Chapter Chapter 2020EarthEarth
Sun Sun
MoonMoon
Lesson 1Lesson 1
Earth rotates on a tilted imaginary axis Earth rotates on a tilted imaginary axis and orbits the sunand orbits the sun
Earth’s rotation causes day and nightEarth’s rotation causes day and night Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the Earth’s gravity pulls objects toward the
center-south is down everywherecenter-south is down everywhere About half the Earth is in sunlight while About half the Earth is in sunlight while
the other half is dark the other half is dark
Earth’ tilt and orbit cause Earth’ tilt and orbit cause seasonsseasons
Earth’s rotation defines day and nightEarth’s rotation defines day and night Earth’s orbit defines seasonsEarth’s orbit defines seasons Earth makes one revolution around the Earth makes one revolution around the
sun a year (365 days-12 months)sun a year (365 days-12 months) Earth’s orbit is not a perfect circleEarth’s orbit is not a perfect circle
Seasonal Patterns Seasonal Patterns
Hemisphere is half of the globe (northern Hemisphere is half of the globe (northern and southern)and southern)
Patterns of temperature and weather Patterns of temperature and weather trends change throughout a year and are trends change throughout a year and are called seasons (summer, winter, fall, called seasons (summer, winter, fall, spring)spring)
Equinox vx Solstice Equinox vx Solstice
September Equinox-Sun shines equally September Equinox-Sun shines equally on 2 hemispheres-Fall/Springon 2 hemispheres-Fall/Spring
December Solstice-North leans away December Solstice-North leans away from sun-Winter/Summer (shortest day)from sun-Winter/Summer (shortest day)
March Equinox-Sun shines equally on 2 March Equinox-Sun shines equally on 2 hemispheres-Spring/Fallhemispheres-Spring/Fall
June Solstice-North leans toward sun-June Solstice-North leans toward sun-Summer/Winter (longest day)Summer/Winter (longest day)
Length of DaysLength of Days
The farther you get away from the The farther you get away from the equator, the more extreme changes in equator, the more extreme changes in day and nightday and night
The closer you get to the equator, the The closer you get to the equator, the more equal amounts of time in day and more equal amounts of time in day and nightnight
On equator=12 day 12 night hoursOn equator=12 day 12 night hours On poles=20+ day/6 months changes On poles=20+ day/6 months changes
Angles of SunlightAngles of Sunlight
When the sun is high in the sky (directly When the sun is high in the sky (directly above you), the sunlight is concentrated above you), the sunlight is concentrated in one area-right angle-shadows are in one area-right angle-shadows are short- between 10 and 2short- between 10 and 2
When the sun is low in the sky, the When the sun is low in the sky, the sunlight strikes the ground at an obtuse sunlight strikes the ground at an obtuse or acute angle-not concentrated-shadows or acute angle-not concentrated-shadows are long-early morning or late afternoon are long-early morning or late afternoon
Lesson 2 Lesson 2
The moon is Earth’s natural satelliteThe moon is Earth’s natural satellite The moon rotates once per orbit of EarthThe moon rotates once per orbit of Earth Gravity keeps the moon in orbitGravity keeps the moon in orbit The moon is Earth’s closest neighborThe moon is Earth’s closest neighbor It takes astronauts 3 days of travel to It takes astronauts 3 days of travel to
reach the moonreach the moon
Moon’s craters show Moon’s craters show historyhistory
Mare-dark area on the moonMare-dark area on the moon Lunar means moonLunar means moon All the features that can be seen on the All the features that can be seen on the
moon are different types of solid or moon are different types of solid or broken rockbroken rock
Moon has no air, no oceans, no clouds, Moon has no air, no oceans, no clouds, no lifeno life
Craters Craters
Light colors designate high altitude-Light colors designate high altitude-highlandshighlands
Have many round features called craters Have many round features called craters that formed when small objects from that formed when small objects from space hit the surfacespace hit the surface
Moon’s lighted side has many large dark Moon’s lighted side has many large dark colored spotscolored spots
Moon’s dark side has mostly highlands Moon’s dark side has mostly highlands
Moon Rocks Moon Rocks
Different ages (some 4.5 billion years)Different ages (some 4.5 billion years) The older rocks are found in the The older rocks are found in the
highlandshighlands The new rocks are found in the dark The new rocks are found in the dark
maria areasmaria areas Rock covers the entire moon surfaceRock covers the entire moon surface Basalt is a common rock on the moonBasalt is a common rock on the moon
Layers of the MoonLayers of the Moon
Remains mostly unchanged for billions of Remains mostly unchanged for billions of yearsyears
Structure: Crust, mantle and coreStructure: Crust, mantle and core Similar materials in Earth and the moon Similar materials in Earth and the moon
but in different proportionsbut in different proportions Evidence from rocks show that the moon Evidence from rocks show that the moon
was once closer to Earth (3.8 cm yearly)was once closer to Earth (3.8 cm yearly)
Lesson 3Lesson 3
Positions of the Sun and Moon affect Positions of the Sun and Moon affect EarthEarth
EclipseEclipse TidesTides
Waxing vs Waning Waxing vs Waning Phases-orbits the Earth monthlyPhases-orbits the Earth monthly
Waxing and WaningWaxing and Waning
Waxing is1-2 week of the monthWaxing is1-2 week of the month Waning is 3-4 week of the monthWaning is 3-4 week of the month New moon-when the Earth, moon and New moon-when the Earth, moon and
sun are all lit in the same directionsun are all lit in the same direction Full moon-half way through cycle/month Full moon-half way through cycle/month
when the whole near side of the moon is when the whole near side of the moon is in sunlight-the moon and sun are in in sunlight-the moon and sun are in opposite directions (p. 701)opposite directions (p. 701)
Waxing means growing and waning Waxing means growing and waning means shrinkingmeans shrinking
The appearance of the moon depends on The appearance of the moon depends on the positions of the sun, moon, and Earththe positions of the sun, moon, and Earth
Crescent and Gibbous Crescent and Gibbous
Crescent moons occur when the moon Crescent moons occur when the moon appears close to the sun in the sky-appears close to the sun in the sky-visible during daytime or around sunrise visible during daytime or around sunrise or sunsetor sunset
Gibbous and full moons appear far from Gibbous and full moons appear far from the sun in the sky-more noticeable at the sun in the sky-more noticeable at nightnight
Lunar eclipseLunar eclipse
Moon becomes dark during a lunar Moon becomes dark during a lunar eclipse because it passes through eclipse because it passes through Earth’s shadowEarth’s shadow
Just before a lunar eclipse, sunlight Just before a lunar eclipse, sunlight streaming past Earth produces a full streaming past Earth produces a full moonmoon
A total lunar eclipse occurs when the A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes completely into shadowmoon passes completely into shadow
Solar Eclipse Solar Eclipse
Solar eclipse occurs when the moon Solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between the Earth and passes directly between the Earth and sunsun
The sun seems to darken because the The sun seems to darken because the moon’s shadow falls onto part of Earthmoon’s shadow falls onto part of Earth
Moon covers the sun and the sky Moon covers the sun and the sky becomes as dark as night becomes as dark as night
Do not ever look at a solar eclipseDo not ever look at a solar eclipse
Ocean Tides Ocean Tides
Average ocean water level rises slowly Average ocean water level rises slowly for about 6 hours to high tidefor about 6 hours to high tide
Then it lowers for about 6 hours to low Then it lowers for about 6 hours to low tidetide
Entire pattern takes about 24 hours Entire pattern takes about 24 hours 2 high and 2 low tides per day2 high and 2 low tides per day
Tides Tides
Tides occur because the moon’s gravity Tides occur because the moon’s gravity changes the shape of Earth’s oceanschanges the shape of Earth’s oceans
Moon pulls on different parts of Earth Moon pulls on different parts of Earth with different amounts of forcewith different amounts of force
Earth’s crust is hard enough to resist Earth’s crust is hard enough to resist being pulled into a different shape, but being pulled into a different shape, but Earth’s oceans do change shapeEarth’s oceans do change shape
Tides Tides
Moon’s pull produces a bulge of thicker Moon’s pull produces a bulge of thicker ocean water on the side of Earth nearest ocean water on the side of Earth nearest to the moon (picture on page 706)to the moon (picture on page 706)
Another bulge of water is produced on Another bulge of water is produced on the side of Earth farthest from the moon the side of Earth farthest from the moon because the moon pulls the center of because the moon pulls the center of Earth away from that sideEarth away from that side
Thin layers of water run in between bulgeThin layers of water run in between bulge
Chapter Review page 709Chapter Review page 709
Earth rotates on a tilted axis and orbits Earth rotates on a tilted axis and orbits the sun (day/night and seasons)the sun (day/night and seasons)
Moon is Earth’s natural satellite with Moon is Earth’s natural satellite with many similar characteristics as Earthmany similar characteristics as Earth
Positions of the sun and moon affect Positions of the sun and moon affect EarthEarth
Time to test …..Time to test …..
Study vocabulary and pictures noted Study vocabulary and pictures noted throughout the chapter throughout the chapter
Keep notes neat and organized in binderKeep notes neat and organized in binder Complete and study chapter review on Complete and study chapter review on
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