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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCING SCIENCE
(PENGENALAN SAINS)
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SCIENCE
Sains ialah satu ilmu pengetahuan hasil daripada kajian yang sistematiktentang segala benda dan kejadian dalam alam sekitar.
Explain all phenomena or all things about
(menerangkan semua kejadian tentang)
Tumbuhandanhaiwan
Bumi danlangit
Cuaca danangin
pergerakanbahan
Bagaimana
bendaberoperasi
Bunga
berkembang
Ribut petir hujanBola jatuh
ke tanah
Mesin
beroperasi
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1. Sains adalah bidang ilmu pengetahuanyang berkaitan dengan dunia sekeliling.
2. Teknologi adalah penggunaan ilmu sainsuntuk keperluan manusia.
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IMPORTANT OF
SCIENCE(kepentingan sains)
We get to know and understand the
environment and ourselves.(membantu kita memahami alam
sekeliling dan diri kita)
Can bring answers to the problems we
face.(memberi jawapan kepada masalahyang kita hadapi)
Enables us to develop new technologies.(membolehkan kita
memperkembangkan teknologi baru)
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Contributions
of science(sumbangan sains)
Health(kesihatan)
Comforts of life(untuk kesenanganhidup)
Communication(komunikasi)
Agriculture(pertanian)
Transport(pengangkutan)
Spacepioneering
(Penerokaanangkasa lepas)
Entertainment(hiburan)
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KERJAYA DALAMBIDANG SAINS
GURU
SAINS
DOKTOR
DOKTOR
GIGI
AHLIFARMASI
JURUTERA
ANGKASAWAN
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L b f l
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Laboratory safety rule( do) ( Dont do )
1. Keep the laboratory clean and
tidy(Pastikan makmal bersih dankemas)
1. Do not enter the laboratory
without your teacherspermission.
(Jangan masuk ke dalam makmaltanpa kebenaran guru)
2. Wash all apparatus after
use.(Cuci peralatan yang telahdigunakan)
2. Do not play or run in the
laboratory(Jangan bermain/berlaridlm makmal)
3. Report any injury or breakageto your teacher immediately.(Laporkan sebarang kecederaan
/kerosakan kepada guru)
3. Do not eat or drink in thelaboratory (Jangan makan/minumdalam makmal)
4. Do not taste any chemical.
(Jangan merasa sebarang bahankimia)
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Nyalaan Kuning
Berlaku bila lubang udaraditutup
Senang dilihat kerananyalaan berkilau
Nyalaan menghasilkanbanyak jelaga
Nyalaan tidak panasseperti nyalaan biru
Tidak sesuai untukpemanasan
Nyalaan Biru
Berlaku bila lubang udaradibuka
Sukar dilihat kerananyalaan tidak berkilau
Nyalaan tidakmenghasilkan jelaga
Nyalaan sangat panas
Sesuai untuk pemanasan
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Refer Table 1.1 (Page 14 in Text book)
Process skills in science (Kemahiran Proses Sains)
1. Asking questions (Tanya soalan)
2. Making observation (Membuat pemerhatian)
3. Taking measurements (Mengambil ukuran/sukatan)
4. Recording the data collected ( Merekod data yangdikumpulkan)
5. Analysing and interpreting data ( Menganalisis dan
mentafsir data)
6. Making conclusions (Membuat kesimpulan)
7. Writing reports to communicate the results (Menulis
laporan untuk melaporkan keputusan)
Step in a scientific investigation
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Step in a scientific investigation(Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik)
4.
1. Identifying a problem (Mengenal pasti masalah)
2. Forming a hypothesis (Membina / membuat hipotesis)
3.Planning the experiment (Merancang eksperimen)
(Menjalankan eksperimen)mengawal pembolehubah 1) manipulasi
2) bergerakbalas3) dimalarkan
5. Collecting data (Mengumpul data)
6. Analyzing and interpreting data (Analisis dan mentafsir data)
7. Making conclusion (Membuat kesimpulan)
8. Writing Report (Menulis laporan)
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Aktiviti 1.31. U - Mengenal pasti masalah2. W3. P
4. R5. Q
6. V7. T8. S
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Aktiviti 1.3(a) Mengumpul data
(b) Membuat kesimpulan(c) Mengawal pemboleh ubah
(d) Membuat hipotesis(e) Membuat hipotesis
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Fix Number of oscillation
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1. A simple pendulum with 10 cm long thread is prepared
2. The pendulum is pulled to one side, then it is released
3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations is recorded in a table
4. The experiment is repeated using a simple pendulum of differentlengths as shown in the table.
5. A graph showing the length of pendulum versus the time taken for 10complete oscillations is drawn.
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Panjangbandul
(cm) 1 2 3
Purata Masayang
diambiluntuk 1ayunan
lengkap40 12 13 13 (12+13+13)
/ 3 = 12.212.2 / 10 =
1.22
50 15 16 15
60 16 16 16 48 / 3 = 16 16 / 10 =1.6
70 17 17 17 17 1.7
80 17 19 19
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1.4 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIRUNITS (Kuantiti Fizikal dan unitnya)
1. Physical quantities are quantities that can be
measured.(Kuantiti fizikal ialah yang bolehdiukur)
2. Example of physical quantities are (Contoh-contohkuantiti fizikal ialah ):
a. Length(panjang)b. Mass (jisim)
c. Time (masa)
d. Temperature (suhu)
e. Electric current (arus elektrik)
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Physical quantities and the S.I unit for eachmeasurement (kuantiti fizikal dan unit SI
antarabangsa untuk setiap pengukuran ialah)
Physical quantity
(kuantiti fizikal)
S.I unit
(unit SI-antarabangsa)
Symbol ofunit
Length (panjang) Metre(m)-meter m
Mass (jisim) Kilogram (kg)-kilogram kg
Time (MASA) Second (s)-saat s
Temperature(suhu)
Degree Celsius (C) orKelvin (K)-darjah celsiusatau Kelvin
K
Electric current(arus elektrik) Ampere-(Ampere)
A
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Physical quantity
(kuantiti fizikal)
S.I unit
(unit SI-antarabangsa)
Symbol ofunit
Length (panjang)
Mass (jisim)
Time (MASA)
Temperature(suhu)
Electric current(arus elektrik)
Early method of measuring length
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Early method of measuring length
1. The physical quantities that are used in specificationsand labels of goods have certain values and units.
Example:Mass (jisim) = 2 kg
Physical quantity
(kuantiti fizikal)
Value
(nilai)
Unit
(unit)
(jengkal) (hasta) (depa)
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Using prefixes in measurement
1. Prefixes use whenthe quantities wemeasure have verybig values or very
small values.
2. The use of prefixes
makes it easier forus to write thesemeasurement.
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Prefix Symbol Value of prefix
kilo- k 1000
centi- c 1/100 = 0.01
milli- m 1/1000 = 0.001
Mega- M 1000 000
deci- d 1/10 = 0.1micro- 1/1000 000 = 0.000 001
1 10
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1 cm = 10 mm
1mm = 1/10 cm (0.1 cm)
1m = 100 cm
1 cm = 1/100m (0.01 m)
1m = 1000 mm
1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001 m)
..1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 1/ 1000 km (0.001 m)
exercisex10
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exercise
Question method
1 cm= mm 1 cm X 10 = 10 mm
8 cm= mm 8 cm X 10 = 80 mm
10 cm = mm . mm
50 cm = mm . mm
120 cm = mm mm
a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)b. 1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)
x10
/10
a 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)
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question method
1 mm = ..cm 1 mm X 1/10 = 0.1 cm
9 mm = ..cm .cm
27 mm = ..cm .cm
50 mm = ..cm .cm
89 mm = ..cm cm
a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)
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1. 4 cm = .mm
2. 7 cm = .mm
3. 14 cm = ..mm4. 46 cm = ..mm
5. 66 cm = ..mm
6. 5 mm = ..cm
7. 60 mm = .cm
8. 80 mm = .cm
9. 190 mm = cm
10.210 mm = cm
1 cm = 10 mm
1mm = 0.1 cm
X10
10
1 m = 100 cm
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1 m = 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m
1. 1m = ..cm
2. 3 m = .cm
3. 7 m = ..cm
4. 21m = ..cm
5. 48 m = .cm
6. 99 m = ..cm
7. 107m = ..cm
8. 297m= cm
1 m = 100 cm
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1 m 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m
1. 1 cm = ..m
2. 8 cm = ..m3. 11cm = .m
4. 72 cm = m
5. 95 cm = m6. 111 cm = ..m
7. 218 cm = ..m
8. 330 cm = ..m9. 0.2 cm = ..m
10. 0.17 cm= ..m
i
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exercise
1. 4m = ..cm
2. 9 m = .cm
3. 12 m = ..cm
4. 22m = ..cm
5. 57 m = .cm
6. 68 cm = ..m
7. 88 cm = ..m
8. 0.5 cm = ..m
9. 0.7 cm = ..m
10. 0.15 cm= ..m
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1m = 1000 mm1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001)
1. 1m= .mm 6. 1 mm = .m
2. 2 m = ..mm 7. 2 mm = m
3. 7 m = ..mm 8. 50 mm = ..m4. 40 m = ..mm 9. 89 mm = m
5. 79 m = ..mm 10. 100 mm ..m
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1 km = 1000 m1 m = 1/ 1000 km =0.001km
1. 1 km= .m 6. 1000 m = .km
2. 2 km = ..m 7. 2000 m = km
3. 7 km = ..m 8. 5000 m = ..km
4. 40 km = ..m 9. 8900 m = km
5. 79 km = ..m 10. 7000 m ..km
Symbols and value ofsymbols for prefixes
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Symbols and value ofsymbols for prefixes
Prefix Symbol True value of the symbol Value of the
symbol instandard form
Mega M 1000 000 1 X 106
Kilo k 1000 1 X 103
Desi d 1/ 10 = 0.1 1 X 10-1
Centi c 1/ 100 = 0.01 1 X 10-2
Milli m 1/ 1000 = 0.001 1 X 10-3
Micro 1/1000 000 = 0.000 001 1 X 10-6
nano n 0.000 000 001 1 X 10-9
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Prefix Symbol
Giga G
Tera T
Exa E
Zetta Z
Pico P
Fento F
anto A
Value of the symbol in standardform
1 X 109
1 X 1012
1 X 1018
1 X 1021
1 X 10-12
1 X 10-15
1 X 10-18
exercies
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1. Change the value of physical quantities below to the standardform, and to prefix form.
a. 3000 g to kgb. 0.0075 m to mm
c. 5.5 mm to m
d. 8.3 mm to km
exercies
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Exercise 1.4
1. Physical quantity is a quantitythat can be measured.
2. (a)
kg(b) m
(c) A
(d) s
(e) K
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3. (a) 1 / 1000 = 0.001
(b) 1 / 100 = 0.01
(c) 1000
4. (a) 90 kg
(b) 18.5 km(c) 6 mg
(d) 1.5 mm
(e) 0.5 kg
(f) 30 cm
CONCEPT OF weight (Konsep berat)
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CONCEPT OF weight (Konsep berat)
1. The weight is gravitational pull that acts on the object.(Berat suatu objek ialah daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke
atas objek tersebut).
2. The weight -can change(Berat sesuatu objek boleh berubah kerana ia bergantung kepadatarikan graviti).
3. It depends on the gravitational force(Ia bergantung kepada daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atassesuatu objek. Berat adalah berbeza dari satu tempat ke satutempat)
4. The S.I unit for weight is Newton (N)
(Unit S.I antarabangsa bagi berat ialah Newton)
5. The weight of an object is measured by using a spring balanceor a compression balance.( Berat sesuatu objek diukur dengan menggunakan neraca springdan neraca mampatan).
W i ht
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1. The weight is gravitational pull that acts
on the object. (Berat suatu objek ialahdaya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atasobjek tersebut).
Weight
Balance to measure weight
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Balance to measure weight
(neracaspring)
(Neraca mampatan)
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. Salin Table 1.4 dalam buku teks m/s 23
. Buat Exercises 1.5
(1) mass
(2) weight(3) kilogram (kg)
(4) Newton (N)
(5) Spring balance and compression balance(6) ..
Homework
CONCEPT OF MASS(konsep jisim)
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1. The mass of an object is the quantity of
matter that is present in the object.(Jisim suatuobjek adalah kuantiti jirim yang terkandung di dalamobjek tersebut.
2. The mass of an object is fixed although it may bemoved to different places (Jisim adalah tetapwalaupun di tempat yang berlainan).
3. Mass is different from weight. The mass of anobject is not influenced by the force ofgravitational pull (Jisim tidak dipengaruhi oleh dayatarikan graviti).
4. The S.I unit for mass is kilogram (kg). Other unitsfor mass is gram (g) and miligram (mg).Unit S.I bagijisim ialah Kilogram (kg). Unit lain adalah gram (g)dan miligram (mg).
5. Alat untuk mengukur jisim adalah neraca tuas,neraca tiga alur, neraca 2 alur, dan neraca
elektronik
CONCEPT OF MASS(konsep jisim)
Types of balance to measure mass (alat untuk sukat
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jisim)
er ezaan antara s m an erat
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(Perbezaan) (Jisim) (Berat)
(dipengaruhi
oleh tarikangraviti)
(Kuantiti jirim dalam
objek)(Tidak dipengaruhi olehtarikan graviti)
(berat-daya tarikan graviti
yang bertindak padasesuatu objek)
(Dipengaruhi oleh tarikangraviti)
(Nilai) (Tetap dan tidak kira
tempat)
(Berubah-ubah mengikut
tempat)(Unit ukuran) Kilogram (kg), gram (g),
and miligram (mg)Newton (N)
(Alat pengukur) Neraca tuas, neraca dwialur, neraca tiga alur,neraca elektronik
Neraca spring dan neracamampatan
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DIFFERENCES Mass(jisim) Weight (berat)
Influence of
gravitationalforce
(pengaruhtarikan graviti)
Value
(nilai)
Unit ofmeasurement
(unit)
Measuringinstruments inthe laboratory
(alat)
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USE OF MEASURING
TOOLSMEASUREMENT
OF
LENGTH (PANJANG)
1 6 MEASURE OF LENGTH
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1.6 MEASURE OF LENGTH(Mengukur Panjang)
1. Length is the distance between twopoints (Panjang ialah jarak antara 2titik).
2. The S.I unit = metre (m).unit (SI
unit untuk panjang ialah meter(m).
3. Short lengths=JARAK PENDEKA. centimetres (cm) or millimetres
(mm). (Jarak pendek boleh disukat
dalam unit sentimeter(cm) ataumilimeter (mm).
4. Long distances = kilometres (km).Jarak panjang disukat dalam unitkilometer.
The relationshipbetween the unitsis as follows:
1 cm = 10 mm
1 m = 100cm
1 km = 1000m
TOOL FOR MEASURING LENGTH
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1. How to measure straight line (garis lurus)?
use metre ruler.
2. The Correct eye position to read the scale
B
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Extra input
The accuracy of a measurement can
be improved if the person doing the
measurement can avoid makingerrors.
The error caused by an incorrect eyeposition when taking a measurementis known as parallax error.
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3. How to measure long straight line?
By using measuring tape
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4. How to MEASURE CURVED LINE (garisanbengkok) ?
a. using thread (benang) and ruler,b. Opisometer (map)c. soft measuring tape
Opisometer (sukat jarak yang bengkang-bengkok
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Opisometer (sukat jarak yang bengkang bengkok
Exercise
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1. What is length?Length is the distance between two point.
2. Why should the average value (nilai purata) of a fewreadings be required?To get a result that is more precise
3. State two advantages of using a measuring tapea. can be used to measure a long straight lineb. Can measure length of curved line
4. State why the meter ruler is not suitable to measure:a. The length of a classroom Because the length of a classroom is too long/big
5 The thickness of a strand of hair
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5. The thickness of a strand of hair.because the thickness of a strand of hair is too
small/too thin
6. Suggest how you would measure the length of a riveron a map. By using opisometer and thread + ruler
7. The length of an object can be measure by using a
ruler or measuring tape.
8. The length of a curve line can be measured with theuse of thread and ruler/ opisometer
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Luas
Luas = panjang X lebar=5cm X 3 cm= 15 cm 2
Luas = (tapak X tinggi)= (7 cm X 3 cm)= (21 cm2)
= 10.5 cm2
7 cm (tapak)
3 cm (tinggi)
Panjang =5 cm
Lebar=3 cm
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The total surface covered by an object
Square centimetre / cm2
MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETER OF ANE ( k d k)
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OBJECT(mengukur diameter sesuatu objek)
A. Internal diametermeasure using internal calipers and ruler
B: External diameter measure using
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B: External diameter----measure using
external calipers and ruler
C: Diameter of a spherical object(diameter
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C: Diameter of a spherical object(diameterobjek berbentuk sfera boleh disukatdengan mengunakan):
(i) Two wooden blocks and a ruler(dua blokkayu)
(i) Two set squares and a ruler (
THE TICKNESS OF THE BEAKER IS Not
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THE TICKNESS OF THE BEAKER IS Notuniform (tidak seragam)
Thickness of beaker=
Test tube/measuring cylinder/burette
Measure the tickness of a hundred sheets ofpaper with external calipers and divide the valueyou obtained by 100.
Conclusion:
The external diameter and internal diameter of a
beaker can be measured by usingExternal calipers +ruler and internal calipers +
ruler
Vernier caliper
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p1. Vernier caliper can be used to measure small distances
accurately.
2. Vernier calipers are used for measuring short objects withaccuracy such as thickness of an eraser or used to measurethe internal and external diameters of objects such as aboiling tube, a measring cylinder, a test tube and themouth of a conecal flask.
3. The internal jaws are used to measure the internal diameterof a container. The external jaws are used to measure theexternal diameter of a container.
4. This instrument gives readings with an accuracy of up to
0.01cm.
5. The vernier calipers has two scales. The main scale isgraduated in centimetre units. The vernier scales, a scale of9 mm, has 10 divisions. One division is 0.9 mm.
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Vernier calipers
Sukatdiameterdalam bikar
Sukat diameterLuar bikar
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Micrometer screw gauge digunakan untuk menyukat jarak yang kecilseperti Ketebalan kertas, diameter dawai atau diameter rambut.
MEASUREMENT OF AREA
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1. Area is the total surface occupied by an object.(luaspermukaan yang diliputi oleh sesuatu objek).
2. Area is measure in square metres (m2), squarecentimetres (cm2) and square millimetres (mm2) unit.
(luas segi empat)
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Dikira dengan:Panjang X lebar
Luas=panjang X lebar4 cm x 3 cm
= 12 cm2
Luas=1/2 tapak X tinggi
=1/2 4 cm x 3 cm=1/2 x 12 cm2
= 6 cm2
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1. We use a measuring cylinder, burette or pipette tomeasure the volume of a liquid
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measure the volume of a liquid.
Cylinder pipette burette
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The apparatus show above are use to measureVolume of liquid
3 Two precautionary (langkah
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3.Two precautionary (langkahberjaga-jaga)
a.Place the measuring cylinder on aflat surface (letakkan measuring
cylinder di tempat yang rata)b.The eye must be on the same
level as the meniscus of the liquid(kedudukan mata mesti selarasdengan paras meniscus.
Measuring cylinder
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g y Water displacement method
Initial reading (bacaan awal)39 ml
Final reading (bacaan akhir)
46 mld)Calculate the volume of the lead
block:
Final reading-initial reading 46ml 39 ml = 7 ml
Th l d bl k h ld b l th
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a. The lead block should be place on theflat surface.
b. The reading has to be taken at eye level.
Measurement volume (isipadu) of liquids (cecair)
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Reading:taken above (atas) the curve ofthe meniscus. (atas meniskus)
reading :
taken below the curve (lengkuk)of the meniscus. (atasmeniskus)
Pengukuran ISIPADU PEPEJAL yang berbentuk tidak tetap.(kaedah penyesaran air)
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(kaedah penyesaran air)
This technique is call waterDisplacement Method.
Exercise
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Volume of copper lump:
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pp p
45 cm3 40 cm3=5 cm3
Volume of cork:
51 cm3
45 cm3
= 6 cm3
Sink (tenggelam)
Because cork does not sink in thewater.
V l f 50 3 40 3 10 3
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Volume of stone: 50 cm3-40 cm3=10 cm3
Volume of cork: 55 cm3- 50 cm3= 5 cm3