Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.1
loadingm
evaluation unith(T) or (T)
temperature sensor
heat transfermedium
specimen
0.108 0.124h f
T Tf
loadingm
ba
fiber or filler content (wt.-%)
0 10 20 30 40
PP/GF
130
120
100
90
110
140
150
PP/talc
VS
T (
°C)
Fig.: 11.2
Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
140
120
100
80
0 200 400 600 800 1000
t (h)aV
ST
(°C
)
b140
120
100
80
TE
1
2
3
4
water vapor
homopolymer matrix material
copolymer matrix material
0 200 400 600 800 1000
t (h)a
1
2
3
4
wash lye
homopolymer matrix material
copolymer matrix material
VS
T (
°C)
a
TE
Fig.: 11.3
Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
PA66 content (wt.-%)
180
160
140
1200 25 50 75 100
PA6
PA66
160
120
80
40
0
a b
HD
T (
°C)
HD
T (
°C)
with
out a
dditiv
esca
rbon
bla
ck n
igro
sine
spi
nel
iron
oxid
e
Fig.: 11.4
Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
HDT-A
glass transition region
Ef
E’
E’’
tan
400
300
200
100
0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
f
-50 0 50 100 150 200T (°C)
tan
E‘‘
(MP
a)
E‘;
E
(MP
a)
Fig.: 11.5
Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
Fig.: 11.6
combustion products
flame
combustable gases
polymer
thermalfeed back
combustion (exothermic)
ignition/auto ignition
pyrolysis (endothermic)
energy
+ O2
+ O2
protectivelayer formation
Fig.: 11.7
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
detection of ligth attenuation (laser)and smoke temperature
detection of differential pressureand stack temperature
exhaustduct fan
soot sampling internal/externalgas analysis
extractionhood
cone heater
sparkignitor
specimen inspecimen holder
load cell
Fig.: 11.8
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t (s)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
HR
R (
kWm
)
-2
Fig.: 11.9
pine, B = 17 mmmulti-layered glass-fiber–epoxy resin laminate, B = 2.5 mmsandwich panel with skin layers from glass-fiber–epoxyand a Nomex honeycomb core, B = 10 mmflame retarded hemp–epoxy resin laminate, B = 4 mmPrimaset PT30 resin plate, B = 6 mm
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t (s)
m (
%)
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Fig.: 11.10
pine, B = 17 mmmulti-layered glass-fiber–epoxy resin laminate, B = 2.5 mmsandwich panel with skin layers from glass-fiber–epoxyand a Nomex honeycomb core, B = 10 mmflame retarded hemp–epoxy resin laminate, B = 4 mmPrimaset PT30 resin plate, B = 6 mm
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t (s)
CO
/CO
r
atio
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2
Fig.: 11.11
pine, B = 17 mmmulti-layered glass-fiber–epoxy resin laminate, B = 2.5 mmsandwich panel with skin layers from glass-fiber–epoxyand a Nomex honeycomb core, B = 10 mmflame retarded hemp–epoxy resin laminate, B = 4 mmPrimaset PT30 resin plate, B = 6 mm
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t (s)
0
1
3
4
6
7
5
2
extic
tion
coe
ffic
ient
(m
)
-1
Fig.: 11.12
pine, B = 17 mmmulti-layered glass-fiber–epoxy resin laminate, B = 2.5 mmsandwich panel with skin layers from glass-fiber–epoxyand a Nomex honeycomb core, B = 10 mmflame retarded hemp–epoxy resin laminate, B = 4 mmPrimaset PT30 resin plate, B = 6 mm
Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition
a b
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.13
a b
Fig.: 11.14
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
a b140 °C
160 °C
180 °C
property limit
0 5 50 500 5000 50000
hot storage time (h)
50000
25000
10000
5000
1000
500
100105 120 140 160 180 200
(°C)
2.645 2.544 2.421 2.309 2.207 2.110
T (10 K )3 -1
6 K
prop
erty
val
ue
hot
stor
age
tim
e (h
)
limiti
ng t
em
pera
ture
130
°C service lifelimit
Fig.: 11.15
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.16
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
lg
lg tlg t
I
I
II
a blg
Fig.: 11.17
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
MC LTHS LPL MV
1 5 10 50 100
years
10
110 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 6
t (h)
(MP
a)v
T = 80 °C
Fig.: 11.18
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
burst pressure tests
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
T (°C)
initial state
after 5000 h in fuel
after 5000 h in diesel fuel
p (b
ar)
Fig.: 11.19
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
x
specimen
Fig.: 11.20
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.21
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.22
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
a b
Fig.: 11.23
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
F
l/8 l/4 l/4 l/4 l/8
l
sandwich plate
Fig.: 11.24
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
F
l/2 l/2
l
Fig.: 11.25
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.26
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
sandwich panel
F
extensometer
sandwichpanel mounting screw
F
load cell
hydraulic test cylinder
a b
Fig.: 11.27
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b
Fig.: 11.28
1 − PE casing pipe2 − thermal insulation material
(i.e. PUR foam)3 − carrier pipe (metal or polymer)4 − thermocouples, external5 − tube heating element (measurement
of the adjustable heating capacity)6 − thermocouples, internal (measure-
ment of the internal surface tempe- rature of the carrier pipe)
7 − end cap (with or without opposite heating system)
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
b
1 − steel carrier pipe2 − PE casing pipe3 − guide ring4 − base plateS − pipe overhang ≥ 10 mmL − specimen length, L = 2.5 × a ≥ 200 mma − PUR foam thicknessd − carrier pipe diameter
1
2
3
S
L
Fax
a d
F − applied loadax
a
Fig.: 11.29
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.30
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
30 years = 262,800 h
PUR foam
DIN EN 253
200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110
10
10
10
10
6
5
4
3
T (°C)
dura
bilit
y (h
)
Fig.: 11.31
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
b
jointassembly
sandPCP
F F
a
Fig.: 11.32
Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
a b
v
adaptor
base plate
specimenholder
workholdingfixture
sensing pin
F
l
v
dD
l
D−d2
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
Fig.: 11.33
2 4 6 8 1210
t (weeks)
2 4 6 8 1210t (weeks)
0
1PEEK with HA
titanium
PEEK
nor.
she
ar s
tre
ngth
(M
Pa
)
0
1a b
Fig.: 11.34
nor.
she
ar s
tre
ngth
(M
Pa
)
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
0 10 20 30 40
50 600
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
t (s)
0
1a b
hits
norm
aliz
ed lo
ad
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
hits
0 10 20 30 40
50 60t (s)
0
1
Fig.: 11.35
norm
aliz
ed lo
ad
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
F
friction
F (N)
Fmax
l (mm)
F
friction
F (N)
Fmax
l (mm)
lid-opening test shunt lid pull-through test
a b
Fig.: 11.36
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
21 30
2
3
F(N
)
1
prosthesis material
1- PUR2- silicon-rubber3- silicon-rubber blend
b
21 30
10
20
F(N
)
5
15
prosthesis material
a
Fig.: 11.37
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
deflection f (mm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
5
10
15
20
25
30
rib cartilage(male, 54 years)
rib cartilage(female, 74 years)
impa
ct lo
ad
F (
N)
Fig.: 11.38
Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition