Global Channel Strategy Bernhard Bock & Lia Klimmer
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Global Channel Strategy Bernhard Bock & Lia Klimmer
Management Summary for Argentina December, 2018
Country specific information
Population: 43,6 m. Inhabitants [64% 15-64 years]
Urbanization: 92% [biggest cities: Buenos Aires, …]
Landscape: possibilities for outdoor activities
Use of internet & telecommunication is rising
Political & economic crises over the last 50 years
Barriers to enter the market [intermediary]
Infrastructural issues
Market Characteristics
Segment Sport & Outdoor is rising
Recognition for EU-Brands
High urbanization
Many shops in urban areas - great demand
E-Commerce business is rising
Big retail stores small specialized dealers
Older generation very price sensitive
Compare prices up to six times
Competitors
Patagonia [same brand communication], North Face,
Columbia, Montage [local brand, communication focus on
technological information]
-> High intensity of competition
MARKET CONDITIONS IN ARGENTINA
Potential Customers
Wider middle class Younger generation Passionate about sports & outdoor Important: aftersales service, terms of deliver & easy access to stores
Low income People are very sensitive in spending No loyalty to brands Do not care a lot about sustainability
E-Commerce
Quick market entry possible Good source of information for customers Purchase over laptop [85%], information via portable devices Reasons for online shopping: [38 %] quick, [45%] any time, [36%] comfortable, [30%] easy Big Platforms: Mercado Libre, eBay, Amazon
Patagonia also uses online channels Only 3% of all sales are made online
Offline Shopping
Good existing retail stores structure Example: Fallabella & Intersport
Store opening only via intermediary Patagonia uses retail stores strategy
CUSTOMERS & SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR
SUGGESTED CHANNEL STRATEGY
* Global consumer Survey in Argentina of Statista in 2017
Channel Strategy Argentina
PULL: VAUDE Online Presence
Website: Offer the right content in the appropriate language
-> Spanish
Improve Online Shop: customer reviews
[*70% appreciate reviews], easy way of ordering,
visibility of prices & information,
responsive
PULL: VAUDE APP
Shop function + relevant content:
outdoor tips & tricks – f. ex. which
clothing do you need to do this trip… [*45% prefer to use their smartphone to
Research]
PULL: TV – as an advertisement channel
Create brand awareness – because of huge coverage & big influence on customers
Offering possibility to buy, order or see prices
Product placement in well-known TV-Shows, Sitcoms
PUSH: Shop in Shop Solution
Customers can experience the VAUDE Products in retail
stores like Intersport with own VAUDE area & sales
manager, who support and advice [*39% want to see the item before the buy it]
PULL/PUSH Platform: Mercado Libre
Create brand awareness, in being
present within the most famous platform
Usage of existing infrastructure [logistic,
Payment] from the trusted online shop
Channel Connections:
Order, research, reserve online – collect offline [*76 % of the customers research before
purchasing]
Same shopping basket available on different devices
Check availability in stores
Screens with videos & Barcodes in the offline shop to go online
Same visual appereance
Virtual
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Appendix
The appendix will provide a deeper understanding of the process, the project team went through, to
set up the management summary. Topics to be addressed in the appendix will be information about
the company VAUDE, general information about Argentina, market characteristics and consumers in
Argentina as well as the pros and cons of them for possible channels.
1. VAUDE.......................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Vision ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Business segments................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Production facilities ................................................................................................................. 4
1.4. Distribution .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.5. History ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Argentina ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1 General country conditions ..................................................................................................... 6
a. General .................................................................................................................................... 6
b. Political .................................................................................................................................... 6
c. Economical .............................................................................................................................. 7
d. Social ........................................................................................................................................ 7
e. Technological ........................................................................................................................... 7
f. Environmental ......................................................................................................................... 7
g. Legal ......................................................................................................................................... 7
h. Key Findings general country conditions Argentina ................................................................ 7
2.2. Market characteristics ............................................................................................................. 8
2.3. Potential Customers ................................................................................................................ 9
2.4. Main competitors for VAUDE .................................................................................................. 9
2.5. Possible offline sales structure .............................................................................................. 10
2.6. Possible E-commerce structure ............................................................................................. 11
3. Presentations ............................................................................................. 14
3.1 Presentation 1 ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.2. Presentation 2 ....................................................................................................................... 17
List of references .............................................................................................. 23
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Attitudes towards online and offline shopping ...................................................................... 10
Figure 2: 10 biggest cities in Argentina ................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3: E-commerce share of total retail in Argentina ....................................................................... 11
Figure 4: Online shopper device penetration in Argentina ................................................................... 11
Figure 5: Online retailers in Argentina .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 6: Preferred online payment methods in Argentina .................................................................. 12
Figure 7: Reasons to buy online in Argentina ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 8: Number of online shoppers in Argentina ............................................................................... 13
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1. VAUDE
To decide whether to go to a country or not, the vision and strategical goals of the company have to
be understood:
VAUDE is a modern and family-run company which emphasises on being environmentally friendly.
They are an outdoor supplier, which takes, according to them, social and environmental responsibility.1
Their goal is to be Europe’s most sustainable brand of the outdoor gear segment. In being or enforcing
the sustainable approach the have a cooperation with many different partners like WWF.
1.1. Vision
According to the website, VAUDE should stand for a certain kind of spirit of a partnership with people
and nature. The goal of becoming Europe’s most sustainable outdoor brand should be fulfilled with
the greater goal that future generations can still enjoy the nature. 2
1.2. Business segments All in all, they have three business segments
Mountain sports, Bike sports, Packs’n and Bags.3
In these segments they produce Outdoor Clothing, Shoes, Backpacks, Sleeping bags, Tents, Bags and accessorising. The target groups are people who like doing mountaineering, ski mountaineering, hiking, trekking, mountain biking and road cycling. 4
1.3. Production facilities As mentioned also in their Vision and values, VAUDE also tries to manage their production facilities in
a fair way. The most important facilities are directly managed by VAUDE or in close cooperation. This
includes one facility in the headquarter in Tettnang, and another facility in Bim Son, in Vietnam. In
Germany 32 employees are working in the Production, whereas in Vietnam there are 1.000 people
working for VAUDE.5
1.4. Distribution On their website VAUDE mentions, that they place a lot of trust in specialist stores and the importance
of the competence in service and advice.
The business partners, they work with can, according to them, help with any questions or problems.
Furthermore, repairs or a VAUDE product or a replacement part can be handled directly with the
dealers in a short time.6
1 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-a 2 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-b 3 Cf. VAUDE o. J. 4 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-c 5 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-d 6 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-b
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Additionally, to the retailers they have some more distribution channels:
Online Shop: where the entire range of gear can be found. The expertise of the online shop is hold by Arendicon. If a product is bought the shop contacts the nearest dealer, which is then also responsible for the service.7
VAUDE Stores: those are flagship stores, which are mostly only situated in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. 8
Franchise: Mostly the mentioned VAUDE flagship stores are a franchise concept which creates brand experience that reflect the values, global high-end concept store design- only with professional retail partners
Outlet Stores: VAUDE offers factory outlets with discontinued products from previous collections or prototypes.9
Second Use Shop: In these shops VAUDE resells brand products which are no longer used, VAUDE is for example also offered at the EBay platform. With these channels they extend life cycle of outdoor articles10
Online Shops: In contrast to their support strategy, they are also present in web shops like Bergfreunde, Zalando, Hervis and Amazon.11
1.5. History Here is a short summary of the history of the company VAUDE from 1974 until 2015:
Albrecht von Dewitz founded the Mountain sports in 1974, thin mountain air of the alps 1980 Headquarter in Tettnang – continuously expanded (now 500 employees) 1992 New business segment: bike sports (clothing & accessories for cyclists) 1998 Packs’n Bag (fashionably & functional) 2001 childcare centre 2001 Bluesign (environmental standards) 2002 Partnership with DAV (German alpine association) 2009 Daughter takes over company 2010 Green Shape (guarantee for environmentally friendly products) 2011 WWF (cooperation) 2012 Climate neutrality (products manufactured are climate neutral) 2015 fair wear foundation 2015 remodelling company building -> sustainability12
7 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-a 8 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-g 9 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-f 10 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-e 11 Cf. Zalando 2018 12 Cf. VAUDE o. J.-c
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2. Argentina
The following chapter will bring up some detailed information about Argentina. Especially topics like
general country conditions, market conditions, customer base, main competitors and possible sales
structures will be addressed.
2.1 General country conditions
a. General The base of this short analysis about ARG will be the PESTEL-factors. ARG is located in the southern
part of South America and is the second largest country on this continent. The eastern border of ARG
is the Atlantic Ocean, while the neighbour countries are Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The capital is Buenos Aires with 3 m. inhabitants and the overall population of ARG is 44 m.
The transportation network in ARG is very large but suffers from bad quality. Especially transportation
by train is hard to manage.13
b. Political ARG is a presidential democracy and the president is Mauricio Macri. The political history of ARG had
a lot of ups and downs. Looking back to the 1970s ARG always suffered from political instability and
national bankruptcies. Due to that development customers are really conservative with their
13 Cf. Auswärtiges Amt 2017a; Transamerika 2017; WKO 2018; Länderdaten 2017 14 Cf. Transamerika o. J. 15 Cf. Weltkarte.com o. J. 16 Cf. Auswärtiges Amt o. J.
Facts
Location South America
Neighbour countries: CHL, BOL, PRY, BRA, URY
Mountains: Andes, Sierras Pampeanas, Mesetas
of Patagonia14
15
Size 2.780.000 Km²
Capital Buenos Aires 3 Mio. inhabitants
Population 43,6 Mio.
Language Hispanic
Religion Catholics 90%, Protestants 2%, Jews 1%16
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spending’s.17 Also corruption and political risk index are rather high.18 At the moment the political
situation is not really dangerous but should be watched closely because changes can have a big impact
on general spending’s of the potential customers.
c. Economical The currency of ARG is the argentine peso and suffers from high currency fluctuations. The average
yearly income in ARG is € 11.500. A higher level of income can be seen in the wider middle class. In this
part of the population people tend to buy western premium brands and are more quality conscious.
All together the income distribution seems to be very unequal which is proven by a Gini coefficient of
42,7 percent. The inflation rate for 2018 is estimated with 18 percent, the unemployment rate is
estimated with 8 percent.19
An interesting aspect for the future is the trade agreement Mercosur which is in negotiation.20 The
most important economic sector is tourism industry.21
d. Social The age distribution in ARG is as at follows: People with age >65 = 11 percent; People with age 15-64
= 63,9 percent; People with age <15 = 25.1 percent. The urbanization level is 92 percent. The age
distribution can be an important factor to concretise the target group.22
e. Technological At the moment ARG still has problems with electricity generation.
The number of people who have access to the internet is increasing over the years. In 2017, 30 m. of
people have access to the internet.
Number of telecommunication users has increased from 17 percent in the year 2000 up to 148 percent
in 2018. 22,5 m. people use smartphones. At the moment ARG has 16,8 m. online shoppers. These
numbers can give a concrete direction towards the meaningfulness of e-commerce shopping.23
f. Environmental The landscape of ARG is has lot of different variations, from alpine mountains over a lot of rivers and
swamps up to the rainforest which results in different climate zones. The winter in ARG is the European
summer.
ARG also suffers from a lot of environmental issues like the quality of water and air as well as water
scarcity. These issues have a great impact on health and life of each individual in ARG.24
g. Legal Doing business, or even starting business in ARG can only be done by an intermediary. A local retailer
or companies from ARG are needed to get a step into the Argentine market. Most of these local
retailers want exclusive rights for the distribution of specific goods.25
h. Key Findings general country conditions Argentina The Argentine landscape offers several possibilities for outdoor lovers. For example, hiking and
trekking fans find the best destinations in Patagonia, while the Andes are more the region for general
outdoor lovers. Also, mountaineering is very big in ARG and was recognized by VAUDE in the year 2011
17 Cf. GTAI 2018; Cf. Auswärtiges Amt 2017b 18 Cf. Rastlos 2018; Cf. Auswärtiges Amt 2017a 19 Cf. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH 2018; Gtai 2017; WKO 2018; Cia.gov 2017 20 Cf. Österreich; H; Kontaktseite 2017 21 Cf. WKO 2018 22 Cf. WKO 2018 23 Cf. WKO 2018; Eshopworld 2018 24 Cf. Auswärtiges Amt 2017a; GTAI 2018 25 Cf. Pfalz Ihk 24 2017
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when the company was sponsoring a rock-climbing trip to Cerro Torre and Fitz Roy in Patagonia. Also,
the responsibility for sustainability was recognised in this project. Besides summer tourists ARG offers
a lot of possibilities for winter sports enthusiast, another interesting target group. A lot of people have
discovered the European summer to go to ARG for skiing.
Opportunities & Challenges for VAUDE:
Opportunities Challenges
General country conditions Landscape offers a lot of possibilities for outdoor activities
Segment sports & outdoor is rising
Use of internet & telecommunication is rising
63,9 percent of population in possible target group
Political and economic crisis over the last 50 years
People very sensitive in spending
Hard to start business in ARG
Bad transportation network
2.2. Market characteristics People in ARG tend to approximate European standards in shopping behaviour. But besides that, due
to political and economic crises in the past, customers really want to know what they get for their
money. They tend to compare prices up to 6 times before they purchase a product. Older population
tends to buy cheaper sub brands, but on the other side younger generation likes to buy European and
well-known brands. Most popular places to shop are big retail stores with a broad product assortment
as well as small specialized dealers. 16,8 m. people use online shopping. The most popular e-commerce
platforms are Mercado Libre, eBay and Amazon.
The segment sports & outdoor is growing by 12 percent every year, revenue will be $ 133 m. in 2018.
Doing business in ARG is not possible without an intermediary.26
Opportunities & Challenges for VAUDE:
Opportunities Challenges
Market characteristics Segment sports & outdoor rising
Recognition for European brands
Access to stores Big retail stores and
specialized stores E-commerce rising
Older generation very price sensitive
Need intermediary to start business
26 Cf. Santandertrade 2018; Statista 2017b; 2018
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2.3. Potential Customers Potential customers in ARG for VAUDE are part of the wider middle class with a higher level of income.
Another potential target group is the younger generation. These people tend to buy more western
premium brands to be more fashionable.
In general people in ARG are very price sensitive due to economic and political crisis in the past.
Customers are not very loyal, have a conservative shopping behaviour and buying only what is really
necessary.
Potential customers are passionate about sports and outdoor activities but do not care too much about
sustainability. Rally important for potential customers in ARG are after sales services, terms of delivery
and an easy access to stores. 92 percent live in cities which makes the access to stores easier and also
the outdoor possibilities around the bigger cities like Buenos Aires are very popular.27
Opportunities & Challenges for VAUDE:
Opportunities Challenges
Potential customers Wider middle class Young people tend
to buy western brands
Passionate about sports & outdoor
Urbanization
Price sensitivity Political end
economical past Low income No loyalty
2.4. Main competitors for VAUDE The sports & outdoor segment is growing in ARG. This is why more and more foreign brands try to
enter the market in ARG. The main competitors for VAUDE are Patagonia, The North Face and
Columbia and the local brand Montagne.
The main competitor is the brand Patagonia due to its pretty similar attitude towards sustainability.
The brand sells their products in ARG over their own online store, besides this the company cooperates
with several retailers.
The local competitor Montagne does not focus on sustainability too much, the focus is more on
technological issues.28
Opportunities & Challenges for VAUDE:
Opportunities Challenges
Main competitors High market potential
Differentiation in brand communication to local competitor Montagne
Lots of competitors see chances in the market in ARG
Same Brand communication of competitors, for example Patagonia
27 Cf. Santandertrade 2018; Buskerkud and Vestfold University College 2014 28 Cf. Columbia Sportswear 2018; Patagonia 2018; Montagne 2018; The North Face 2018; Statista o. J.
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2.5. Possible offline sales structure Like mentioned before the urbanization in ARG is 92 percent and the structure of offline shops is
divided into big retail stores with a broad product assortment and small specialized stores. There is no
chance of doing business without an Argentine partner. This is the reason why opening an own store
might be rather hard at the beginning. Bigger retail stores are Fallabella and Intersport. Also, the
competitor Patagonia is using the platform big retail stores to sell their products.29
Opportunities & Challenges for VAUD30E:
Opportunities Challenges
Offline shopping Good access to stores, urbanization
Good retail store structure
Patagonia uses same strategy to sell products
Hard to open own store
29 Cf. Patagonia 2018; Yelp 2018; WKO 2018 30 Cf. Statista 2017a
Figure 1: 10 biggest cities in Argentina
Figure 2: Attitudes towards online and offline shopping
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2.6. Possible E-commerce structure
The e-commerce sector was raising in ARG over the last couple years. And more growth is predicted.
The share of the e-commerce sector in ARG was around 3 percent in 2018.
Most of the people tend to do their online shopping over desktop or laptop. Information finding takes
place over smartphones.
Figure 4: Online shopper device penetration in Argentina
The most popular retail website in ARG is Mercado Libre. The platform was founded and is based in
ARG and operates in different Latin American countries. Mercado Libre exists since 1999, is very
responsive and an app is also available. Like mentioned before Argentines tend to compare products,
this is why online shopping becomes more and more important for VAUDE in ARG.
Figure 3: E-commerce share of total retail in Argentina
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Figure 5: Online retailers in Argentina
Most common paying methods in e-commerce in ARG are credit card a direct debit.
Figure 6: Preferred online payment methods in Argentina
The most important reasons for customers to buy online in ARG are that they can buy any time and
that it is comfortable.
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Figure 7: Reasons to buy online in Argentina
The number of online shoppers is increasing every year in ARG.
Figure 8: Number of online shoppers in Argentina
To enter the e-commerce market in ARG it might need different channels. Sell over the company
website as first channel as well as over a platform like Mercado Libre.31
31 Cf. Eshopworld 2018; Santandertrade 2018; Statista 2018
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Opportunities & Challenges for VAUDE:
Opportunities Challenges
Online shopping E-commerce is rising Quick market entry
over Mercado Libre possible
Online channels easy for customers to get information
Competitors like Patagonia use same strategy
Due to growing numbers in e-commerce still small sector compared to offline retail
3. Presentations
3.1 Presentation 1
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3.2. Presentation 2
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Global Channel Strategy Bernhard Bock & Lia Klimmer
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List of references
Auswärtiges Amt (2017a): Auswärtiges Amt. Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Laender/Argentinien.html (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Auswärtiges Amt (o. J.): Auswärtiges Amt. Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Laender/Argentinien.html (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Auswärtiges Amt (2017b): Auswärtiges Amt. Außenpolitik. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/TschechischeRepublik/Aussenpolitik.html (Zugriff am: 29.10.2017).
Buskerkud and Vestfold University College (2014): Sustainability in Argentina. Online im Internet: URL: http://academiab.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Group2A-Sustainability-in-Argentina.pdf (Zugriff am: 17.11.2018).
Cia.gov (2017): The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html (Zugriff am: 29.10.2017).
Columbia Sportswear (2018): Columbia Sportswear Argentina - Bienvenidos. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.columbiasportswear.com.ar/new/ (Zugriff am: 04.12.2018).
Eshopworld (2018): eShopWorld. Argentina eCommerce Insights | 20.56 Million Online Shoppers By 2022. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.eshopworld.com/blog/argentina-ecommerce-insights-2018/ (Zugriff am: 17.11.2018).
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH (2018): Inflation droht zu eskalieren: Argentiniens nächste Krise - Konjunktur - FAZ. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/konjunktur/inflation-droht-zu-eskalieren-argentiniens-naechste-krise-12788862.html (Zugriff am: 17.01.2018).
GTAI (2018): GTAI - Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/Weltkarte/Amerika/argentinien.html (Zugriff am: 03.12.2018).
Gtai (2017): GTAI - Wirtschaftsstruktur und Chancen. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/Maerkte/Geschaeftspraxis/wirtschaftsstruktur-und-chancen,t=wirtschaftsstruktur-und-chancen--tschechische-republik,did=1294920.html (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Länderdaten (2017): Verkehr und Infrastruktur in Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.laenderdaten.info/Amerika/Argentinien/verkehr.php (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Montagne (2018): Montagne - Indumentaria Outdoors y artículos de camping - Montagne Outdoors. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.montagneoutdoors.com.ar/ (Zugriff am: 04.12.2018).
Österreich, Mag Claudia STOWASSERWirtschaftskammer; H, Abteilung für Finanz-und; Kontaktseite, elspolitikTelefon+43 5 90 900 3536E-MailE-Mail senden var username = „Claudia Stowasser“; var hostname = „wko at“; $ attr; $ html; Detaillierte (2017): Handelsabkommen EU-
Global Channel Strategy Bernhard Bock & Lia Klimmer
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Lateinamerika - Mercosur. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.wko.at/service/aussenwirtschaft/EU_-_Mercosur.html (Zugriff am: 22.11.2017).
Patagonia (2018): Environmentalism: Enviro & Social Responsibility - Patagonia. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.patagonia.com/environmentalism.html (Zugriff am: 04.12.2018).
Pfalz Ihk 24 (2017): IHK für die Pfalz. Wirtschaftsrecht Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.pfalz.ihk24.de/international/Kompetenzzentrum_Lateinamerika_channel/Argentinien/Wirtschaftsrecht_Argentinien/1282966 (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Rastlos (2018): Argentinien: Politik und Wirtschaft in Argentinien. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.rastlos.com/argentinien/politik_und_wirtschaft/ (Zugriff am: 17.01.2018).
Santandertrade (2018): Reaching the Argentinian consumer. Online im Internet: URL: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/analyse-markets/argentina/reaching-the-consumers (Zugriff am: 17.11.2018).
Statista (2017a): Attitudes towards online shopping in Argentina 2017. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.statista.com/forecasts/822472/opinions-on-online-shopping-in-argentina (Zugriff am: 05.12.2018).
Statista (2018): Statista. Leading retail websites in Argentina 2017. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.statista.com/statistics/742185/retail-websites-argentina/ (Zugriff am: 17.11.2018).
Statista (2017b): Statista. Sport & Outdoor - Argentinien | Statista Marktprognose. Online im Internet: URL: https://de.statista.com/outlook/259/114/sport-outdoor/argentinien (Zugriff am: 19.11.2017).
Statista (o. J.): Statista. Sports & Outdoor - Argentina | Statista Market Forecast. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.statista.com/outlook/259/114/sports-outdoor/argentina (Zugriff am: 01.12.2018).
The North Face (2018): The North Face® | Home. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.thenorthface.com.ar/thenorthfaceargentina/ (Zugriff am: 01.12.2018).
Transamerika (2017): Argentinien - Geographie und Landkarte. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.transamerika.org/pages/argentinien/geographie.php (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
Transamerika (o. J.): Argentinien - Geographie und Landkarte. Online im Internet: URL: http://www.transamerika.org/pages/argentinien/geographie.php (Zugriff am: 30.10.2017).
VAUDE (o. J.-a): VAUDE International. Find a Dealer. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Where-to-buy/Find-a-Dealer/ (Zugriff am: 01.12.2018).
VAUDE (o. J.-b): VAUDE International. Good reasons for VAUDE. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Company/About-us/Good-reasons-for-VAUDE/ (Zugriff am: 01.12.2018).
VAUDE (o. J.-c): VAUDE United Kingdom. History. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-GB/Company/About-us/History/ (Zugriff am: 15.11.2018).
VAUDE (o. J.-d): Production facilities. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Company/About-us/Production-facilities/ (Zugriff am: 15.11.2018).
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Vaude (o. J.-a): VAUDE International. Responsibility for people and nature. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Company/About-us/ (Zugriff am: 04.12.2018).
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Vaude (o. J.-b): VAUDE International. Strategic Vision. Online im Internet: URL: https://www.vaude.com/en-INT/Company/About-us/Strategic-Vision/ (Zugriff am: 04.11.2018).
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