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Second Sino Japanese War
July 7, 1937 September 2, 1945
IB Americas HL, Per. 5
Austin Lee, Rahil Shah, Timothy Huynh
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Leadership
Republic of China
KMT: Chiang Kai Shek
Gen. Chen Cheng
Gen. Ma Bufang
Gen. Zhang Xueliang
And many others
CCP: Mao Zedong
Gen. Zhu De
Gen. Zhou Enlai
USA: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Gen. Joseph Stilwell
Col. Claire Chennault
Empire of Japan
Emperor Hirohito
Prince Yashuhiko Asaka Chief of Staff Kanin Kotohito
Gen. Korechika Anami
Gen. Toshizo Nishio
And many others
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Theater of War
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Timeline Prewar Events
Sept 18, 1931: Mukden Incident
Sept 19, 1931: Invasion of Manchuria
Jan 28, 1932: Shanghai Incident
Jan 1, 1933: Defense of the Great Wall
Dec 12, 1936: Formation of the United
Front
Phase I: 1937-1939
July 7, 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Aug 13, 1937: Battle of Shanghai
Sept 1, 1937: Battle of Taiyuan Oct 9, 1937: Battle of Nanjing
Dec 1937-Jan1938: Rape of Nanjing
June 11, 1938: Battle of Wuhan
Winter Offensive
Phase II: 1940-1942
Aug 20, 1940: Hundred Regiments
Offensive
Nov 25, 1940: Central Hubei
Operation
March 14, 1941: Battle of Shanggao
March 1942: Battle of Yunnan-BurmaRoad
May 1942: Zhejian-Jiangxi Campaign
Phase III: 1943-1945
May 12, 1943: Battle of W. Hubei
Nov 2, 1943: Battle of Chengde
April 19, 1944: Ichi-Go
April 9, 1945: Battle of W. Hunan
August 4, 1945: 2nd Guangxi
Campgaign
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Japanese Imperialism
Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
The Showa era tried to unite Japan, Korea,China, Manchukuo, Burma, India, Philippines
and Thailand into single, economic bloc A yen bloc in the Far East as opposed to the
sterling bloc in the Middle East and the
dollar zones in S. America Rejected Western influences (Imperialism)
The Asian equivalent of the Monroe Doctrine
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Japanese Imperialism, Contd
Was really a thinly veiled attempt by Japan to
establish a European-like empire
Believed that the Yamato people (the
Japanese) were superior because the
Mainlanders had allowed themselves to be
colonized by the Westerners
Liberated countries and used their resources
to fuel their war machine.
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Beginnings of Tension
First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
Qing Dynasty (Manchus) were defeated
Chosun Dynasty in Korea becomes part ofJapanese sphere of Influence
Qing Dynasty also cedes Taiwan, Penghu
Islands and Liaodong Peninsula (a footholdinto Manchuria)
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Beginnings of Tensions, Contd
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Russian loss
Japan gains use of railway systems inManchuria, enabling access to strategic
resources
Russia and Japan vacate Manchuria and returnsovereignty to China
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Summary
Winning First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War catapault Japan as a worldpower
Manchuria is now a power vacuum andcontains large amounts of strategic resources:mineral and coal mines, plenty of arablefarmland
The conditions are perfect for Japanesedominance in the Far East
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20th Century Developments
Oct. 10, 1911: Wuchang Uprising
Kuomintang (KMT) overthrow the Qing
Dynasty
Establish the REPUBLIC OF CHINA on Jan. 1,
1912
Next two decades are spent trying to unify
China from the warlords and to eliminate the
Communists
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Mukden Incident
September 18, 1931
Plotted by Col. Itagaki, Lt. Col. Ishiwara, Col.
Doihara and Maj. Tanaka
A bomb was placed next to a railway owned
by South Manchuria Railway in Mukden (now
Shenyang)
Was supposed to attract Chinese troops who
could then be blamed as a pretext for invasion
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Invasion of Manchuria
Sept. 19, 1931
Japanese open fire on Chinese garrison as a
response to the attack
Warlord Zhang Xueliang was instructed by the
Nationalist govt not to resist but Gen. Ma
Zhanshan begins a resistance in November,
but Manchuria is ultimately conquered in 5
months.
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Invasion of Manchuria, Contd
Japanese High Command was unaware of the
officers plans and later sanctioned them
Meanwhile, the KMT was dealing with internal
issues and unable to respond to the invasion
properly
Issued a strong protest to the Japanese
govt and called upon the League of Nations
to resolve the issue
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Result of the Invasion
LoN issues a resolution demanding the
withdrawal of Japanese troops
Japan rejects the resolution and pursues
negotiations with KMT which end up failing
March, 1932: the puppet state Manchukuo is
established with Puyi as the head of state
As a direct result of Japanese aggressions, theKMT and Communists agreed to a truce for their
Civil War and create the United Front
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Phase I
Chinas economy was still incredibly weakcompared to Japans and unprepared for totalwar
KMT was more worried about the Communiststhan the Japanese
Hoped that the LoN would intervene and mediate
Chiang realized that the only way to securesupport from the Allies was to show that theycould put up a fight against the Japanese, hencethe significance of Battle of Shanghai
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Phase I, contd
Chinese military decided to trade space for
time
Tried to delay the Japanese as long as possible
so that professionals and industries vital to
the war effort could be moved to the west
Implemented scorched earth tactics, leaving
nothing behind that could be used for the
Japanese war machine
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Phase II and III
Designed to keep the Japanese fromadvancing as much as possible
Chinese would exhaust Japanese resources
while building up their own to launch acounter-offensive
Guerilla groups behind enemy lines were
organized by the KMT and Communists Eventually, the United Front fragmented due
to ideological infighting
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Phase II and III, cotd
During this time, volunteer and foreign aidgroups assisted the Chinese military bydirectly fighting (like the Flying Tigers) or by
finding support from the US, UK, etc. The Japanese committed the vast majority of
their war crimes in this period in response toChinese guerilla groups (Three Alls policy) andthe US entrance to WWII
Final surrender on Sept. 9, 1945
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Flying Tigers
1st American Volunteer Group, led by Col.
Claire Chennault
The onlyuseful air force for the Chinese
Protected the essential supply lines from
Burma and India
Protected Chinese bases
Trained Chinese pilots
Noted for their shark-faced fighters
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Japanese War Crimes
More brutal than Nazis
Ranged from using human test subjects to vivisectionsto torture to slave labor
Three Alls policy: Kill All, Burn All, Loot All Mass killings of POWs and civilians were common
Unit 731: conducted biological experiments on humansincluding vivisection, bioweaponry, amputations, etc.
Rape of Nanjing: the city was subjected to a six-weeklong period of mass murder, mass rape, mass lootingand mass destruction
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Results of War
Accounted for over 50% of all WWIIs Pacific
Theater casualties
Chinese casualties: over 3 million combatants
dead (nearly all of which were KMT), 22
million civilian casualties
Japanese casualties: over 1.5 million
combatants dead
Millions displaced, billions in damage
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Results of War, contd
Returned Manchuria and Formosa to ROC
control
Sino-Japanese relations still are tense due to
the war
Massive casualties and wartime practices of
the KMT led to their eventual demise and
defeat by the CCP
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Interesting facts
Large numbers of Chinese Muslims foughtagainst the Japanese and eventually declareda jihad
Western China was home to several clashesbetween the Soviet Union and pro-KMTwarlords
The ferocity of the fighting in China severelysapped Japanese strength in the Pacific, aidingthe Allied advances