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Page 1: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Lectures of 11. Week

Prof. DR. Eng. Shafik Jendia

Islamic University of Gaza

2016

Chapter 3

Pavement Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

References

- Jendia, S.: Highway Engineering – Structural Design, (Published in

Arabic). Gaza, Palestine, 2000.

- Velske, S.; Mentlein, H.; Eymann, P.: Strassenbau, Strassenbautechnick.

Werner Verlag, Koeln Germany 2008.

- Bomag : Basic Principles of Asphalt Compaction. Bomag GmbH,

Boppard, Germany, 2009.

- Superpave Mixture Design, WesTrack Forensic Team Consensus Report.

Washington, DC , 2001.

- Wirtgen Road Construction Manual Internal Training Brochure for Sales

Managers and Service Engineers, Germany, 2002.

- Internet Sites:

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ppu

b/01052/1052.pdf, accessed 13.02.2016.

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Pavement Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Sub Base (unbound) طجمخ األعبط اإلضبـ

Gravel Road Base

(aggregate or unbound base course)

انضنطخطجمخ األعبط

Crushed Rock Road Base

(aggregate or unbound base course)

طجمخ أعبط كغش انصخس

Asphalt Road Base

(bound base course)

طجمخ األعبط اإلعفهتخ

Cement Road Base

(bound base course)

طجمخ األعبط اإلعتخ

(Road Base)طبقات األساس

تمغى إنى عذح أاع رنك طجمب نهاد انذاخهخ ـ إشبئب، حث تى اختبس أي ع يب ـ

: انشصفخ تجعب نتاـش ز اناد يحهب، أ طجمب نب تطهج انشصفخ أيب أاع ز انطجمبد ـ

Road Base Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

الشروط العامة إلنشاء طبقات األساسلجم انششع ـ إشبء طجمخ األعبط جت انتأكذ ي تاـش كم ي انثجبد

االعتمشاس لح انتحم االعتاء انل انعشضخ انطهثخ ـ انطجمخ انغفهى

.أ تشثخ األعبط رنك حغت اناصفبد

أثبء إشبء طجمخ األعبط جبت انحبـةبخ عهبى نباصو انصبشؾ انببئ انصبشؾ

انصح أبثت يب انششة ؼشب ثحث تك صبنحخ ؼش يعشضخ نالغبذاد

.انخ…أ انكغش

ـ حبنخ امطبع عهخ انشصبؿ نهطجمببد انتب تعهب طجمببد األعببط جبت اتخببر

.اإلجشاءاد انالصيخ نلبخ طجمخ األعبط ي انتأثشاد انجخ انغئخ

نضب تفز انششع طجمب نهاصفبد جت إجشاء ـحصبد انجدح انالصيخ:

ـحصبد صالحخ اناد انغتخذيخ نهششع.

(.انجخ انفزح)ـحصبد انشالجخ انذسخ أثبء انتفز

(.انجخ انبنكخ)ـحصبد انشالجخ انذسخ أثبء انتفز

Road Base Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

جببت إشبببء انحبـببخ نهشصببفخ ـبب انطببشق انخهببخ كببب بب يضبب أدببب ، يبب االنتببضاو

ثإشبببء انببل انجبجببخ نهحبـببخ رنببك نحبببخ انشصببفخ أثبببء عشببب االـتشاضبب يبب

أيبب . انتعشخ ن تغشة انبء داخم انطجمبد( deformation)انتشكم انكبك

ـ حبنخ انطشق انحضشخ انت تتطهت أسصفخ نخذيخ انجس لاد نتصشؿ يب

(.curb stones)األيطبس تى اعتخذاو أحجبس انججخ

Road Base Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Road Base Layers (Unbound)

Sub baseطبقة األساس اإلضافي

تعتجببش أضببب طجمببخ أعبببط بب تمببو ثبعببتعبة جببضء يبب انجببد انبب ثشح يبب

.انطجمبد انعهب لجم تأثشب عهى تشثخ األعبط

صنطببخ سيهببخ : تغببتخذو نببب خالئببظ حصببخ يثببم(sandy gravel) أ سيهببخ

(.crushed gravel sand)أ انكغشح يب (gravelly sand)صنطخ

جبببت أال تضبببذ غبببجخ انببباد انبعبببخ( 0.06أصبببؽش يببب mm ) ـببب انخهبببظ

.%7انحصي ع

جت أ تتاـش لح انتحم انطهثبخ نهطجمبخ طجمبب نتجشثبخCBR أ EV2 طجمبب

انمببى انتبب تببى أخببزب ثعبب االعتجبببس أثبببء ( Plate Loading Test)نتجشببخ

(.CBR <30)انتصى، جت أال تجبص يغة انطجمخ انذيكخ ع انغة انطهة cm)2 + )

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

تلؿ بب اختببس انخهبظ انحصبي أضبب

عهببى عببك انطجمببخ أ انشالببخ انذيكببخ كببب

. يض ـ انجذل

أقصى حجم حبييب للخليط

احلصوي

للطبقة/ أقل مسك للراقة

32mm 12cm

45mm 15cm

56mm 18cm

63mm 20cm

Road Base Layers (Unbound)

Page 9: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

,Aggregate Road Baseطبقة األساس

or Base Course

نهخهظ حجج حجى ألصى عهى انذيكخ انشالخ أ نهطجمخ عك ألم عتذ

.(انغبثك انجذل ـ كب) انحصي

نكب إسعبن لجم يتجبغخ ثصسح انشطت انخهظ يكبد خهظ جت

ال .انشصؿ أثبء انشح أثبء انتجبظ عهى انحفبظ يشاعبح ي انشصؿ،

جت ثم سصفب، انشاد انطشك جبت عهى تجع أ انخهظ ثإنمبء غ

.انعم يكب إنى انشبحبد صل ـس سصف

ثعبذ ـبشد انخهبظ ديكب جبذا، ( انطهثبخ)جت إضبـخ كخ انبء انبعبجخ

. نعهخ انفشد انشصؿ( finisher)حث غتخذو جبص

Road Base Layers (Unbound)

Page 10: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

جت أال تمم دسجخ انذيك انت تك -

(degree of compaction Dpr > 95 % ) لذ تطهت أحبب دسجخ ديبك

.، خبصخ حل اثبس أ انبم %100أكثش ي

نذسجبخ انبذيك احببب غب 2.2عب ( Ev2/ Ev1)جبت أال تضبذ انغبجخ -

Plate Loading)نذسجبخ انبذيك، رنبك ـب حبنبخ اعبتخذاو 2.5ثبب تكب

Test) نهكشؿ ع لح انتحم .

جت اال تمم غجخ كبنفسب نهتحم ع(80% CBR.)

جت أال تجبص يغة انطجمبخ انذيكبخ عب انغبة انطهبة ثمبذاس

( 2 cm.)

جببت أ كبب عببط طجمببخ األعبببط يغببتب خبببن يبب انتجبببد، ببتى

عهبى انغبط جهبػ طنبب (straight edge)ـحص رنبك ثضب لبذح يغبتخ

4m ثحث أ ال ضذ انفشاغ ث انمذح عط انطجمخ ع ،(2cm.)

إجشاء ـحصبد انجدح انالصيخ لجم أثبء تفز انششع.

Road Base Layers (Unbound)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Crushed road

Base 0/32

Crushed Road

Base 0/45

Crushed road

base 0/56

Sieve Size Passing [%] Passing [%] Passing [%]

[mm] Min Max Min Max Min Max

0.06 0 7 0 7 0 7

0.25 2 20 2 20 2 20

0.71 9 30 7 30 7 30

2.0 18 40 16 40 16 40

5.0 30 55 27 51 27 51

8.0

11.0 48 71 40 64 39 63

16.0

22.4 70 90 58 81 54 77

31.5 90 100 70 90 61 81

45.0 90 100 70 90

56.0 90 100

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base Materials

(German specifications)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base Materials

(German specifications)

Page 13: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base Materials

(German specifications)

Page 14: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base Materials

(German specifications)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material For

Bases or Subbases for Highways or Airports ASTM D 2940,

Grading Requirement for final Mixtures

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

أمثلة لتدرجات حصوية لطبقات-Sub base Material

-Base course Material

-Surface Course Material

االيشكخ األكثش شعب ـ انعبنى اشت طجمب ناصفبد

AASHTO - Unbound Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

AASHTO – Unbound Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

AASHTO – Unbound Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base and

Subbase Materials (AASHTO Designation M147)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base and

Subbase Materials (AASHTO Designation M147)

Grading A suitable for road base subbase

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading Requirements for Aggregate Base and

Subbase Materials (AASHTO Designation M147)

Grading B suitable for road base and subbase

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

AASHTO – Subbase Material

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

AASHTO – Unbound Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

AASHTO – Unbound Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers

Here: Stone = Crushed and Angular Aggregates

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Example for laying and compacting an asphalt layer using; three finishers and five vibratory rollers (10t). Laying width > 10m; daily output > 3.000t

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Degree of

Compaction (K) =

Field Density(Core) /

Density of

Compacted Mix

(Marshal specimen)

97%

A

AK

'

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers

Page 28: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers (German and European Specification)

Type of

Asphalt Mix

Asphalt Layer

(Course)

Bitumen

Content

(% of weight)

Average Air

Voids Content

in Marshal

Specimen (%)

Thickness

(cm)

Asphalt

Concrete (AC)

Wearing

Binder

Base

6.0 – 7.0

4.2 – 4.6

3.8 – 4.0

1.0 – 4.5

2.5 – 6.5

4.0 – 10.0

2.0 – 5.0

5.0 – 10.0

> 8.0

Stone Mastic

Asphalt (SMA)

Wearing 6.6 – 7.4 1.5 – 3.0 2.0 – 4.0

Mastic Asphalt

(MA) (void less)

Wearing 6.8 - 7.5 0 2.0 – 4.0

Porous Asphalt

(PA)

Wearing > 5.5 22 - 28 Ca. 4.0

Page 29: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Asphalt concrete Asphalt concrete is, as indicated by the name, a

mineral mix based on the concrete principle. It

contains all types of particle sizes from zero up to

the respective larger particle size in an

appropriately adjusted ratio.

The mean crushed aggregate content is approx. 50

weight-%.

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers (German and European Specification)

Page 30: Chapter 3 Pavement Layerssite.iugaza.edu.ps/sjendia/files/2010/12/CH3.pdf · Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and filler. The rock material is predominantly

Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) Stone mastic asphalt is a special type of asphalt for wearing

courses. It is a mineral mix with a higher bitumen and stone

content. It has a high content of the coarsest particles of each

fraction. The binders used normally are road construction

bitumen types or, for exceptionally heavy traffic loads, polymer

modified bitumen types with stabilizing additives.

The mineral composition follows the principle of gap-grading.

This results in a self-supporting chipping skeleton the cavities of

which are to a large extent filled with mastic like mortar. Due to its

special composition this mix is highly wear resistant, deformation

and fatigue proof. However, for

It is difficult to compact and should therefore preferably be

compacted with heavy rollers (8 - 10 t) at high temperatures.

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers

(German and European Specification)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Aggregate Gradation Aggregates usually are categorized as crushed rock, sand, and

filler. The rock material is predominantly coarse aggregate

retained in a No. 8 sieve, sand is predominantly fine aggregate

passing the No. 8 sieve, and filler is predominantly mineral dust

that passes the No. 200 sieve. It is customary for gradations of

the combined aggregate and the individual fractions to be

specified. The following Table gives suggested grading

requirements of aggregate material based on the ASTM

Designation 3515. The first phase in any mix design is the

selection and combination of aggregates to obtain a gradation

within the limits prescribed. This sometimes is referred to as

mechanical stabilization (Chapter 4).

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers (American Specification ASTM D 3515)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Layers (American Specification ASTM D 3515)

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Grading for Dense Mixture D-5 (1/2 in)

Suitable for Asphalt Wearing ASTM D3515

Sieve Size (12.5mm"1/2 in")

Sieve Size (mm)

% Passing

Min Max

19 100 100

12.5 90 100

4.75 44 74

2.36 28 58

0.3 5 21

0.075 2 10

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Sieve Size (19mm "3/4in")

Sieve Size (mm)

% Passing

Min Max

25 100 100

19 90 100

9.5 56 80

4.75 35 65

2.36 23 49

0.3 5 19

0.075 2 8

Grading for Dense Mixture D-4 (19 mm - 3/4 in)

Suitable for Asphalt Binder ASTM D3515

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Prof. Dr. Eng Shafik Jendia

Mixture D-4 (19 mm - 3/4 in)

and Mixture D-5 (1/2 in)


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