THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1
Do Now
Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?
Chapter 10 Timeline 1543 – Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body 1610 – Galileo’s discoveries are published 1628 – Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood 1632 – Galileo faces the Inquisition 1637 – Descartes publishes Discourse on Method 1702 – First daily newspaper published in London 1714 – The Hanoverian dynasty is established 1721 – Robert Wadpole becomes cabinet head in Britain 1730s – Rococo style spreads 1740 – War of Austrian Succession begins 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 – Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws 1756 – The Seven Years’ War erupts 1757 – William Pitt the Elder becomes cabinet head 1762 – Rousseau publishes The Social Contract 1762 – Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia 1763 – Voltaire writes his Treatise on Toleration 1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed 1776 – Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations 1776 – The American Revolution begins 1783 – Treaty of Paris recognizes American Independence
The Scientific Revolution
Turning Points - Bill Blakemore
Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works
PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle
Studying led to diverse ideas
Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)
LiteracySpread of ideas
Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry
InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope
MathematicsRediscovered ancient worksDeveloped new theories
Astronomy Geocentric Model
Ptolemaic system (2nd century)Earth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres
Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ system (16th century)Sun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits
Nicholas Copernicus Polish mathematician 1543 Publication
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System
Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician Disproves Ptolemy
Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement
Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets
Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope
Inventor/developer Made regular observations of the
heavens Discoveries
Mountains on the moon 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean moons) Sunspots Heavenly bodies have substance
Issues with the church Threatened church’s conception
(idea/portrayal) of the universe.
What did Galileo see?The 4 Galilean Satellites in a photo montage at left
An amateur image of the moons below (like what Galileo would have observed)
Sir Isaac Newton Brilliant mind
United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background
Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor
PublicationMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyAka Principia
Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe
Newton - Glencoe
Medicine Developments Antiquity
Galen (100 AD)Greek physician
Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body
William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins
Chemistry
Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law
○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied
Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry
Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish
English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters
○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name
Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position
○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman
Philosophy and Reason
Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeology
○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefore I am” certain
Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century
RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge
Scientific Method Francis Bacon
English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist
“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”
Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidenceMajor element of modern science
Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking
Scientific Method
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1