Chapter 19
Political Reform and the
Progressive Era
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Ch 19 Sec 1The Gilded Age and Progressive
Reform
I can understand how reformers tried to end government corruption and limit the influence of big business
The Gilded Age
• Things looked good after Civil War but underneath, rotten
2 PROBLEMS1.Industrialists getting rich at
peoples expense2.Government corruption
SPOILS SYSTEM• You get elected, you
give your friends government jobs
• 1881 James Garfield didn’t and got killed
• 1883 Civil Service Law
Charles Guiteau - 1882
Big Business
•Congressmen bribed•Police paid off
GO TO PG 645
RESULTS• 1887 – Pres. Cleveland signed Interstate
Commerce Act. Stopped rebates• Set up Interstate Commerce
Commission• 1890 – Pres. Harrison signed Sherman
Anti Trust Act. (not completely effective)
Corruption in Cities
• Cities need sewers, other services• Political bosses gave jobs to
friends• City politicians and bosses
befriended immigrants – WHY?
Boss Tweed• One of the worst• 20 years cheated N.Y. City out of $100 mil
Relate to civil service
Progressive Reforms
• Wisconsin Plan – Commissions to solve problems – Railroad Commission lowered prices
• Primary Elections instead of Party picks
• Recall• Initiatives
Progressive Reforms
• 16th Amendment – 1913 – Income Tax
• 17th Amendment – Direct election of senators
• The Press – Muckrakers – Exposed problems in government, business and industry
Examples
Upton Sinclair – 1878 – 1968The Jungle Ida Tarbell – 1857 – 1944
Standard Oil ExposeLincoln biographer
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Ch 19 Sec 2The Progressive Presidents
I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS EXTENDED REFORMS
PROGRESSIVES
What is a Progressive?• Someone who wants to move
ahead, beyond what we have.• Early 1900’s, series of
Progressive Presidents
#1
1.William McKinley2.Assassinated Sept. 6, 1901
#2• McKinley’s
V.P. takes over
• Theodore Roosevelt
T.R. do not copy
1.At 42 – Youngest American President
2.From New York – Alive when Lincoln was assassinated
T.R. Public Service1. Age 23 – New York Legislature2. Civil Service Commission3. Commissioner of New York Police4. Assistant Secretary of the Navy5. Cavalry hero in Spanish American
War
Elected as V.P. for McKinley
T.R. as PresidentTake Notes
• Trustbuster1. Broke up Northern Securities
Trust (RR’s)2. Broke up Standard Oil3. Broke up American Tobacco4. Sided with Unions in a mine
strike (1902)
T.R. Accomplishments• 1904 – Ran for President – SQUARE DEAL• Said everyone has opportunity to
succeed• Conservation President• Set aside land for National Parks• Created National Park Service• Consumer protections – Health & Safety
William Taft – 1908• Quiet & Cautious• Broke up more trusts• Graduated income tax• Safety laws for miners• 8 hour work day• Controlled child labor
Taft• Favored
protective tariffs
• Lost Progressive support
Bath tub – baseball – milk cow – first car
The Next Election - 1912
• Roosevelt wanted back in• Taft controlled Republican PartyREMEMBER SPLITTING THE VOTE?
WHAT HAPPENS?• Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins
Wilson
• Brilliant, scholar, cautious, rigid
• Plan – The New Freedom• Encouraged fair
competition
Wilson• Created Federal
Trade Commission
• Signed Clayton Anti-Trust Act
• Passed Federal Reserve Act
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Ch 19 Sec 3The Rights of Women
•I can understand how women gained new rights
Progressives• Wanted reform of
GovernmentBusinessQuality of Life
• Not concerned about women’s suffrage
Suffrage
• Senaca Falls Convention - 1848, birth of Women’s suffrage
• After Civil war, National Women’s Suffrage Association
Susan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady Stanton
Western States• WY – UT – CO – ID, allowed women to
vote• Early 1900’s, 5 mil women worked
outside the home, but paid less• Stanton and Anthony died• New leader – Carrie Chapman Catt• Campaigned for vote
Alice Paul
19th Amendment
•Passed Congress in 1919
•Ratified by ¾ of states 1920
Opportunities
• Education – 1877 – First female Ph.D – Boston College
• 1900 – 1,000- female lawyers, 7,000 female doctors
Women’s Clubs
• First, just social• Many reformers came from
clubs
Other causes• Florence Kelley – Child labor• Frances Willard – Women’s Christian
Temperance Union• Carrie Nation – Temperance
movement• 18th Amendment, 1917 – Ratified
1919
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Ch 19 Sec 4
•I can understand the challenges faced by minority groups.
Struggles for Justice
• Progressives not concerned about minority rights1. Jim Crow laws2. Violence against blacks3. Similar problems for Mexicans,
Asians and religious minorities
African Americans
•Discrimination in both north and south
•Housing discrimination•Discrimination in jobs
Booker T. Washington
• Born a slave• Taught self to read and
write• Worked his way through
school and college• Became a teacher• Promoted job training at
Tuskegee Institute
B.T. Washington
• Supported by Carnegie & Rockefeller• Advisor to Progressive Presidents• Said with jobs and training, blacks
could earn money and gain power and demand equality
• Criticized by W.E.B. Du Bois
W.E.B. Du Bois
• Ph.D. from Harvard• Agreed that blacks must
be thrifty, patient and get training
• Activist about discrimination
• Founded N.A.A.C.P. 1909
Lynching• 1890’s, over
1,000 lynched• Imagined
insults and crimes
• Carried out by angry whites
Setbacks / Successes• Pres. Wilson
ordered segregation of Federal workers
BUT• Successes like
George Washington Carver
• Sarah Walker
Mexican Americans
• Revolution in Mexico, 1910• Many fled Mexico• 90% settled in S.W.
Mexican Americans
• Many did manual labor• Some worked in factories• Paid less than whites
Mexican Americans
• Seeking to preserve culture – came together in barrios
• Self help groups• Immigrant aid societies• Insurance & legal advice
Asians
• No more Chinese immigration – 1882
• Japanese came to work
• Most to Hawaii
Asians• When U.S. took over
Hawaii (1898) many came to mainland
• Hard workers, produced large amount of CA fruit and vegetables
Asians• 1906 – San Francisco – forced ALL
Asian students into separate schools• Japan protests• Pressure on t. Roosevelt to limit
Japanese immigration• TR did not want to anger Japan
A Deal• SF ends segregation• TR will restrict Japanese
immigration• Japan agrees to not let others
immigrate• U.S. agrees to let wives join
husbandsBUT
• CA bans non citizen Asians from owning land
Religious MinoritiesANTI CATHOLIC
• Anti-Catholic American Protective Association
• Anti-Catholic text books and teachers
• Catholics set up own school – Parochial
Religious Minorities
ANTI JEWISH• Leo Frank falsely accused
and convicted of murder• When Georgia Governor
reduced sentence, a mob lynched him
• Jewish Anti-Defamation League founded
1913 – Georgia - murder