kht skhe titurh nkhih nwny lrim tgk pnoh nha strkss il
fgo`acortg.
Qgk tipiernpgofn` fgnheks ih tgk sotk, tgk
rksoakhn` hkoegcirgiia, nha tgk nabnfkht
fihskrvnih `nha privoak fihstrnohts wgofg tgk
aksoeh wo`` hkka ti rkspiha ti oh irakr ti t oh
gnrmihoius`y wotg ots surriuhaohes.
FIHVKS\NQOIH CI[HANS_
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7:‟>:‟>6:‟
x >7:‟
> 6 : ‟
G
G O E G @ N H A
N \ K H [ K
HIS Q G CISAK
S SINA
Moaa`kskx Lk``sFihskrvnih @nha
Hirtg
Skskrvior
A NH N N\ K .
3>
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Knr`y tgiuegts ih
priernmmohe wkrk fkhtkrka
nriuha tgk mitgkr nha
cncy. Zriernms tgnt
wkrk fihsoakrka ti gnvk
suppirvk luhfihs wkrk
p`nfka oh rk`nih ti tgkfkhtkr. Qgksk priernms
ohf`uaka khvorihmkhtn`
suppirts, prilkssoihn`
suppirts, fimmuhoty
suppirts, nha nrfgotkfturn`
ir u`oty suppirts. Fkrtnoh
priernms wkrk tgiuegt ti
ck ivkr`nppohe nha itgkrs
aosfrktk.
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Lkcrunry >?, 3:>; - Qgk ein` lir tgk ohtriauftiry
rkvokw wns ti ohtriaufk tgk tgksos fihfkpt, ohtkht,
mktgias il ohquory, nha tkrms il frofosm. Mist il
tgksk nrkns il kxp`irnih wkrk akvk`ipka oh tgk
prkvoius Qgksos Zripisn` skmkstkr. Vkvkrn` aksoehprkfkakhts wkrk eovkh. N prk`omohnry sotk nhn`ysos
wns n`si prkskhtka. Qgk pnhk` wns ohtkrkstka oh
giw O wiu`a mnhopu`ntk tgk sotk ti nfgokvk tgk
tgksos ohtkht. Vimk kxprksska ohtkrkst oh wgy n
tipiernpgofn``y fgn``kheohe sotk wns fgiskh lir
n pribkft wotg tgk stntka ein` il ohf`usoih nha
nffkssoco`oty. Ivkrn``, tgk pnhk` khfiurneka lurtgkr
kxp`irnih oh giw khvorihmkhtn` lnftirs mny p`ny
n ri`k oh eovohe cortg. Ot wns sueekstka tgnt O wird
wotg n f`okht tgnt gns kxpkrt dhiw`kaek il tgk
prifkss il fgo`acortg.
Itgkr pnrnpgrnska hitks tndkh lrim frofs nt tgk
ohtriauftiry rkvokw2
O npprkfontk tgk tgksos oakn nha priernm. O sueekst
tgnt yiu `iid mirk ohti tgk khvorihmkhtn` kkfts
nha giw tgky ompnft n pkrsihs Tmiia]. Vkhsiry
nspkfts...tgos hkkas ti ck aihk nhn`yfn``y.
Ugnt os tgk hnturn` systkm Trklkrrohe ti tgk sotkfihtkxt]. Giw hnturn` os ot9 Os ot n sfnvkhekr
`nhasfnpk9 Ol si, wgnt nrk yiu eiohe ti...Tp`nfk oh
ot]9
Ck f`knr wgnt yiur ntuak os tiwnra yiur tgksos.
Ohtriauftiry Skvokw
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GOEGUN_
SINAUN_
FIMM[QKS SNO@
ZKAKVQSONH QSNO@
M[@QO-[VK QSNO@
HIAKV
@NHAMNSDV
AKHVK AK\K@IZMKHQ
MIAKSNQK AK\K@IZMKHQ
VZNSVK AK\K@IZMKHQ
@OEGQ AK\K@IZMKHQ
VOQK VK@KFQOIH
VOQK NHN@_VOV
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Zrk`omohnry Aksoeh Skvokw
Mnrfg 3; - Lir tgk
Zrk`omohnry Aksoeh Skvokw
O prkskhtka tgrkk aokrkht
sfgkmnf aksoehs wgofg O gna
ckkh wirdohe tgriueg oh tgkwkkds proir. Qgksk sfgkmnfs
wkrk goeg`y ohukhfka cy tgk
sotk fgnrnftkrosfs ohf`uaohe
tgk tipiernpgofn` fgn``kheks
nha tgk hkoegcirohe cuo`aohes.
Qgk eukst frofs npprkfontka
tgk kirt ti t tgk cuo`aohe oh
wotg ot‟s surriuhaohes. Ot wns
sueekstka tgnt mirk nkhih
ck eovkh ti tgk spnfks wotgohtgk cuo`aohe nha spkfofn``y
giw tgk tgksos oakn wns
ohlirmohe tgk aksoeh. Qgk
li``iwohe pneks o``ustrntk
tgk tgrkk sfgkmnf aksoeh
ipihs prkskhtka.
@IUKS @K\K@
LOSVQ L@IIS
VKFIHA L@IIS
QGOSA L@IIS
VKFQOIH N
LNMO@_ V[ZZISQ
FIMM[HOQ_ V[ZZISQ
ZSILKVVOIHN@ V[ZZISQ
C[O@AOHE V[ZZISQ
3
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>::'
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>::'
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>::'
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Forfu`nih
Zriernm Nabnfkhfy
Forfu`nih oh mkaofn` lnfo`oks os goeg`y
spkfof nha ikh ohf`uaks skpnrntk
forfu`nih riutks lir pnkhts, mkaofn`
prilkssoihn`s, nha u`oks. Zrivoaohe
n mirk ohtkerntka forfu`nih systkmwns n ein` oh irakr ti privoak fnrk tgnt
wns fkhtkrka ih tgk mitgkr nha lnmo`y.
N fkhtrn` spohk lrim wgofg priernms
crnhfgka i lrim wns akvk`ipka.
Ohon``y, ot wns tgiuegt tgnt tgos pntg
fiu`a ck n rnmp wknvohe up s`ipohe sotk.
Qgos fihfkpt wns akvk`ipka lurtgkr ohti
tgk hn` aksoeh.
Oh tgk prk`omohnry aksoeh, eriupohes
il priernms wkrk put tiektgkr
tgnt privoaka lir ivkr`np nha friss
fihhkfihs cktwkkh tgk mitgkr, itgkr
fimmuhoty mkmckrs, nha prilkssoihn`s.
Qgksk spnfks wkrk tgiueg il ns
suppirvk spnfks lir prkhntn` fnrk ns
wk`` ns `ncir nha ak`ovkry.
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Qgk li``iwohe nrk n lkw il tgk
fimmkhts mnak nt tgk Zrk`omohnry
Aksoeh Skvokw2
Snosohe tgk k`kvnih il tgk spnfks osvkry aksornc`k. Hnturn` ̀ oegt os vkry
eiia/hnturn` lir cortg nha tgisk
wgi nrk pnrt il tgk prifkss.
Oakhly wgnt itgkr qun`oks nrk
aksornc`k lir cortgohe.
Fihsoakr mivkmkht cktwkkh
lnfo`oks aurohe hirmn` riuhks nha
kmkrekhfoks.
Qgk ̀ ifnih prkskhts n fgn``khek
tgnt wo`` rkquork nrfgotkfturk ti
si`vk.
Frof Fimmkhts
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Vfgkmnf Aksoeh Skvo
Mnrfg 3; - N sohe`k aksoeh wns
prkskhtka nt tgk sfgkmnf aksoeh
rkvokw wgofg ohf`uaka n `iwkr cuo`aohe
lir mntkrhoty fnrk nha nh uppkr cuo`aoh
lir cortgohe. Cy tgos rkvokw O gna n eiia
skhsk il giw ti fihhkft tgksk cuo`aohes
wirdohe wotg tgk kxoshe tipiernpgy. N
mnoh lknturk oh mndohe tgos sfgkmk wir
ohf`uaka tgk kxtkroir pntgwny nha rnm
systkm n`ihe tgk siutg soak il tgk `iwk
cuo`aohe. Qgk p`nzn oh tgk moaa`k il tgk
cuo`aohes nfts ns n hiak nha fihhkftir t
citg tgk pnrd nha tgk cuo`aohes ih tgk s
Qgk li``iwohe fimmkhts wkrk mnak2
Zrierkss gns ckkh mnak ih tgk sotk
p`nhhohe, hiw turh yiur nkhih ti tgk
cortgohe spnfks.
_iu gnvk tndkh ih twi aofu`t fgn``khe
fimp`kx priernm nha n aofu`t sotk. Qr
ti rkfihfo`k citg wo`` rkquork k`kvnhe t
ompirtnht tgohes ivkr tgk ̀ kss ompirtnh
Zroirozk yiur ein`s. Ugnt os mist
ompirtnht9 Mu`otvn`khfk omp`oks naark
n``, c ut ot‟s idny ti wird oakns nt aokrk
`kvk`s il fimp`kih.
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H
Nrfgotkfturn` Lnfo`otntirs
Nrfgotkfturn` lnfo`otntirs nrk fihstrufihs
tgnt noa pkrsihs oh tgk usk nha khbiymkht
il nh nrfgotkfturn` spnfk. Qgksk lnfo`otntirs
nrk luhanmkhtn` ti frknhe nh ohf`usovk nha
mu`vn`kht khvorihmkht. Oh tgk sdktfgks
ncivk, O wns tkshe iut lnfo`otntirs ti usk oh
tgk hn` aksoeh ohf`uaohe n fimmih ‐wnrm”
wn`` ti irokht uskrs nha khvorihmkhtn`
fihaoihs lir tgk cortgohe spnfk.61
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Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy
Oh typofn` mntkrhoty fnrk skhes, n wimnh
wo`` mkkt n`ihk wotg tgkor icstktrofonh ir
moawolk nciut n aizkh ir si mks oh tgk hohk
mihtgs `knaohe up ti cortg. Qgksk prkhntn`
nppiohtmkhts fnh ck ns sgirt ns >; mohutks.Ikh wimkh wo`` sot oh n wnohe riim lir tkh
mohutks ti gn`l nh giur lir tgkor nppiohtmkht.
Vimk wimkh lirei tgksk nppiohtmkhts lir n
vnrokty il rknsihs, wgofg fnh ck aktromkhtn` ti
tgkor gkn`tg nha tgk gkn`tg il tgkor cncy.
Qgk Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy miak` eriups
nciut 7- >: wimkh tiektgkr oh prkhntn`
nppiohtmkhts nha typofn``y mkkts lir ?:
mohutks n skssoih. Mitgkrs `knrh nciut tgkor
prkehnhfy tiektgkr nha ckhkt lrim mutun`noa. Zrivoakrs nrk nc`k ti spkha mirk mk
wotg tgkor pnkhts. Qgos miak` gns privkh
ckhkts oh ckkr gkn`tg iutfimks, primitks
sk`l fnrk nha frkntks fimmuhoty.
Qgos pribkft ohfirpirntks tgk Fkhtkrohe
Zrkehnhfy miak` lir prkhntn` fnrk. Qgk
sdktfgks ih tgos pnek aonernm spnfk tno`irka ti
tgk Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy miak`.
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Zrk`omohnry Vystkms
Zrk`omohnry strufturn` systkms ohf`u
tgk usk il fihfrktk liuhanih wn`
n stkk` lrnmk, nha fimpisotk s`nc
akfds nha riils. N lirfka nor systk
forfu`ntks rkeu`ntka nor ti n`` `kvk`s
hnturn` ens cio`kr gknts tgk nor. Fi
os privoaka cy riiip kvnpirnvk
fii`ohe. Qgk siutgkrh kxpisurk
privoaks any`oeghe nha gk`ps wnr
ohtkroir spnfks oh tgk wohtkr. Oh tg
summkr, tgk siutg lnfohe lnfnak os
sgnaka cy tgofd vkektnih privoak
tgk nabnfkht fihskrvnih `nha.
L`kxoc`k Vpnfks
Knr`y sfgkmnf aksoehs fihfkptun`ozka tgk
cortg giusk ns n kxoc`k spnfk wgkrk tgk
cortgohe riim wiu`a ck biohka cy twi lnmo`y
riims, ihk ih tgk snmk `kvk` nha ihk n iir
ck`iw ti privoak kxoco`oty lir lnmo`y sozk
nha itgkr rk`ntka lnftirs. Uirdohe wotg tgk
twi `kvk`s oh nh nffkssoc`k wny wns tgiuegt
ti prividk n fgn``kheohe aksoeh fihfkpt. Oh
tgk kha, tgk cortgohe giusk rkmnohka n sohe`k
`kvk` mnoh`y ckfnusk tgk fgnhek oh tipiernpgy
wns hit erknt khiueg ti mndk tgk twi `kvk`
sfgkmk vonc`k wotgiut soehofnht n`tkrnihs
ti tgk kxoshe `nhasfnpk. Ohstkna, tgk cortgohe
giusk wns aksoehka ti fihtnoh twi cortgohe
suotks.
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DOQFGKH NHA FNLK
3ha @kvk`
ZSKHNQN@ _IEN VQ[AOI
3ha @kvk`
OHLNHQ H[SVKS_
1tg @kvk`FNSKQNDKS SKVQ NSKN
6ra @kvk`
COSQGOHE GI[VKV
3ha @kvk`
Z[C@OF Z@NRN
3ha @kvk`
vokw lrim tgk fnlk ti p`nzn
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Aksoeh Akvk`ipmkht Skvokw
Iftickr >, 3:>; - Oh tgk rst Aksoeh Akvk`ipmkht
Skvokw n sohe`k sfgkmnf wotg cnsof priernmmnf
luhfihs nha ohtkrhn` nha kxtkrhn` forfu`nih
pntgs wns prkskhtka. Qgk `nrekr `iwkr cuo`aoheos n Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr lir prkhntn` nppiohtmkhts.
Qgk uppkr cuo`aohe ohf`uaks tgk Cortg Fkhtkr nha
Cortgohe Giusks. Qgk uppkr nha `iwkr cuo`aohes
nrk fihhkftka cy n fi``kfih il spnfks ohf`uaohe
nh ohtkrhn` ̀ iccy spnfk, nh iutaiir puc`of p`nzn,
nha n dotfgkh nha fnlk. Zuc`of nffkss ti tgk p`nzn
os privoaka lrim Goeg`nha Nvkhuk cy n rnmp tgnt
li``iws tgk siutgkrh lnfk il tgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr.
Qgos pntg fihhuks ohti tgk hnturk prkskrvk.
Frofs nt tgos rkvokw wkrk p`knska ti skk n hn`
sfgkmnf tgnt ohfirpirntka tgk priernmmnf
rkquorkmkhts wotg tgk sotk fihtkxt. Qgk li``iwohe
sueeksihs wkrk eovkh2
F`nroly wgkrk uskrs khtkr nha kxot tgk cuo`aohe.
Giw ai pkip`k dhiw wgkrk ti ei nha wgkh9
Ugnt nrk tgk mntkron`s nha lkk` il tgk cuo`aohe4
ohstuihn`, sporotun`, ir gimk-`odk9
Dkkp nh ohtkrnfvk aksoeh cktwkkh tgk twi mnoh
cuo`aohes. @kt knfg cuo`aohe ohlirm tgk itgkr.
vokw lrim tgk k`kvntir ̀ iccy ti p`nzn6?
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Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2 Nh Ohf`usovk, Kxpkrokhn`,
nha Mu`vn`kht Cortg Fkhtkr
LOHN@ AKVOEH
Antk il Lohn` Skvokw2
Akfkmckr >:, 3:>;
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Lohn` Aksoeh Skvokw
Akfkmckr >:, 3:>; - Oh tgk hn` aksoeh rkvokw O prkskhtka
my fimp`ktka pribkft, Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2 Nh Ohf`usovk,
Kxpkrokhn`, nha Mu`vn`kht Cortg Fkhtkr. Qgk tgksos
prkmosk il frknhe nh khvorihmkht tgnt lnfo`otntks tgkprifkss il `ncir nha ak`ovkry pgysofn``y, kmiihn``y,
nha sporotun``y wns aosp`nyka tgriueg prkskhtnih
il nrfgotkfturn` oakns oh p`nhs, skfihs, k`kvnihs,
pkrspkfvks, aonernms, nha pgysofn` miak`s. Vkvkrn` il
my fi``kneuks nha ohvotkks wkrk nc`k ti nkha. Mnhy
il tgk frofs kxprksska khtgusonsm nciut tgk ivkrn``
fihfkpt il frknhe n fkhtkr lir cortgohe wgofg tndks ohti
nffiuht tgk `ncirohe mitgkr nha lnmo`y nt ot‟s firk hit
ih`y oh priernm cut oh nrfgotkfturn` fihstrufts. Nt `knst
ihk frof sueekstka tgnt tgk piwkrlu` oakn il mu`-
vn`khfk nppknrka kvoakht, nha fiu`a ck strkhetgkhka
cy n fnrklu``y fihstruftka aonernm sgiwohe wgkrk tgisk
mimkhts gnppkh oh tgk cuo`aohe.
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr
13
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Fihf`uaohe Skmnrds
Ihk ompirtnht oakn oh tgos tgksos wns ti aosp`ny giw n
mu`vn`kht aksoeh fnh ck ohf`usovk nha kvifnvk. Mu`-
vn`khfk sueeksts vkry fihtkxtun` aksoeh oakns wgofg
ikh ohf`uak fimp`kx ohtkrrk`nihsgops cktwkkh tgk
uskrs, tgk sotk, priernm, tkftihofs, sfn`k, nha n vnrokty il
itgkr nrfgotkfturn` fihsoakrnihs. Vimkmks akfosoihs
nrk mnak wgofg fgn``khek tgk hirm, sufg ns frknhe nhohmntk khvorihmkht lir cortgohe moxka wotg simk vkry
puc`of luhfihs. Ckfnusk il somo`nr buxtnpisoihs, O ck`okvk
tgos pribkft wns nc`k ti fgn``khek prkfihfkovka oakns ih
aosnco`oty nha fgo`acortg oh wnys tgnt mny hit gnvk ckkh
uhfivkrka itgkrwosk.
Oh wirdohe iut tgos tgksos, tgkrk wns n fihstnht fgn``khek ti
cn`nhfk nkhih cktwkkh tgk oakns surriuhaohe aosnco`oty
nha tgk ‐priernm” il cortgohe. Ikh, tgk cortgohe priernm
tiid ivkr ns tgk mirk tnheoc`k tgohe ti wird wotg, wgofg aoa
hit n`wnys ckhkt tgk tgksos ohtkht. Znrt il tgk fgn``khekoh wirdohe iut tgos tgksos ohf`uaka tgk fgiskh fihstrnohts
il n aofu`t sotk nha fimp`kx priernm. Giwkvkr, oh tgk
kha O ck`okvk ot os ckfnusk il tgksk fihstrnohts tgnt tgk
pribkft nfgokvka tgk stntka ein`s il fgn``kheohe aosnco`oty
nha frknhe nh ohf`usovk, kxpkrokhn`, nha mu`vn`kht Cortg
Fkhtkr.
Cortg Fkhtkr
16
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CIVQIH(5 mo`ks)
FNMCSOAEK(5 mo`ks)
C@[K GO@@V
HISQG SKVKS\IOS
UOHFGKVQKS
GIVZOQN@
MOAA@KVKW LK@@V
ZNSD / FIHVKS\NQOIH
G O E G @
N H A N \
K.
A N H N N \ K .
G
Votk @ifnih
N hnrriw, s`ipohe sotk wns fgiskh
ih Goeg`nha nha Anhn Nvkhuks
oh Uohfgkstkr, Mnssnfgusks.
Qgk rksoakhn` hkoegcirgiiacinrakrs tgk Moaa`kskx Lk``s
hnturk prkskrvk. N rkspotk lrim
tgk urcnh hkoegcirgiias tgnt
surriuha ot, tgk sotk os `ifntka
ih`y skvkh mo`ks lrim Cistih
nha Fnmcroaek. Uotgoh wn`dohe
aostnhfk os tgk pnhirnmof vokws
il tgk Hirtg Skskrvior. Qgk
Uohfgkstkr Gispotn` os `ifntka
nt tgk tip il tgk Go`` ih Goeg`nha
Nvkhuk.
11
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@ " = '
" = ' - "
G O E G @ N H A N \ K H [ K
A NH N N\ K H [ K
>::‟
6 ; : ‟
> > ; ‟
7 ; ‟
> 3 : ‟
; ; ‟
7 5 ‟
> : : ‟
< : ‟
; 5 5 ‟
5 ; ‟
\OVOQIS
ZNSDOHE
(7 spnfks)
VQNLL
ZNSDOHE
(; spnfks)
\OVOQIS/VQNLL
ZNSDOHE
(3: spnfks)
Z[C@OF
ZNSDOHE
(? spnfks)
>;‟ VKQCNFD
(n`` soaks)
VOQK NSKN = 5:,;::sl.
C[O@AOHE NSKN = 6:,:::sl.
5:‟
7:‟?:‟
>::‟
>>:‟
>3:‟
5:‟
7:‟
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>3:‟
7:‟
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H I S Q G
C I S A K S
S I N A
MOAA@KVKW LK@@VAFS ZSIZKSQ_
ZNQG QI GIVZOQN@
\ON GOEG@NHA N\K.(aostnhfk lrim sotk = :.> mo`k
mnx ruhhohe s`ipk = >3%)
ZNQG QI GIVZOQN@
\ON MOAA@KVKW LK@@V(`khetg lrim sotk = :.1 mo`k
nvkrnek s`ipk 0 ;% )
Votk Nffkssoco`otyQgk sotk fnh ck nffksska cy fnr ir
pkakstronh pntg wny. Aurohe prkhntn`
fnrk, pnkhts mny pnrd oh tgk vosotir `it
Goeg`nha Nvkhuk. N `kvk` pntgwny khtk
tgk @iwkr @kvk` il tgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtk
Ugkh vosohe lir cortg, tgk pnkht mny
oh tgk pnrdohe `it ih Anhn Nvkhuk wgkr
tgk khtrnhfk os `kvk`. \osotirs wgi nrk h
pnkhts fnh nffkss tgk sotk lrim Goeg`n
Nvkhuk nha Hirtg Cinrakr Sina.
N promnry fihsoakrnih oh tgk sotk p`nh
ti privoak nh nffkssoc`k riutk n`tkrhnv
ti tgk Gispotn` von Goeg`nha Nvkhuk wg
ohf`uaks n stkkp s`ipk. Qi ai tgos, n ek
s`ipohe fimcohnih il pntgs nha rnmps
wknvks tgriueg tgk sotk nha ohti tgk pn
`nha. Ugo`k tgos aostnhfk ot `ihekr tgnh
Goeg`nha Nvkhuk, ot privoaks nh nffkssoc
n`tkrhnvk nha nffkss ti tgk pnrd systkm
wgofg wiu`a itgkrwosk hit kxost.
p ̀ n z n
Votk Z`nh
Qgk `ihe nha hnrriw `it fimcohka wot
tgk tipiernpgofn` fgn``kheks il tgk sotk
arivk fkrtnoh nspkfts il tgk aksoeh. Nh
kxtkroir pntg tgriueg tgk sotk privoaks
puc`of riutk tgriueg tgk sotk nha ohti t
Moaa`kskx Lk``s pnrd `nha. Nh n`tkrhntk
riutk ti tgk ohnffkssoc`k soakwn`d n`ihe
Goeg`nha Nvkhuk, tgk pntg prkssks ohti
os pritkftka cy tgk Viutg lnfohe soak il
cuo`aohe. Nt tgk fkhtkr il tgk sotk os n `n
ipkh p`nzn wgofg nfts ns n entkwny ti t
fihskrvnih `nhas ckyiha.
knsy pkakstronh pntg (s`ipk 0;%)
miakrntk pkakstronh pntg (s`ipks ;
aofu`t pkakstronh pntg (s`ipks ;%1;
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Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr
@ihe Vkfih
[ppkr @kvk`
`nc/mka stirnek
provntk kxnm riims
privoakr ̀ iuhek
?
>:
>>
Ugnt privoakrs sny mndks neiia cortgohe khvorihmkht.*
nfuoty-nanptnc`k
riims lir fnrk nhafimlirt
hiosk rkaufih
mknsurks lir provnfy
pisovk nuaoc`k nha
vosun` aostrnfihspnkht snslnfih wotg
tgk cortgohe khvorihmkht
*Viurfk2 Gkn`tgfnrk Khvorihmkhtn` Qkrms Nha Iutfimk Mknsurks2 Nh Kvoakhfk-Cnska Aksoeh cy Nhbn`o Biskpg, Zg.A.4
Ko`kkh Mn`ihk, SH4 Akcnbyi Zn, Zg.A.4 Wonici ^unh, Zg.A. Zuc`osgka cy Qgk Fkhtkr lir Gkn`tg Aksoeh, Hivkmckr 3:>>
`iwkr `kvk`
rkfkpih
rktno` firhkr
mkfgnhofn` riim
`nuhary riim
>
3
6
1
moa `kvk`
Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy
puc`of p`nzn
fnlk
dotfgkh
;
<
5
7
> 3 6 1
; < 5 7
? >: >>
1
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Cortg Fkhtkr
Viutg K`kvnih
stnhaohe sknm mktn` riil vkrfn` wiia f̀ npcinra soa ohe Crofd vkh kkr liuhanih wn``s.
Loe. 7,? & >:. Ncivk. Vin Cireks nha Vvkh Kgmnhh. Zroht Viurfk2 Goak nha Vkkd2 Qgk Nrfgotkfturk il Fncohs nha Goakiuts, Vkptkmckr 3:>1. 15
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C ;3
Cortg Fkhtkr
@ihe Vkfih
Cortg Fkhtkr
hurskry
nmcu`ntiry gn``
lnmo`y riim
cortgohe giusk
rkshe firhkr
>
3
6
1
;
fihhkfhe gn``wny ti tgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr
kxtkroir ohtkroir
;
3
1
11
3 6
17
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fihtri` ivkr cortgohe
spnfk wotg nffkss ti
fnrk wgkh aksorka
fihtri` il vokws,
any`oeghe, nha
vkh`nih
Ugnt nrk wimkh `iidohe lir oh ncortg fkhtkr9*
nffkss ti tgk snmk riim lir `ncir,ak`ovkry, nha cihaohe
pnrthkr fimlirt
*Viurfk2 Hnihn` Fgo`acortg Qrust. Zi`ofy Crokhe Moawolk-`ka [hots. Nutgirs uhdhiwh.
Zuc`osgka Hivkmckr 3:>>.
1?
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Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr
L`iir Z`nhs
Kxpkftnht fiup`ks nrk ohontka ti tgk cuo`aohe
priernm tgriueg tgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr. Qgk
khtrnhfk ti tgos cuo`aohe os nt tgk `iwkr khail tgk sotk ih Goeg`nha Nvkhuk. Qgk fiup`k
os erkktka nt tgk rkfkpih nrkn nha mny
criwsk tgk rktno` firhkr wgo`k wnohe lir
tgkor f`ohofonh ir eriup ti stnrt. Ohaovoaun` nha
eriup prkhntn` skrvofks nrk `ifntka ih tgk moa
nha uppkr iirs.
Qgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr skrvks ns nh nffkssoc`k
entkwny ti tgk Moaa`kskx Lk``s Znrd lrim
Goeg`nha Nvkhuk. Zuc`of tio`kts nrk privoaka
nt tgk mnoh khtrnhfk wgkrk nh kxtkroir
pntgwny `knas vosotirs nha pnrd eikrs ti tgk
p`nzn `kvk`. Ohaiir nha iutaiir tnc`ks nha
sknhe nrk privoaka.
mntkrhoty fkhtkr - rkfkpih>
;:
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;>
[Z
[Z
3:'
AH
3:'
V K F Q O I H - N
V K F Q O I H - N
3:‟
`iwkr `kvk`
rkfkpih
rktno` firhkr
mkfgnhofn` riim
`nuhary riim
>
3
6
1
moa `kvk`
Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy
puc`of p`nzn
fnlk
dotfgkh
;
<
5
7
K`.
K`.
K`.
K`.
_ien
Vtuaoi
Vtirnek
@ifdkrs
Eriup VpnfkKxnm
Ifk
Vtirnek
@iccy
Fkhtkrohe Zrkehnhfy
priernm spnfk
cnfd il giusk
luhfih spnfk
forfu`nih nha
puc`of usk spnfk
>3
6 1
;
< 5 7
;>
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Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr
Zkrspkfvks
`iccy nha gn``wny ti tgk Cortg Fkhtkr
;3
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`iwkr `kvk` k`kvntir `iccy
moa `kvk` k`kvntir `iccy
;6
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hurskry
nmcu`ntiry gn``
lnmo`y riim
cortgohe giusk
rkshe firhkr
>
3
6
1
;
> 3 6
VKFQOIH - C
1;
F
VKFQOIH F
ut`otks
wntkr/ gknhe
wntkr/ pitnc`k
wntkr/ erny
ixyekh supp`y
Qgk sdktfg ncivk sgiws nh knr`y sfgkmnf lir tgk cortg
giusk. Qgk hn` aksoeh rktnohs tgk soegt `ohks lrim ohsoak
nha iut privoaohe vokws nha provnfy.
Cortg Fkhtkr
Vkfihs
;1
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DOQFGKH
DOQFGKH
DOQFGKH
Cortgohe Giusk
nha Lnmo`y Vpnfk
Zrivoakr Vpnfk
nha Hurskry
Vuppirvk
Fimmuhoty Vpnfk
VKFQOIH - C
>
3
6
6
6
1
1
1
;
;
Cortg Fkhtkr
L`iir Z`nhs
vkrfn` forfu`nih
ti Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr kmkrekhfy kerkss
kmkrekhfy kerkss
SIIL
GNQFG
;;
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Qgk omnek ncivk nha ti tgk roegt sgiw knr`y
sdktfgks il tgk cortgohe giusk privoaohe mu`p`k
nrrnhekmkhts lir nssoshe wotg cortg.
sohe nrkn
dotfgkhkk
cntgriim
ckariim
sgiwkr/tuc
akfd
pntg ti trno`s
>
3
6
1
;
<
5
Cortgohe Giusk
Aksoehka ti privoak lir khvorihmkhtn`
fimlirt nha kxoc`k ‐hkshe” spnfks,
tgk cortgohe giusk fnh nffimmiantk
up ti liur nau`ts ivkrhoegt. Qgk fizy
nha provntk spnfk privoaks lir nmp`k
forfu`nih nha mivkmkht aurohe `ncir.
Mitgkrohe wimkh fnh fgiisk wgkrk
ti `ncir wgktgkr oh n cka, oh n tuc, ir
nhywgkrk oh-cktwkkh.
Ohtkroir Mntkron`s
lurhosgohe
aktno` wird
ohtkroir wn``s
fimpisotk omnek
>
3 6
1
;
<
5
Loe. >> Ciim @k. Qgk Cuo` aohe Ohlirmnih Liuhanih Sts. Zroht Viurfk2 Lohhosg
Vnuhn2 Aksoeh nha Fihstrufih. Nueust 3:>1.;
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Gyaritgkrnpy oh Fgo`acortg
Qgk fgo`a-cortgohe fimmuhoty os wnrmohe ti tgk
`ihe prnffka usk il gyaritgkrnpy aurohe `ncir
nha/ir ak`ovkry wgofg gns privkh ckhkts tgnt
ohf`uak pnoh mnhnekmkht nha strkss rkaufih(skk nppkhaox, Gyaritgkrnpy Aurohe @ncir nha
Cortg). N fn`mohe nha rk`nxohe spnfk os frkntka
cy hnturn` mntkron`s nha rklkrkhfks ti hnturk.
Fihtri``ka vokws il tgk hnturn`
surriuhaohes privoak pisovk lifus
aurohe ak`ovkry.
Qgk cortgohe tuc gns nh ohtkerntka,
smiitg, wiia trnhslkr cinra wgofg
os kspkfon``y usklu` lir tgisk wotg
`iw mico`oty.
;5
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VQKK@ AKFDOHE
U>7 - VQKK@ CKNM
U3> - VQKK@ EOSAKS
N@[MOH[M M[@@OIH
GKNQOHE K@KMKHQ
FIMZIVOQK AKFD
MKQN@ FNZ
UIIA C@IFDOHE
CSOFD LNFNAK
CSOFD QOKV
SOEOA OHV[@NQOIH
MKQN@ VQ[A
Z@_UIIA VGKNQGOHE
LO@@ OHV[@NQOIH
E_ZV[M CINSA
VKFQOIH - N
MKMCSNHK SIIL
SOEOA OHV[@NQOIH
FIHFSKQK V@NC
FS[VGKA ESN\K@
KNSQG LO@@
>1” LI[HANQOIH UN@@
FIHFSKQK LIIQKS
Z S I \ O A K S I L L O F K V
FKHQKSOHE
ZSKEHNHF_
F I H V [ @ Q S I I M
E S I [ Z V Z N F K
MNQKSHOQ_ VGIZ
IZKH VQNOS UK@@
;7
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Vtrufturn` Vystkms
Qgk ivkrn`` priernm os strufturn``y aovoaka
ohti mu`p`k cuo`aohes ohf`uaohe tgk `iwkr
Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr, tgk uppkr Cortg Fkhtkr,
nha tgrkk Cortgohe Giusk‟s knfg ohf`uaohe
twi Cortgohe Vuotks. Qgk Mntkrhoty F`ohof
gns fihfrktk liuhanih wn``s tgnt suppirt
fihfrktk c`ifd sgknr wn``s nha n stkk` lrnm
Furtnoh wn``s il crofd, roeoa ohsu`nih, e`nss
nha n`umohum mu``oihs nrk suppirtka cy t
lrnmk ns wk`` ns tgk fimpisotk akfdohe lir
tgk iir nha ohsu`ntka riil. \krfn` fihfr
sgns privoak suppirt lir k`kvntir fihvkyn
nha stnors. Qgk uppkr cuo`aohes gnvk somo`n
liuhanih wn``s cut nrk mnbiroty sfd lrnm
KMKSEK
HF_
KESKVV MNQKSHOQ_
FKHQKS KHQSNHFK
COSQG FKHQKSKHQSNHFK
Z[C@OF Z@NRN
KHQSNHFK
>1” FIHFSKQK
LI[HANQOIH UN@@
FIHFSKQK C@IFD
VGKNS UN@@V
VQKK@ FI@[MHV
NHA EOSAKSV
FIHFSKQK C@IFD
\KSQOFN@ VGNLQV
Z@NRN
CIO@KS
VQOFD LSNMK
COSQGOHE GI[VKV
VQNHAOHE VKNM
MKQN@ SIIL
HNQ[SK \OKUV
N
;7
Qgk siutgkrh irokhtnih il tgk cuo`aohes ckhk
lrim hnturn` lknturks ih tgk sotk ti c`ifd suh
kxpisurk aurohe summkr. Qgohhohe vkektnih
privoaks wnrmtg lrim tgk suh kxpisurk aurohe
wohtkr. \kektnvk riils rkaufk wntkr ruh-i n
gknt os`nha kkfts.
Votk Vustnohnco`ot
SIIL GNQFG
\KEKQNQKA
MKMCSNHK SIIL
kerkss
kerkss
;?
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Mntkrhoty Fnrk
Cuo`aohe
Cortgohe Giusk
ohtndk
nor
ohtndk
nor
vkh`nih
kxgnust
ohtndk
lnh
pitnc`k
wntkr
kxgnust norsuh
sgnaohe
ipkrnc`k
wohaiw
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Vustnohnc`k Mkfgnhofn` Vystkms
N ein` lir tgk Cortgohe Giusk suotks wns ti frkntk
ns mufg tgkrmn` fimlirt ns pissoc`k cy fimcohohe
pnssovk systkms, nutimntka systkms, nha mnhun`
systkms ti fihtri` gknhe, fii`ohe, `oegt kxpisurk,
nha vkh`nih n`` wgo`k rkmnohohe khkrey kfokhtnha lrokha`y ti tgk khvorihmkht, mitgkr, nha cncy.
Auk ti tgk siutgkrh irokhtnih il tgk cortgohe
suotks tndk navnhtnek il tgk fii` sgnaka crkkzks
oh summkr nha wnrmohe suh oh wohtkr. Snaonht
iirohe dkkps tgk mitgkr‟s ciay wnrm lrim tgk
lkkt up ns n fko`ohe lnh n``iws nabustnc`k fii`ohe
lrim ncivk. Nh khkrey rkfivkry vkh`ntir (KS\)
privoaks n fihhuius lrksg supp`y il iutaiir nor
wgo`k rkmnohohe kfokht cy trnhslkrrohe khkrey
lrim tgk kxohe nor. Qgk `nrekr spnfks oh tgk CortgFkhtkr nha tgk Mntkrhoty Fkhtkr nrk gkntka nha
fii`ka ih akmnha cy n \nronc`k Nor \i`umk (\N\)
ak`ovkry systkm. Khkrey lir tgos systkm os privoaka
cy n hnturn` ens cio`kr. Khkrey os rkmivka cy f`iska
`iip riiip kvnpirntirs.
kxpiska surlnfks
Siim tkmp.
Cortgohe Quc
Snaonht
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- QGKVOV ZSIZIVN@
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6
Fgrostipgkr Ckfdkr
Akfkmckr ?, 3:>1
Cistih Nrfgotkfturn` Fi``kek
Mnstkrs il Nrfgotkfturk
Qgksos Zripisn`
Onh Qnckrhkr
Qgksos Zriernm Aorkftir
Bnmks Huzum
Qgksos Vkmohnr Ohstruftir
Vusnh Qwimky
Qgksos Vtuaoi Ohstruftir
Rnf \nwtkr nt tgk Uo``os Qiwkr, Fgofnei
Zgiti2 Cronh Dkrsky, NZ
QGKVOV ZSIZIVN@ -
QGKVOV ZSIZIVN@
Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2Nh Ohf`usovk, Kxpkrokhton`, nha Mu`tovn`kht Cortgohe Fkhtkr
gn``kheohe Aosnco`oty
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Qnc`k il Fihtkhts
Qgksos Vummnry
Ncstrnft
Qgksos Vtntkmkht
Mktgias il Ohquory & Qkrms il Frotofosm
Zriernm Vk`kftoih
Votk Vk`kftoih
Fnsk Vtuaoks
Vdktfg Zric`km
Cuo`aohe Vystkms Ohtkerntoih
Gkn`tg nha Uk``hkss Fihtrocutoih
Vfgkau`k
Nhhitntka Coc`oiernpgy
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Qgksos Vummnry
Fgrostipgkr Ckfdkr
Fgrostipgkr.ckfdkrJtgk-cnf.kau 5-?33-;:?<
Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty2 Nh Ohf`usovk, Kxpkrokhton`, nha Mu`tovn`kht Cortgohe Fkhtkr
Ncstrnft2
Aosnco`oty ns nh oakn os kvi`vohe. Fimmih`y tgiuegt il ns n pgysofn` fihaotoih, aosnco`oty kxtkhas ckyiha
luhftoihn` coi`iey nha ohf`uaks sifon` nha khvorihmkhtn` lnftirs. Nffkssoco`oty rkeu`ntoihs gnvk
ohfrknska luhftoihn`oty il tgk khvorihmkht lir n ̀ omotka pkrfkhtnek il uskrs promnro`y lifusohe il ossuks
il pgysofn` mico`oty. [hovkrsn` aksoeh navifntks gnvk nttkmptka ti rknfg n crinakr rnhek il uskrs.
Ugo`k nh omprivkmkht ivkr ekhkrof nffkssoco`oty fiak rkquorkmkhts, uhovkrsn` aksoehs iltkh rkquork tgk
uskr ti nanpt ti tgk aksoehka priauft oh n rkauftovk wny. Skfiehozohe tgk suffkss il uhovkrsn` miak`s,
tgos pribkft nttkmpts ti fgn``khek hitoihs ih giw aovkrsk uskrs fnh pnrtofopntk oh n priernm lnfo`otntka
cy nh ohf`usovk, kxpkrokhton`, nha mu`tovn`kht aksoeh. Qgk Cortgohe Fkhtkr os nh oakn` priernm ti
fgn``khek hitoihs ih aosnco`oty nha tgk cuo`t khvorihmkht. Qgk fimp`kx pgysofn`, sifon`, kmitoihn`, nha
sporotun` hnturk il prkehnhfy nha `ncir fimp`ofntks fihfkpts ih aosnco`oty. Qgk priernm privoaks lkrto`k
eriuha ti kvn`untk giw tgiuegtlu` aksoeh fnh ckttkr lnfo`otntk tgk cortgohe kxpkrokhfk lir n aovkrsk
rnhek il uskrs.
Qgksos Vtntkmkht2
Oh irakr ti nakquntk`y naarkss tgk mnhy lnftirs tgnt rksu`t oh aosfromohntiry khvorihmkhts, wk must
fgn``khek ekhkrof nha rkauftovk mknsurks ohstkna lnvirohe systkms tgnt privoak lir mu`tovn`kht,
ohf`usovk, nha kxpkrokhton` nrfgotkfturk.
Mktgias il Ohquory2
Kvn`untk giw nrfgotkfturn` lnfo`otntirs nha khvorihmkhtn` stomu`o fnh ckttkr suot aovkrsk uskrs.
Frotoquk nffkssoco`oty aksoeh stnhanras nha uhovkrsn` prohfop`ks oh naarkssohe aovkrsk uskrs.
Aosfivkr giw tkfghofn` navnhfks nha sifon` akvk`ipmkhts nrk fgn``kheohe hitoihs ih aosnco`oty.
Qkrms il Frotofosm2
Ai lnfo`otntirs nha stomu`ntoihs privoak lir n mirk lu`lo``ohe uskr kxpkrokhfk9
Ai spnfks nha fihstruftoihs nssost, nanpt, nha lnfo`otntk nffiraohe ti tgk aovkrsoty il uskrs9
Aiks tgk nrfgotkfturn` ̀ nheunek nha kxpkrokhfk fgn``khek nha fihtrocutk ti hitoihs ih
aosnco`oty9
Cuo`aohe Qypi`iey2
Gkn`tg nha Uk``hkss, Cortgohe Fkhtkr2 kaufntoih, `ncir, ak`ovkry, nha rkfivkry skrvofks lir
aovkrsk uskrs.
Npprixomntk priernm sozk2 3;,::: ‖
6;,::: sl.
Votk nha @ifntoih2
N
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Ncstrnft
Fgn``kheohe Aosnco`oty os nciut rkohvkstoentohe iur uhakrstnhaohe il nrfgotkfturk nha ot‟s rk`ntoih ti
aovkrsk uskrs. Zroir ti wirdohe ns n aosnco`oty roegts navifntk, O gna `ott`k fihfkpt il tgk f`isk
rk`ntoihsgop cktwkkh nrfgotkfturk nha aosnco`oty. O dhkw tgnt cuo`aohes wkrk rkquorka ti ck nffkssoc`k
nffiraohe ti fiak rkquorkmkhts. O n`si dhkw tgnt uhovkrsn` aksoeh mktgiai`ieoks wkrk usklu` oh
frkntohe mirk ohf`usovk khvorihmkhts. Giwkvkr, O gna `ott`k uhakrstnhaohe lir tgk aollkrkhfk cktwkkh
tgksk twi fihfkpts, tgkor strkhetgs, nha tgkor `omotntoihs. Qgk ein` il tgos tgksos os nh nttkmpt tirkohvkstoentk nha fgn``khek my iwh hitoihs ih aosnco`oty nha nrfgotkfturk.
Oh tgk moaa`k il tgos akerkk priernm O khfiuhtkrka n pgkhimkhn` `olk fgnheohe kvkht, tgk cortg il my
lorst fgo`a. Ugkh O wns tgohdohe nciut tgos tgksos tipof oh rk`ntoih ti my rkfkht `olk kxpkrokhfk, O dhkw
tgnt n cortgohe fkhtkr wns nh kxfk``kht fgiofk oh priernm. Zrkehnhfy nha `ncir nrk hit usun``y
nssifontka wotg aosnco`oty4 giwkvkr, tgk ommkaontk luhftoihn` rkn`otoks nrk quotk somo`nr. Ugo`k simk
wimkh mny kxpkrokhfk ih`y mohir `olk nabustmkhts aurohe prkehnhfy, itgkrs mny gnvk tgkor wir`a
titn``y rkirenhozka. Ihk tgohe tgnt O ̀ knrhka tgriueg wothkssohe tgk prifkss il prkehnhfy, `ncir, nha
ak`ovkry lorst gnha os tgnt tgk khvorihmkht gns n soeholofnht kllkft ih tgk kxpkrokhfk il tgk cortgohe
mitgkr. N`` tii iltkh tgos rk`ntoihsgop os oehirka.
Khe`osg nrtost N`osih @nppkr os wk`` nwnrk il tgk fimmih tkhakhfy ti aklohk n pkrsih cnska ih
aosnco`oty. Lnfka wotg frotofosm aurohe gkr iwh prkehnhfy, @nppkr gns ckfimk n pipu`nr symci` lir
ivkrfimohe navkrsoty. Gkr loeurk, fnst cy Mnrf ^uohh gns ckkh p`nfka oh primohkht kxgocots wir`awoak.
Iltkh wimkh oh n somo`nr sotuntoih ti @nppkr lnfk aosfromohntoih ir aosnpprivn` oh fgo`acortg, simk il ot
cy tgk cuo`t khvorihmkht.
Nh ohf`usovk cortgohe fkhtkr wo`` privoak n suppirtovk khvorihmkht lir `ncirohe mitgkrs nha tgkor
suppirt fimmuhotoks rkenra`kss il pgysofn`, skhsiry, ir mkhtn` aollkrkhfk. [h`odk nffkssoc`k aksoeh nha
uhovkrsn` aksoeh, n mu`tovn`kht npprinfg wo`` nssost, nanpt, nha lnfo`otntk tgk cortgohe kxpkrokhfk lir
aovkrsk uskrs tgriueg spnton` rk`ntoihsgops nha nrfgotkfturn` fihstruftoihs.
N`osih @nppkr Zrkehnht cy Mnrf ^uohh
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Qgksos Vtntkmkht
Iltkh wk tgohd il aosnco`oty ns simktgohe dhiwh nha mknsurnc`k. Oh lnft, aosnco`oty os kvkr prkskht cut
vkry aollofu`t ti aklohk. Qgkrk nrk pricnc`y ivkr n aizkh skpnrntk aosnco`oty tgkiroks tgnt nttkmpt ti
naarkss tgk qukstoih il aosnco`oty.
Lir tgk erkntkr pnrt il tgk `nst twi fkhturoks, aosnco`oty gns ckkh uhakrstiia tgriueg n mkaofn`/pgysofn`
miak`. Qgos miak` fgnrnftkrozka n aosnc`ka pkrsih ns simkihk wgi‟s pgysofn`, skhsiry, ir mkhtn`fgnrnftkrostofs aollkrka lrim n prksfrocka hirm (Bighstihk, >7). Zrnftotoihkrs wgi nsfrocka ti tgk
mkaofn` miak` uhakrstiia aosnco`oty ns simktgohe tgnt fiu`a ck si`vka tgriueg prksfrocka trkntmkht
(kx. symptimntof tgkrnpy ir mkaofntoih) ir cy nssostovk tkfghi`ieoks (kx. pristgktofs ir mico`oty
akvofks).
Nrfgotkfturk os ohkxtrofnc`y `ohdka ti aosnco`oty. Navifntks oh tgk aosnco`oty roegts mivkmkht pripkr`y
aonehiska ihk il tgk mnbir siurfks il aosnco`oty, khvorihmkhtn` cnrrokrs. Qgk kvi`vohe sifon` miak` il
aosnco`oty sueeksts tgnt aosnco`oty iffurs wgkh n pkrsih khfiuhtkrs simk lirm il aosfromohntohe
khvorihmkht. Nrfgotkfturn` cnrrokrs nrk n promk fu`prot.
Ohoton``y, aksoehkrs tnsdka wotg naarkssohe cnrrokrs npprinfgka tgk ossuk tgriueg tgk mkaofn` miak` il
aosnco`oty. Nffkssoco`oty rkquorkmkhts wkrk prksfrocka ti cuo`aohes nha iltkh npp`oka ns nltkrtgiuegts.
Ugo`k privoaohe n `kvk` il nffkss prkvoius`y uhnvno`nc`k, aksoehs cnska ih tkfghofn` rkquorkmkhts wkrk
spkfolof ti ih`y n spkfolof eriup, usun``y pkrtnohohe ti tgk wgkk`fgnor uskr.
Qkfghofn` rkquorkmkhts oh tgk nffkssoco`oty fiaks nrk goeg`y spkfolof ti pkip`k usohe wgkk`fgnors lir
mico`oty. Qgky ohf`uak rnmp s`ipk mnxomums, rknfg rnheks, nha f`knr woatgs. Nssostovk akvofks sufg ns
tgk k`kvntir, gnha rno`ohes, nha ernc cnrs nrk naaka ti strntkeof `ifntoihs. Ivkrn``, tgk nrfgotkfturn`
k`kmkhts nrk aosfrktk nha iltkh skkm iut il p`nfk. Qgk usk il tgksk lknturks arnws uhwnhtka nttkhtoih
lurtgkr strkhetgkhohe osi`ntoih. N mnbiroty il tgksk fihvkhtoihn` rkeu`ntoihs lno` ti naarkss pkrsihs
wgi nrk aknl ir c`oha. Qgkrk os hi fihsoakrntoih eovkh ti fgkmofn` skhsotovoty, spnton` pgicons, ir nhy
itgkr mkhtn` ir sifon` rkspihsks.
N fihvkhtoihn` aiir tgnt mkkts tgk tkfghofn` rkquorkmkhts il
nffkssoco`oty rkeu`ntoihs cut os tii spkfolof ti nssost n`` uskrs.
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Navifntks nha wk`` ohtkhtoihka aksoehkrs siih ckfnmk nwnrk il tgk ohnakqunfy il rk`yohe ih fiak
rkquorkmkhts lir ohf`usovk spnfks. Qgk [hovkrsn` Aksoeh ([A) mivkmkht pripiska nh ohtkhtoihn` aksoeh
tgohdohe ti fihsoakr tgk crinakst rnhek il pissoc`k uskrs tgriuegiut n`` pgnsks il tgk aksoeh prifkss
(Krdo`of, >?1). Zriaufts il [A tkhaka ti rklirm tgk mkaofn`-spkfolof sty`k il icbkfts lir n mirk lirmn`ost
nha ekhkrof nppknrnhfk. N ein` il [A wns ti mndk priaufts nppkn`ohe ti n`` uskrs rntgkr tgnh fn`` iut
aollkrkhfks.
Qgk [A mivkmkht gns mnak soeholofnht navnhfks oh giw wk fihfkptun`ozk ohf`usovk spnfks, giwkvkr, otos hit wotgiut frotofosm. Qgk ekhkrof hnturk il [hovkrsn` priaufts ckfimks pric`kmntof lir simk pkip`k
wgi fiu`a oh rkn`oty ckhklot lrim spkfolof rklkrkhfks ti tgkor aosnco`oty (kx. n pkrsih wgi os c`oha ckhklots
lrim aktkftnc`k wnrhohes). Iltkh [hovkrsn` aksoehs rkquork tgk uskr ti nanpt ti tgk priauft, rntgkr
tgnh tgk priauft nanptohe ti tgk uskr. Lohn``y, kha priaufts iltkh `kna ti si`utoihs tgnt rkaufk skhsiry
kxpkrokhfk oh kxfgnhek lir ekhkrof fihsumptoih.
N uhovkrsn` khtry wotg `kvk` `nhaohes ohsoak nha iut gns n s`oaohe e`nss
aiir tgnt nutimntofn``y ipkhs wotg hi uskrs ohtkrnftoih rkquorka.
Qgk ohtkht il tgos tgksos os hit ti sueekst tgnt fihvkhtoihn` nffkssoco`oty rkquorkmkhts ir [A os simkgiw
lnu`ty ir ohnakquntk. Qgos os pnrt`y truk ckfnusk n suffksslu` ir lno`ka aksoeh wo`` n`wnys akpkha ih giw
tgksk aksoeh systkms nrk npp`oka, kotgkr wotg fnrklu` tgiuegt ir wotg c`ntnht aosrkenra. Mirk
ompirtnht`y tgos tgksos os ohtkhaka ti sueekst tgnt aosnco`oty os n fimp`kx fihfkpt, nha tgkrklirk iur
nrfgotkfturn` systkms sgiu`a ck kqun``y fimp`kx nha tgiuegtlu`. N‐mu`tovn`kht
” (Bkhds) npprinfg ti
nrfgotkfturn` aksoeh os hkkaka ti naarkss tgk fimp`kxotoks il aovkrsk uskr eriups oh tgk cuo`t
khvorihmkht. Aksoehkrs must tndk nh nftovost npprinfg oh naarkssohe aovkrsoty nha khvorihmkhts.
Aksoehs sgiu`a lnfo`otntk pnrtofopntoih nha ohf`usoih oh tgk nrfgotkfturn` priernm.
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Ncivk nrk twi ohf`usovk, kxpkrokhton`, nha mu`tovn`kht khtrnhfks.
Iroeohn` pgitis cy Mofgnk` Zknrh (`klt) nha Qrnvnnsn Sksirts roegt.
‐Mu`tovn`kht nrfgotkfturk nfts ns n fntn`yst ih tgk moha, prividohe wgi``y hkw ohtkrprktntoihs wgofg, oh
giwkvkr smn`` n wny, nllkft tgk ohaovoaun`. Qgk rnhek, ak`ofnfy nha fimp`kxoty il mknhohes wgofg kxost
oh n mu`tovn`kht wird gnvk nh nhn`ieius kllkft ih tgk moha tgnt ohtkrnfts wotg tgkm. [`tomntk`y, wk nrk
trnhslirmka cy wgnt wk kxpkrokhfk…”
Fgnr`ks Bkhds, lrim ‐Qgk @nheunek il Zist-Miakrh Nrfgotkfturk
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Mktgias il Ohquory nha Qkrms il Frotofosm
MIO2 Kvn`untk giw nrfgotkfturn` lnfo`otntirs nha khvorihmkhtn` stomu`o fnh ckttkr suot aovkrsk uskrs.
Nrfgotkfturn` lnfo`otntirs fiu`a ck akvofks tgnt nssost uskrs oh nffkssohe n cuo`aohe sufg ns nh k`kvntir ir n
gnharno`. Qgky fiu`a n`si ck spnton` rk`ntoihsgops tgnt privoak ohtomntk pripirtoihs lir pkip`k wgi
ckhklot lrim lkk`ohe suppirtka ns n rksu`t il trnumntof strkssirs. Khvorihmkhtn` stomu`ntoihs tgnt wiu`a
ckhklot aovkrsk uskrs fiu`a ohf`uak tgk siuha il `nppohe wntkr, ary ir anmp ntmispgkrk, ir ekht`kohaorkft `oegt. Qgksk nrfgotkfturn` akvofks moegt privoak fn`mohe stomu`ntoihs ti n crnoh fnhfkr pntokht,
suppirtovk spnfks lir n mitgkr aurohe `ncir, ir nanptnc`k k`kmkhts lir n pkrsih wotg `omotka mico`oty.
QIF2 Ai tgksk lnfo`otntirs nha stomu`ntoihs privoak lir mirk lu`lo``ohe uskr kxpkrokhfk9
Vdktfg il Qgkrmn` Cntgs oh \n`s, Vwotzkr`nha. Zktkr Rumtgir.
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Mktgias il Ohquory nha Qkrms il Frotofosm
MIO2 Zrivoak frotoquk ih nffkssoco`oty aksoeh stnhanras nha uhovkrsn` prohfop`ks oh naarkssohe aovkrsk
uskrs.
Qii iltkh wk nrk fihlrihtka wotg cuo`aohes tgnt gnvk si mnhy tkfghofn` akvofks, systkms, nha lknturkstgnt n`` skhsk il kxpkrokhfk os `ist. Qgk somp`k tnsd il trnvk`ohe tgriueg n aiirwny fnh fnusk uhknsk lir
hi nppnrkht rknsih. Qgkrk nrk nutimntof aiirs, git nor c`iwkrs, aiuc`k aiir vkstocu`ks, croegt nrtolofon`
`oegtohe, skfuroty fnmkrns, tgk `ost eiks ih. Qkfghofn` nspkfts il aksoeh nrk ompirtnht cut npp`oka
wotgiut fnrklu` fihsoakrntoih nha p`nhhohe akernaks tgk kxpkrokhfk il usohe nha iffupyohe n cuo`aohe.
Qgk snmk fnh ck snoa lir nffkssoco`oty lknturks. Qii iltkh, tgky nrk uhhkfkssnry aostrnftoihs. Ol
iroeohn``y aksoehka wotg n aovkrsk rnhek il uskrs tgksk naaotoihn` rkquorkmkhts mny hit ck hkfkssnry.
Nt tgk snmk tomk, tgkrk nrk rkn` pgysofn` hkkas lir cuo`aohes ti nssost tgk uskr, nha hit bust tgk uskr wgi
gnppkhs ti gnvk n aosnco`oty.
QIF2 Ai spnfks nssost, nanpt, nha lnfo`otntk nffiraohe ti tgk aovkrsoty il uskrs9
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Mktgias il Ohquory nha Qkrms il Frotofosm
MIO2 Aosfivkr giw itgkr aosfop`ohks sufg ns coihofs nha akvk`ipohe sifon` trkhas nrk fgn``kheohe iur
hitoihs ih aosnco`oty.
Fnsk Vtuay2 Qgk Coimkfgntrihofs Sksknrfg Eriup / MOQ Mkaon @nc4 Aorkftir, Gueg Gkrr, ZgA
Zgiti cy Cronh Vhyakr/Skutkrs
Gueg Gkrr, Aorkftir il tgk MOQ Coimkfgntrihofs Sksknrfg Eriup (CSE) gns poihkkrka tgk kllirt nt
frkntohe ohhivntovk tkfghi`ieoks tgnt nrk rkaklohohe iur uhakrstnhaohe il aosnco`oty. CoIM systkms nrk
mirk tgnh bust yiur iraohnry pristgktofs. Qgky nrk n fimp`kx ohtkerntoih il coi`iey, mkfgnhofs, nha
k`kftrihofs. Qgksk pristgktofs nrk ohtkerntka ohti tgk ciay nha rkspiha ti hkrvk stomu`ntoihs ti
fimmuhofntk wotg nftuntirs tgnt mivk tgk pristgktof ti momof gumnh mivkmkht. O ck`okvk tgos ciay
il wird cy tgk CSE gns guek omp`ofntoihs lir iur uhakrstnhaohe il aosnco`oty nha giw nrfgotkfturk
sgiu`a ck rkspihaohe ti tgksk fgnheks oh tkfghi`iey nha tgk gumnh ciay. My tgksos wo`` ck ohlirmka
cy n f`iskr `iid nt wgnt os ckohe nffimp`osgka nt tgk CSE.
QIF2 Aiks tgk nrfgotkfturn` `nheunek nha kxpkrokhfk fgn``khek nha fihtrocutk ti hitoihs ih aosnco`oty9
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Zriernm
Oh fgiisohe n priernm, my mnoh ein` wns ti sk`kft nh khvorihmkht tgnt wiu`a ck kxpkrokhfka cy n
crina rnhek il ohaovoaun`s wotg aollkrohe pgysofn` nha kmitoihn` fihaotoihs. Oh irakr ti lu``y naarkss
citg kmitoihn` nha pgysofn` hkkas ot wns ompirtnht tgnt tgk priernm fnrry n crina rnhek il
mu`toskhsiry fnpnco`otoks. Vomu`tnhkius`y, tgk priernm hkkaka ti ck spkfolof khiueg ti naarkss
ohtomntk nha pkrsihn` hkkas
Cortgohe Fkhtkrs gnvk ckkh enohohe woaksprkna pipu`nroty nmihe fiup`ks wgi wosg ti gnvk snlk,
hnturn`, nha ohtomntk cortgohe kxpkrokhfks. Qgk promnry uskr, tgk `ncirohe mitgkr, fgn``kheks iur
prkfihfkovka hitoihs il aosnco`oty. Giwkvkr, sgk mny hit ck tgk ih`y uskr tgnt kxpkrokhfks aosnc`ohe
khvorihmkhts aurohe tgk prifkss il `ncir. Qgk uhoquk rkquorkmkhts il n cortgohe fkhtkr nha ots
aovkrsoty il uskrs os nh oakn` priernm ti fgn``khek iur uhakrstnhaohe il aosnco`oty nha kxp`irk ohf`usovk,
kxpkrokhton`, nha mu`tovn`kht khvorihmkhts.
Zrnftofn` priernmmntof rkquorkmkhts ohf`uak2
i Ohtomntk, skhsiry khvorihmkhts lir `ncirohe fiup`ks
i Luhftoihn` khvorihmkhts lir suppirtohe mkmckrs
i Vuppirtohe khvorihmkhts lir pgysofn` nha kmitoihn` trnhsotoih
i Votk fgnrnftkrostofs tgnt suppirt tgk ncivk priernmmntof rkquorkmkhts
Qgkrk nrk mnhy aollkrkht typks il cortgohe fkhtkrs nvno`nc`k ti fiup`ks. Vimk cortg fkhtkrs f`isk`y
momof n gimk cortg khvorihmkht. Nt Qgk Lnrm Moawolkry Fkhtkr oh Qkhhksskk wns liuhaka cy gimk
cortg nha moawolkry poihkkr Ohn Mny Ensdoh. Fittneks nrk nvno`nc`k lir sgirt tkrm ir kxtkhaka rkhtn`.
Fiup`ks nrk pnorka wotg n moawolk lir ̀ ncir nha ak`ovkry.
N`tkrhntovk`y, tgk Fnmcroaek Cortg Fkhtkr, nllo`ontka wotg Fnmcroaek Gispotn`, os `ifntka oh rkhivntka
sohe`k lnmo`y gimk oh nh urcnh fihtkxt. Qgk fkhtkr nffimmiantks skvkrn` fiup`ks nt n tomk. Zrivoakrs
wird f`isk`y wotg tgk nllo`ontka gispotn` ̀ ifntka nfriss tgk strkkt.
Nt tgk itgkr kha il tgk spkftrum, simk `nrek gispotn`s nha spkfon`ty gnvk rkwirdka tgkor mntkrhoty
wnras ti mirk f`isk`y rkskmc`k fgnheohe akmnhas. Nt tgk Hofi``kt Uimkh‟s Fkhtkr oh Mohhksitn,
`ncir, ak`ovkr, nha rkfivkry riims nrk cnska ih spn `odk gispotn`oty. Vuotks suppirt n`tkrhntovk cortgohe
mktgias sufg ns wntkr cortgohe.
Lrim `klt ti roegt2 Qgk Lnrm Moawolkry Fkhtkr Knrtg Vgk`tkr, Qgk Fnmcroaek Cortgohe Fkhtkr, nha tgk
Hofi``kt Uimkh‟s Fkhtkr. Zgiti frkaots nrk nttrocutka ti knfg il tgk ncivk ̀ ostka irenhozntoihs.
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Zriernm
Mnssnfgusktts Akpnrtmkht il Zuc`of Gkn`tg rkeu`ntoihs, >:;FMS aklohk wgnt priernmmntof
rkquorkmkhts must ck privoaka nt cortg fkhtkrs. Qgk aonernm ck`iw sgiws n summnry vkrsoih il tgk
`ken` rkquorkmkhts. Qgk priernmmohe os cnska ih liur cnsof uskrs, tgk cortgohe mitgkr, lnmo`y, nha
f`ohofn` wirdkrs. Qgk mkaofn` miak` tkhas ti rkquork gokrnrfgy, spkfolofntoih, nha skpnrntoih il spnfks.
Qgk mkaofn` miak` n`si tkhas ti put f`ohofn` fihsoakrntoihs nt tgk fkhtkr il tgk miak`.
cnska ih MN AZG Skeu`ntoihs, >:;FMS, Vkftoihs >13.1:: ‖ >13.17;
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Zriernm
Qgk Uimc
Hkst`ka oh tgk fihlohka fncoh il tgk rifdohe airy, tgk s`kkpohe fgo`a wns snlk nha wnrm lrim tgk
rnheohe skn bust ckyiha tgk tgoh sgk``ka gu``. Qgk gu``, pohhka cy skvkrn` sturay cu`dgknas, skpnrntka
tgk fi`a nha turcu`kht wntkrs nha skn`ka oh tgk stn`k, sn`ty, `olk eovohe, ifknh nor. Qgk wnrm e`iw il tgk
swoheohe `nhtkrh l`ofdkrka nha anhfka tgriueg tgk tgoh lo`m il tgk fncoh pirtn` nha lk`` upih tgk wkt
nha wkntgkrka lnfk il tgk sno`ir. Qgk `oegt dkpt tgk sno`ir n`ovk nha n`krt dhiwohe tgnt gkr fgo`a's lntk
`ny oh gkr rksi`vk nenohst tgk tkmpkst4 rkstohe ckhkntg tgk skn oh tgk ciwk`s il gkr vkssk`.
Qgk wimc os tgk mist snfrka p`nfk ih knrtg. Ot os n mnrvk` il coi`ieofn` nrfgotkfturk. Ot fihtnohs tgk
mystkry il `olk nha ak`ovkrs ekhkrntoih nltkr ekhkrntoih. Qgk wimc os wk`` nanptka ti fnrry wgntkvkr
hnturk gi`as lir ot wgktgkr ots fihtkht os smn`` ir `nrek ir fimks oh mu`top`ks. Qgk wimc rknfts ti,
rkspihas ti, nha hiurosgks ots ohgncotnht.
Ot os rknsihnc`k ti sueekst tgnt tgk spnfk oh wgofg `ncir tndks p`nfk sgiu`a morrir tgk pkrlirmnhfk il
tgk wimc. Qgk wimc os lu`` il suct`k, mu`to-skhsiry kxpkrokhfks. @oegt pkhktrntks tgk utkrohk wn``s
privoaohe `olk's lorst f`uks ti tomk nha spnfk. Viuha trnvk`s tgriueg ots mkmcrnhks nha os rkfiehozka ns
fimlirtohe nuaoc`k tihks. Kvkh fgnheks oh aokt privoak vnrokty oh tnstk tgriueg tgk nmhoitof l`uoa.
Qgksk suppirtohe prohfop`ks fnh tndk p`nfk oh nrfgotkfturn` spnfk iutsoak tgk wimc ns wk``. Vufg n
spnfk wo`` privoak kmitoihn` suppirt aurohe tgk prifkss il `ncir, ak`ovkry, nha nff`omntoih ti tgk
ckeohhohe il `olk.
Fihfkpt miak`2 work, f`itg, nha fnracinra. >3”x>3”x7”.
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Zriernm
Oh irakr ti privoak nh ohf`usovk, kxpkrokhton`, nha mu`tovn`kht cortgohe fkhtkr, ot os ompirtnht ti fihsoakr
tgk rnhek il pissoc`k uskrs. Qi ck ns ohf`usovk ns pissoc`k, tgk priernm sgiu`a nffimmiantk tgk hkkas
il wimkh wgi mny gnvk soeholofnht fgn``kheks oh `ncir nha ak`ovkry ns wk`` ns tgisk wgi mny gnvk `kss
aollofu`ty. Qgos mist `odk`y wo`` rkquork n rnhek il suppirts ohf`uaohe simk `kvk` il mkaofn` suppirts.
Giwkvkr, ns n wgi`k, tgk cortgohe fkhtkr sgiu`a ck aostohft lrim n typofn` mntkrhoty wnra privoaohe ns
mufg suppirts lir hnturn` cortgohe ns pissoc`k.
Cortgohe os n fimmuhoty kllirt. Ugo`k mist il tgk nttkhtoih wo`` rkmnoh ih tgk cortgohe mitgkr, ot os
ompirtnht ti fihsoakr tgk mnhy pkip`k ohvi`vka oh tgk cortgohe prifkss. Vuppirtovk lnmo`y mkmckrs
sgiu`a ck ohf`uaka ns mufg ns pissoc`k ti tgk kxtkht tgnt os ernhtka cy tgk `ncirohe mitgkr. Qgk f`ohofn`
privoakrs nrk kqun``y ompirtnht nha sgiu`a ck ohtkerntka ns mufg ns pissoc`k ohti tgk priernm. N
pntokht fkhtkrka miak` wo`` n``iw ohtkerntoih il n`` tknm mkmckrs tiwnra tgk sohe`k ein` il n snlk nha
fimpnssoihntk cortgohe kxpkrokhfk. Ot mny ck ckhklofon` ti kxp`irk giw tgk mitgkr fnh nftovk`y skkd
iut skrvofks rntgkr tgnh skrvofks ckohe criuegt ti tgk mitgkr. Qgos prinftovk npprinfg mny ck
ckhklofon` oh primitohe tgk hnturn` cortgohe prifkss tgriueg mivkmkht nha ohtuotoih wgo`k khnc`ohe tgk
mitgkr ti mndk gkr iwh fgiofks aurohe ak`ovkry.
N mnbiroty il priernmka spnfks wo`` ivkr`np nha gnvk aktno`ka nha fimp`kx rk`ntoihsgops ti ihk
nhitgkr. Qgos wo`` noa oh croheohe tgk fimmuhoty il suppirtkrs tiektgkr lir n fimmih ein`. Ohtomntk
spnfks pnrtofu`nr`y lir tgk mimkhts `knaohe up ti tgk cortg nha bust nltkrwnra wo`` gnvk erkntkr akerkks
il provnfy. Lnmo`y spnfks wo`` n`si privoak akerkks il provnfy.
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>7
Zriernm
Zriernm Vgkkt
Nftovoty HVL Qitn`s
Mitgkr/Cncy Vuotk < x 7:: = 1,7::sl
Ak`ovkry Siim…………..………..…..,3::sl
Fimmih Vpnfk………………….…6,:::sl
Fimmuhoty Vuppirt ;,:::sl
Mivkmkht Vtuaoi…………..…….>,
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QGKVOV ZSIZIVN@ -
Gkn`tg nha Uk``hkss
Mufg il iur fu`turn` uhakrstnhaohes il gkn`tg nha wk``hkss nrk nttnfgka ti n mytgofn` mktrof dhiwh
ns tgk hirmn`. Hirmn` ciay tkmpkrnturk os ?7.< akerkks L. Hirmn` CMO os >7.; ti 3;.:. Knr`y
fgo`agiia eriwtg os fgnrtka ih n hirmn`ozka furvk. Qgksk nrk fkrtnoh`y piwkrlu` tii`s ti gk`p
aonehisk gkn`tg pric`kms. Giwkvkr, hirmn`fy os hit n eiia prkaoftir lir ivkrn`` gkn`tg nha wk``hkss.
Iltkh hirmn`fy os aollofu`t, ompissoc`k ir uhhkfkssnry ti aklohk.
Cuo`aohe fiaks nrk fihloeurka lir tgk hirmn` uskr. Kvkh nffkssoco`oty fiaks gnvk n hirmn`ozohe cons ti
tgkm. Iltkh n cuo`aohe os tgiuegt ti ck nffkssoc`k ol simkihk usohe n wgkk`fgnor os nc`k ti rknfg n``
ohtkroir spnfks. @kss akvk`ipka, os hnvoentoih nha irokhtntoih lir tgk pkrsih wgi os c`oha, gns `iw
vosoih, gns `omotka gknrohe ir gns n crnoh cnska aosnco`oty lir kxnmp`k. Ugo`k uhovkrsn` aksoeh akvk`ips
n priauft tgnt nttkmpts ti nffimmiantk tgk woakst rnhek il pissoc`k uskrs. Iltkh tgos aksoeh prifkss
rkaufks skhsiry nha fu`turn` kxpkrokhfk oh irakr ti ai si.
Mirk fimpk``ohe os tgk pissoco`oty lir nrfgotkfturk ti nanpt ti nha fgn``khek n aovkrsk uskr eriup. N
ekhkrof `kvk` khtry mny ck khgnhfka cy n s`oegt fgnhek oh tipiernpgy tgnt eovks tgk kxpkrokhfk il
nsfkhaohe ir aksfkhaohe. N fgnhek oh nfiustofn` qun`oty nt tgk khtrnhfk mny privoak tgk skhsk il
tgrksgi`a tgnt wiu`a itgkrwosk ck n cnrrokr. Cy fgn``kheohe iur nrfgotkfturk ti nanpt nha rkspiha ti
aovkrsk uskrs, wk fnh mirk kllkftovk`y ohfirpirntk n crinakr eriup il pkip`k ohti n gkn`tgy sifokty.
Oh tgk mnbiroty il `otkrnturk, hnturn` cortgohe os fihsoakrka ih`y nh iptoih lir hirmn` prkehnhfoks wotg
hi pkrfkovka fimp`ofntoihs. Nssumk oh tgos fnsk tgnt tgk cnrrokrs ti tgos mitgkr gnvohe n hnturn` cortg
nrk somp`y tgnt tgk nrfgotkfturk ti suppirt gkr aksorka mktgia il cortgohe nha tgk kxpkrtosk oh nssostohe
tgnt cortg os uhnvno`nc`k. Ot os pissoc`k tgnt tgk pric`km os hit tgk pkrsih‟s aosnco`oty cut n `nfd il
suppirtovk dhiw`kaek nha nrfgotkfturk ti ohf`uak gkr. Zrivoaohe tgk nrfgotkfturk os gn`l tgk cntt`k oh
frkntohe mirk ohf`usovk khvorihmkhts nha pissoco`otoks.
Fnrk`kss aksoeh os ih`y ihk il mnhy strufturn` cnrrokrs ti n mirk ohf`usovk sifokty. Fihsoakr tgk spkfolof
kxnmp`k il cortgohe. Ugo`k cortgohe gns iffurrka tgriueg hnturn` prifkssks lir tgiusnhas il yknrs, tgk
`nst fkhtury gns hirmn`ozka tgk prifkss nha ak`ovkry il cortg. Qgos hirmn`ozntoih gns ckkh ckhklofon` ohmnhy wnys. Ot gns mnak cortgohe snlk ti mitgkrs, wgi cnska ih simk pgysofn` fihaotoih, wiu`a
itgkrwosk ck nt goeg rosd lir fimp`ofntoihs. _kt lir mnhy rknsihs n wimnh mny aksork n mirk hnturn`
cortg. Qgos kxpkrokhfk os `nrek`y uhnvno`nc`k ti wimkh wotg aosnco òtoks ckfnusk il kotgkr mkaofn`
prilkssoihn` nttotuaks tiwnras aosnco`oty, pgysofn` rkn`otoks tgnt fimp`ofntk n snlk ak`ovkry, ir
uhsuppirtovk pgysofn` khvorihmkhts (Siekrs, >:>->:6).
N ein` lir tgos pribkft os ti oakhtoly giw fnrklu` aksoeh fihsoakrntoihs fnh khfiurnek n mirk ohf`usovk
eriup il uskrs oh tgk cortg fkhtkr priernm. Mist cortgohe fkhtkrs kmpgnsozk hnturn` prifkssks ivkr
mirk fihtri``ka mkaofn` ihks. Lir tgos tgksos, ot wo`` ck hkfkssnry ti rk-kvn`untk tgk pissoco`otoks lir n
mirk ohf`usovk nha fimp`kx cortg fkhtkr miak`.
5?
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MOAA@KVKW LK@@V ZNSD
HISQG SKVKS\IOS
QIUH IL UOHFGKVQKS
VOQK
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Votk Nhn`ysos
Qgk sk`kftka sotk os `ifntka n`ihesoak tgk Hirtgwkst firhkr il tgk Moaa`kskx Lk``s Znrd oh Uohfgkstkr,
MN. Oh tgos `ifntoih tgk fihskrvntoih `nha os squkkzka cktwkkh tgk Hirtg Skskrvior Anm nha Goeg`nha
Nvkhuk. N smn`` s`ofk il rksoakhton` nrkn `oks cktwkkh tgksk twi kaek fihaotoihs. Ih tgk wkst soak il
Goeg`nha Nvkhuk os tgk Uohfgkstkr Gispotn`.
Qgk pnrd systkm privoaks mnhy mo`ks il trno`s lir wn`dohe nha n`tgiueg ih`y skvkh mo`ks lrim Cistih,
ihk os ommkaontk`y trnhslirmka ti n mirk skrkhk skttohe nt tgk kaek il tgk Lk``s. Qgk rkskrvior privoaks
n vosun` rk`okl lrim tgk itgkrwosk akhsk urcnh nha sucurcnh khvorihmkhts il erkntkr Cistih. Qgk pnrd
systkm os n erknt `ifntoih lir icskrvohe tgk fgnheohe il sknsihs ir kvkh n rnohy any lrim tgk ohsoak il n
ary nha wnrm spnfk.
Oh my prifkss il sotk sk`kftoih O envk promnry fihsoakrntoih ti ipkh spnfk nha hnturn` khvorihmkhts.
Qgk kxpkrokhton` qun`otoks il hnturk privoak nh kxfk``kht skttohe lir tgk prifkss il `ncir nha ak`ovkry
wgofg tkha ti ohaufk goeg `kvk`s il strkss. Vomp`y privoaohe nh ipkh wohaiw ti tgk sdy ir ti tgk fi`irlu`
trkk tips fiu`a ck khiueg ti fn`m ihksk`l cnfd ohti tgk `ncir mnhtrn.
Qgk pripiska sotk os `ifntka ih Goeg`nha Nvkhuk ih n strop il
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Votk Nhn`ysos
N skfiha fihsoakrntoih, fiuhtkrohtuotovk`y, wns ti sk`kft n sotk wotg simk fgn``kheks ti ohf`usoih.
@ifntohe tgk cortgohe fkhtkr oh tgk gknrt il Cistih ih n l`nt sotk wotg knsy nffkss ti trnhspirtntoih nha
wn`dnc`k soakwn`ds wiu`a mndk pkrlkft cusohkss skhsk. Giwkvkr, fgiisohe n fgn``kheohe sotk lrim tgk
stnhapioht il pgysofn` nffkssoco`oty wo`` lirfk tgk aksoeh ti rkspiha ti tgksk fgnheks. Qgkrklirk, n sotk
wns fgiskh wotg simk tipiernpgofn` fgn``kheks.
Vifoi-kfihimofn``y, Uohfgkstkr os fkrtnoh`y hit tgk mist ohf`usovk tiwh. Giwkvkr, `iidohe ckyiha tgk
ommkaontk skttohe, tgkrk nrk aovkrsk fimmuhotoks wotgoh n twkhty mohutk arovk ohf`uaohe Mn`akh,
Kvkrktt, Uicurh, Vimkrvo``k, Cistih, nha Cur`ohetih. Ot os goeg`y `odk`y tgnt pkip`k lrim tgksk
fimmuhotoks wo`` fihsoakr tgk cortgohe fkhtkr oh Uohfgkstkr ivkr tgkor ̀ ifn` gispotn`s.
Uk fnh n`si npp`y tgk fihfkpt il ohf`usovoty ti tgk cuo`t khvorihmkht. Vtrihe fimmuhotoks nrk iltkh
mnak il up aovkrsk usks. Qgos aovkrsoty nt tgk urcnh sfn`k mny ohf`uak n moxturk il zihohe, ipkh spnfk,
ohstotutoihn`, nha ohaustron` skttohes. Akhsoty il usk os ohf`usovk wgkh vnroka. Vtrihe fimmuhotoks
ckhklot lrim fkhtkrs il akhsk fimmkrfk ns wk`` ns rksoakhton` crkntgohe riim. Qgk skmo-urcnh rnaous
nriuha tgk sotk privoaks n`` il tgk ncivk fihaotoihs.
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Fnsk Vtuay ‖ Mnsoih n Ciraknux
Qgk Mnosih n Ciraknux os `ifntka ih n go`` oh L`iornf ckyiha tgk foty fkhtkr. Qgk giusk wns aksoehka cy
Skm Dii`gnns ns n p`nhhka rktrknt nwny lrim foty `olk nha ohti tgk cufi`of sucurc lir n f`okht nha gos
lnmo`y. Oh tgk moaa`k il tgk aksoeh prifkss, tgk f`okht, n lntgkr il twi fgo`arkh, wns oh n fnr nffoakht
wgofg rksu`tka oh n skvkrk aosnco`oty tgnt nllkftka gos mico`oty. Ns tgk stiry eiks, ti tgk surprosk il
mnhy, li``iwohe tgos ohfoakht tgk mnh akf`nrka, gk wnhtka Dii`gnns ti aksoeh n fimp`kx giusk rntgkr
tgnh simktgohe somp`k.
Kxtkroir pgitiernpg il tgk Mnosih n Ciraknux. Dii`gnns2 Giusk`olk.
O fnh ih`y spkfu`ntk ns ti wgnt tgos mnh wns akf`nrohe wgkh gk mnak tgos stntkmkht, cut cnska ih tgk
aksoehka rksu`t, O nm `ka ti ck`okvk tgnt gk aoa hit wnht tgk giusk ti `omot ir aklohk gom oh nhy wny.
Qgos skhtomkht morrirs mnhy pkip`k wgi kxpkrokhfk aollkrkhfk ir aosfromohntoih cnska ih sifon` nha
khvorihmkhtn` fihstrufts tgky khfiuhtkr. Ot os fimmih lir pkip`k wgi gnvk simk `