Chapter 22 – World War IChapter 22 – World War I
3 Presidents3 Presidents
TR – Big Stick DiplomacyTR – Big Stick Diplomacy Taft – Dollar DiplomacyTaft – Dollar Diplomacy Wilson – Moralism and RealismWilson – Moralism and Realism
Long Term Causes of the WarLong Term Causes of the War
1. Nationalism1. Nationalism Loyalty to ones Loyalty to ones
countrycountry National affairs guided National affairs guided
by self interestby self interest Unification of ethnic Unification of ethnic
groupsgroups
2. Imperialism2. Imperialism
Competition for Competition for coloniescolonies
Long Term Causes of the WarLong Term Causes of the War
1. Nationalism1. Nationalism Loyalty to ones Loyalty to ones
countrycountry National affairs guided National affairs guided
by self interestby self interest Unification of ethnic Unification of ethnic
groupsgroups
3. Militarism3. Militarism
Buildup of armed Buildup of armed forces as a tool for forces as a tool for diplomacydiplomacy
4. Alliance System4. Alliance System
Series of alliances Series of alliances designed to maintain designed to maintain a balance of powera balance of power
AlliancesAlliances
Triple Entente (The Triple Entente (The Allies)Allies) FranceFrance Great BritainGreat Britain RussiaRussia
The Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance (The Central Powers)(The Central Powers) GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
War BeginsWar Begins
Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand – heir to Ferdinand – heir to throne of A-H – throne of A-H – assassinated by assassinated by Serbian Gavrilo Serbian Gavrilo PrincipPrincip
Wanted all Serbs to Wanted all Serbs to be unitedbe united
Domino EffectDomino Effect
A-H declares war on SerbiaA-H declares war on Serbia Russia (allied to Serbia) mobilizes armyRussia (allied to Serbia) mobilizes army A-H declares war on RussiaA-H declares war on Russia Germany (allied to A-H) declares war on Germany (allied to A-H) declares war on
Russia and Russia’s ally FranceRussia and Russia’s ally France Great Britain (France’s ally) declares war Great Britain (France’s ally) declares war
on Germanyon Germany
Germany invades Belgium – The Germany invades Belgium – The Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan
Isolationists – did not want US to Isolationists – did not want US to get involved in the warget involved in the war
Jeannette RankinJeannette Rankin
Sympathy for the alliesSympathy for the allies Common language, ancestryCommon language, ancestry Similar democratic govts.Similar democratic govts. Stronger economic tiesStronger economic ties
Neutrality Rights – belief that the Neutrality Rights – belief that the US has the right to trade with US has the right to trade with
anyoneanyone GB blockades German ports causing food GB blockades German ports causing food
shortagesshortages Germany blockades British portsGermany blockades British ports
Submarines (U-boats) target all ships Submarines (U-boats) target all ships including non-militaryincluding non-military
Lusitania sunk by U-boatLusitania sunk by U-boat 1198 deaths (128 Americans)1198 deaths (128 Americans) Wilson demands an end to attacksWilson demands an end to attacks
Immediate causes of US entry into Immediate causes of US entry into the warthe war
Germany resumes Germany resumes unrestricted unrestricted submarine warfaresubmarine warfare
Zimmerman telegramZimmerman telegram Russia replaces czar Russia replaces czar
with republican form with republican form of governmentof government
Wilson asks congress for a Wilson asks congress for a Declaration of WarDeclaration of War
““The world must be made safe for The world must be made safe for democracy”democracy”
Congress adopts resolution on April 6, Congress adopts resolution on April 6, 19171917
US military in 1917US military in 1917
SmallSmall OutdatedOutdated Selective Service Act - 1917Selective Service Act - 1917
24 million men eligible24 million men eligible defermentsdeferments
3 million drafted3 million drafted 1.5 million saw combat1.5 million saw combat 325,236 casualties (112,000 dead)325,236 casualties (112,000 dead)
11stst Problem – getting men and Problem – getting men and materials to Europematerials to Europe
Importance of shipyardsImportance of shipyards Convoy systemConvoy system Zig-zag techniqueZig-zag technique
US troops in combatUS troops in combat
John J. (Black Jack) John J. (Black Jack) PershingPershing
Commanded AEFCommanded AEF Wanted Americans to Wanted Americans to
fight as independent fight as independent forceforce
Trench warfareTrench warfare
Trenches stretch Trenches stretch across Europeacross Europe
Alvin YorkAlvin York
Sought exemption as Sought exemption as conscientious conscientious objectorobjector
Most famous Most famous American soldier of American soldier of warwar
Decorated for braveryDecorated for bravery
Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker
““Ace of Aces”Ace of Aces” Fought against von Fought against von
Richthofen “Red Richthofen “Red Baron”Baron”
26 kills26 kills
US troops referred to as:US troops referred to as:
““Yanks”Yanks” The “Doughboys”The “Doughboys”
Frank BucklesFrank Buckles
New weapons of WWINew weapons of WWI
Heavy artillery (Big Bertha)Heavy artillery (Big Bertha) Airplanes (and zepellins)Airplanes (and zepellins) Machine gunsMachine guns Mechanized weapons (tanks)Mechanized weapons (tanks) Gas (chlorine, mustard gas, etc)Gas (chlorine, mustard gas, etc)
The Home FrontThe Home Front
US needs to produce supplies for US needs to produce supplies for the warthe war
War Industries Board – federal agency War Industries Board – federal agency given power to regulate industries related given power to regulate industries related to war productionto war production
Railroad AdministrationRailroad Administration Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration
Daylight savings timeDaylight savings time Food AdministrationFood Administration
Meatless, sweetless, wheatless daysMeatless, sweetless, wheatless days Victory GardensVictory Gardens
George Creel – Committee on George Creel – Committee on Public InformationPublic Information
Financing the WarFinancing the War
Selling of War BondsSelling of War Bonds
PropagandaPropaganda
Promote PatriotismPromote Patriotism Promote hatred for Promote hatred for
enemyenemy
Four Minute MenFour Minute Men
Civil Liberties in Time of WarCivil Liberties in Time of War
Protests over US involvementProtests over US involvement Should African-Americans support the Should African-Americans support the
war?war? Espionage and sedition ActsEspionage and sedition Acts Schenck vs. United StatesSchenck vs. United States
The Great MigrationThe Great Migration
Southern Blacks Southern Blacks migrate to northern migrate to northern citiescities Lack of European Lack of European
immigrants to fill immigrants to fill factory jobsfactory jobs
Failure of the cotton Failure of the cotton crop 1916crop 1916
Women in WarWomen in War
Filled jobs vacated by Filled jobs vacated by menmen
helped lead to helped lead to suffragesuffrage
Flu Epidemic - 1918Flu Epidemic - 1918
¼ of US population became ill¼ of US population became ill 500,000 deaths500,000 deaths 40 million deaths worldwide40 million deaths worldwide Devastating effect on economyDevastating effect on economy
German CollapseGerman Collapse
Economy ruinedEconomy ruined Naval mutinyNaval mutiny Kaiser abdicatesKaiser abdicates Armistice Day 11/11/18Armistice Day 11/11/18
Costs of the warCosts of the war
26 million deaths26 million deaths 20 million wounded20 million wounded 10 million refugees10 million refugees
Wilson’s Plan for Peace – The Wilson’s Plan for Peace – The Fourteen PointsFourteen Points
1-5 Changes to prevent future wars1-5 Changes to prevent future wars 6-13 Boundary changes to European 6-13 Boundary changes to European
nationsnations 14 Creation of a League of Nations14 Creation of a League of Nations
Allies want to Punish GermanyAllies want to Punish Germany
Wilson gives up most of his planWilson gives up most of his plan Gets League of NationsGets League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles - 1919Treaty of Versailles - 1919
Created 9 new Created 9 new nations (Poland, nations (Poland, Yugoslavia, etc.)Yugoslavia, etc.)
Created temporary colonies for Created temporary colonies for France, GBFrance, GB
Iraq, etc.Iraq, etc.
Shifted boundaries of nationsShifted boundaries of nations
France adds Alsace-LorraineFrance adds Alsace-Lorraine Russia loses most territoryRussia loses most territory
Limited size of German militaryLimited size of German military
ReparationsReparations
Germany must pay Germany must pay $33 Billion to allies$33 Billion to allies
War Guilt ClauseWar Guilt Clause
Germany must admit Germany must admit to blame for warto blame for war
US is opposed to the treatyUS is opposed to the treaty
Too harsh on GermanyToo harsh on Germany Disagreed over new boundariesDisagreed over new boundaries No independence for IrelandNo independence for Ireland League of NationsLeague of Nations
Henry Cabot Lodge – League would limit US Henry Cabot Lodge – League would limit US isolationisolation
Treaty is NOT approved by US Treaty is NOT approved by US SenateSenate
Treaty proves to be Treaty proves to be DIRECT CAUSE of DIRECT CAUSE of WWIIWWII
IronyIrony
““War to end all wars”War to end all wars”