Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
CHAPTER 3Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and BiologyMacromolecules: Giant PolymersMacromolecules: Giant Polymers
Condensation ReactionsCondensation Reactions
Proteins: Polymers of Amino AcidsProteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar PolymersPolymers
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and BiologyNucleic Acids: Informational Nucleic Acids: Informational
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Lipids: Water-Insoluble MoleculesLipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
The Interactions of MacromoleculesThe Interactions of Macromolecules
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Macromolecules: Giant Polymers• Macromolecules are formed by Macromolecules are formed by
covalent bonds between monomers covalent bonds between monomers and include polysaccharides, proteins, and include polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. and nucleic acids.
Review Figure 3.1 and Table Review Figure 3.1 and Table 3.13.1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.1
Figure 3.1Figure 3.1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Table 3.1
Table 3.1Table 3.1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Macromolecules: Giant Polymers
• Macromolecules have specific three-dimensional shapes.
• Different functional groups give local sites on macromolecules specific properties.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Condensation Reactions
• Monomers are joined by condensation Monomers are joined by condensation reactions. reactions.
• Hydrolysis reactions break polymers Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into monomers. into monomers.
Review Figure 3.2Review Figure 3.2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.2
Figure 3.2Figure 3.2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• Functions of proteins include support, Functions of proteins include support,
protection, catalysis, transport, protection, catalysis, transport, defense, regulation, and movement. defense, regulation, and movement.
• They sometimes require an attached They sometimes require an attached prosthetic group. prosthetic group.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Twenty amino acids are found in Twenty amino acids are found in proteins. proteins.
• Each consists of an amino group, a Each consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a side carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a side chain bonded to the chain bonded to the carbon atom. carbon atom.
Review Table 3.2Review Table 3.2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Table 3.2 – Part 1
Table 3.2 – Part 1Table 3.2 – Part 1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Table 3.2 – Part 2
Table 3.2 – Part 2Table 3.2 – Part 2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Table 3.2 – Part 3
Table 3.2 – Part 3Table 3.2 – Part 3
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Side chains of amino acids may be Side chains of amino acids may be charged, polar, or hydrophobic.charged, polar, or hydrophobic.
• SH groups can form disulfide bridges. SH groups can form disulfide bridges.
• Review Table 3.2 and Figure Review Table 3.2 and Figure 3.3 3.3
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.3
Figure 3.3Figure 3.3
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Amino acids are covalently bonded Amino acids are covalently bonded together by peptide linkages. together by peptide linkages.
Review Figure Review Figure 3.4 3.4
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3.4
Figure 3.4Figure 3.4
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• Polypeptide chains of proteins are
folded into specific three-dimensional shapes.
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are possible.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• The primary structure of a protein is
the sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide linkages.
Review Figure 3.520
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• Secondary structures are maintained
by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the amino acid residues.
Review Figure 3.523
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.5 – Part 1
Figure 3.5 – Part 1Figure 3.5 – Part 1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• The tertiary structure is generated by
bending and folding of the polypeptide chain.
Review Figures 3.524
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids• The quaternary structure is the
arrangement of polypeptides in a single functional unit consisting of more than one polypeptide subunit.
Review Figures 3.5, 3.725
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.5 – Part 2
Figure 3.5 – Part 2Figure 3.5 – Part 2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.7
Figure 3.7Figure 3.7
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Weak chemical interactions are important in the binding of proteins to other molecules.
Review Figure 3.82727
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.8
Figure 3.8Figure 3.8
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Proteins denatured by heat, acid, or chemicals lose tertiary and secondary structure and biological function.
Review Figure 3.929
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.9
Figure 3.9Figure 3.9
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
• Chaperonins assist protein folding by preventing binding to inappropriate ligands.
Review Figure 3.1031
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.10
Figure 3.10Figure 3.10
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• All carbohydrates contain carbon bonded to H and OH groups.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Hexoses are monosaccharides that contain six carbon atoms.
Review Figures 3.11, 3.1234
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.11
Figure 3.11Figure 3.11
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.12 – Part 1
Figure 3.12 – Part 1Figure 3.12 – Part 1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.12 – Part 2
Figure 3.12 – Part 2Figure 3.12 – Part 2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• The pentoses are five-carbon monosaccharides.
Review Figure 3.1238
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Glycosidic linkages may have either or orientation in space.
• They covalently link monosaccharides into larger units.
Review Figures 3.13, 3.1439
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.13
Figure 3.13Figure 3.13
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.14 – Part 1
Figure 3.14 – Part 1Figure 3.14 – Part 1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.14 – Part 2
Figure 3.14 – Part 2Figure 3.14 – Part 2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Cellulose, a polymer, is formed by glucose units linked by -glycosidic linkages between carbons 1 and 4.
Review Figure 3.1443
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Starches are formed by -glycosidic linkages between carbons 1 and 4 and are distinguished by amount of branching through glycosidic bonds at carbon 6.
Review Figure 3.1444
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Glycogen contains -1,4 glycosidic linkages and is highly branched.
Review Figure 3.1445
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Sugar Polymers
• Chemically modified monosaccharides include the sugar phosphates and amino sugars.
• A derivative of the amino sugar glucosamine polymerizes to form the polysaccharide chitin.
Review Figure 3.1546
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.15
Figure 3.15Figure 3.15
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules
• In cells, DNA is the hereditary material. DNA and RNA play roles in protein formation.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
• The DNA bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
• In RNA uracil substitutes for thymine.
Review Figure 3.16 and Table 3.3 49
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.16
Figure 3.16Figure 3.16
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Table 3.3
Table 3.3Table 3.3
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules
• In the nucleic acids, bases extend from a sugar–phosphate backbone.
• DNA and RNA information resides in their base sequences.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules• RNA is single-stranded.
• DNA is a double-stranded helix with complementary, hydrogen-bonded base pairing between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine.
• The two strands run in opposite directions.
Review Figures 3.17, 3.1853
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.17 – Part 1
Figure 3.17 – Part 1Figure 3.17 – Part 1
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.17 – Part 2
Figure 3.17 – Part 2Figure 3.17 – Part 2
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.18
Figure 3.18Figure 3.18
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules
• Comparing the DNA base sequences of different living species provides information on evolutionary relatedness.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Lipids can form gigantic structures, but these aggregations are not chemically macromolecules because individual units are not linked by covalent bonds.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Fats and oils are composed of three fatty acids covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule by ester linkages.
Review Figure 3.1959
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.19
Figure 3.19Figure 3.19
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Saturated fatty acids have a hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds.
• The hydrocarbon chains of unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds that bend the chain, making close packing less possible.
Review Figure 3.2061
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.20
Figure 3.20Figure 3.20
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Phospholipids have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon “tail” and a hydrophilic phosphate “head.”
Review Figure 3.21 63
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.21
Figure 3.21Figure 3.21
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules• In water, the interactions of the
hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads generate a phospholipid bilayer two molecules thick.
• The head groups are directed outward, interacting with surrounding water.
• Tails are packed in the interior.
Review Figure 3.2265
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.22
Figure 3.22Figure 3.22
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules• Carotenoids trap light energy in green
plants. β-Carotene can be split to form vitamin A, a lipid vitamin.
Review Figure 3.2367
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.23
Figure 3.23Figure 3.23
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Some steroids function as hormones.
• Cholesterol is synthesized by the liver and has a role in some cell membranes, and in the digestion of other fats.
Review Figure 3.2469
Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
3.24
Figure 3.24Figure 3.24
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
Lipids: Water-Insoluble Molecules
• Vitamins, required for normal functioning, must be acquired from the diet.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
The Interactions of Macromolecules
• Both covalent and noncovalent linkages are found between the various classes of macromolecules.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
The Interactions of Macromolecules
• Glycoproteins contain an oligosaccharide “label” that directs the protein to the proper cell destination.
• The carbohydrate groups of glycolipids are on the cell’s outer surface, serving as recognition signals.
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Chapter 3: Macromolecules: Their Chemistry and Biology
The Interactions of Macromolecules
• Hydrophobic interactions bind cholesterol to the protein that transports it in the blood.
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