How is the body organized?
• The human body is made up of more than __ trillion cells.
• Every cell is part of a __________ unit which makes up the body.
• Cells work together and depend on each other to keep the body’s internal conditions in _______.
• ___________processes take place in the cells to maintain internal conditions.
75
living
balance
Chemical
Chemical Processes in Cells
• Important life processes can only occur in the cells at a particular temperature range - ___________.
• Cells in different parts of the body work together to maintain this internal _________.
• Cells are ___________ in a way that makes them efficient.
• Approximately _______ cells could cover the head of a pin.
37˚ C (98.6˚ F)
temperature
organized
10,000
Levels of Organization
• All cells are made up of the same basic _______ (same basic parts).
• Each cell is adapted to perform a very specific ________.
• Cells are organized by the ________ that they perform.
• Similar cells that work together to perform a particular function in the body make up _______.
structure
function
function
tissues
Cells, Tissues, Organs
• Cells that can ________, or shorten make up ________ tissues
• Cells that carry ________ from one cell to another make up ________ tissue.
• The ________ is made up of _______ tissue.• When two or more tissues work together they
form an _________.• Example: Your heart is an ______ that is made up
of many different types of ______. (muscle, nerve)
contractmuscle
messagesnerve
brain nerve
organ
organtissues
Organ Systems
• Cells are organized to form ___________.• Tissues are organized to form _________.• Organs are organized to form _____________.• Examples of organ systems:– ______________ _______________– ______________ _______________– ______________ _______________– ______________ _______________– ______________ ________________
tissues
organs
Organ systems
CirculatoryDigestiveEndocrineExcretaoryImmune
MuscularNervousReproductiveRespiratorySkeletal
System Function
Circulatory Transports oxygen, nutrients, and cell wastes
Digestive Breaks down foods into a form that the body can use
Endocrine Controls internal conditions. Growth, development, and reproduction
Excretory Removes wastes from the blood
Immune Defends the body against pathogens
Muscular Allows body movement and movement of substances within the body
Nervous Controls the body movement, thought and behavior
Reproductive Produces sex cells and offspring
Respiratory Provides the oxygen and removes gas wastes from the blood
Skeletal Provides body protection and support; interacts with muscles to allow movement
Example: The Heart
• The heart is made up of _______ cells that have many __________ to provide energy for the heart to beat constantly.
• The arrangement of muscle cells in the heart form heart ________ which allows the heart to contract and relax as it beats.
• The heart itself is an _________ which is made up of muscle tissues, tissues that provide support and protection, and tissues that form its blood vessels.
musclemitochondria
tissues
organ
Blood cells
• ______ blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body so that all cells can carry out life functions.
• ________ blood cells help to fight disease-causing invaders that attack the body.
• Although each person is unique, the structure and function of the cells, tissues, and organ are similar in some ways.
• These similarities enable other human beings to donate blood and entire organs.
Red
White
Skeletal system
• Bones are ________ that make up the make up the skeletal system.
• Bones are made up of living ________, as well as non-living _________ that are deposited by bone ________.
The functions of the skeletal system:1. ____________2. _______________3. _________________4. ___________________
tissuesminerals
organs
cells
Provides supportProtects organs
Makes new blood cellsStores important minerals
Parts of the Bone
• Parts of the bone:1. Thin, tough outer covering on the surface of the bone is
living __________.2. ___________ in the bone carry blood which supplies
materials that none cells need. Blood also removes ______ that bone cells produce.
3. _________ bone is the hardest material in the human body, except for tooth enamel – it is made up of __________.
4. _______ bone tissue makes the bone lightweight. 5. __________ in the spongy bone makes new
_______________.
Blood vessels
wastes
Bony tubes
Compact
SpongyRed MarrowRed blood cells
tissue
6. __________ stores fat.- As your body grows from an infant to an adult,
the __________ (flexible material) is replaced by hard ________.
-__________ and __________ make up the skeletal system
Skull, ribcage, and back bone - ______________Bones store minerals such as _______________
Yellow marrow
cartilage
bone
Cartilage bone
Protect important organs
Calcium and phosphorous
Minerals in the Bones
• Minerals are __________ from the bone as the body needs them
• _________________ make bones hard and strong.
• As people grow older, they lose _______ in their bones. The bones become weakened and can break easily. This is known as _______________.
released
Calcium and phosphorus
calcium
osteoporosis
Joints
• A __________is a place where two bones meet.• Flexible ___________ covers and protects the
ends of bones at ________.• The _______ of cartilage surfaces and the way
they fit together determines the _________ a joint can move.
• Strong cords of tissue called ________ connect the bones in each joint
joint
cartilage
directionshape
joints
ligaments
Muscular system
• Bones support the body while ______ allow you to move.
• _________ muscles in the body make up about ________ of your body weight.
• Muscles and tissues that attach tem to the bone make up the _______________.
• The body has _____ types of muscle tissues.
muscles
600
40-50%
Muscular system
3
3 Types of Muscles
• 1. _________ Muscle – muscle tissue in your heart. Contracts without getting tired.
• 2. __________ Muscle – found in the organs of the digestive system and blood vessels.
• Cardiac and Smooth Muscles are INVOLUNTARY!! They work automatically to control movements inside your body.
• 3. _________Muscles – voluntary muscles that move your arms and legs
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Movement
• All muscles can contract but only ________ muscles are responsible for ___________.
• ________ and _______ work together to move your body.
• Muscles attach to opposite sides of a ______ at a ____. When one muscle contracts and pulls the bone, the opposite muscle relaxes. Movement results in the direction of the pulling muscle
skeletalmovement
Bones muscles
bonejoint
Nervous system
• Your nervous system includes:1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. ______________
The nervous system extends to all of the parts of the body.
BrainSpinal cord
Nerves
Sense Organs
Parts of the Brain
• 1. ________ - maintains blood pressure, heartbeat, respiration, and digestion.
• 2. __________ - controls balance and posture; helps fine tune movements
• 3. __________ - Interprets information that senses gather; controls muscle movement, thinking, and language.
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Messages / Responses
• The _______ interprets a message from one of your senses.
• The brain ________ by sending ____________ back through the ____________ to the _________ for movement or action.
brain
responds Nerve impulses
Spinal cordmuscles
Nerve cells
• Nerve cells are called ________.• __________ pass messages throughout your body.• Each neuron has a _________ with many branches.• ____________ are short branches that carry
messages from other neurons to the cell body.• ___________ are long branches which carry
messages away from the cell body to other neurons. A neuron has many dendrites but only one axon.
neuronsNeurons
Cell body
Dendrites
Axons
Impulses
• _________ - a message that travels along a neuron and from one neuron to the next.
• Impulses can travel in only _____ direction – from the _______ of one neuron to the __________ of another neuron.
• Impulses travel along neurons to the _____.• Impulses → brain → sends messages to act →
pass through the __________.
Impulse
one
axondendrite
brain
Spinal cord
Reflexes
• __________ is a response that happens automatically.
• Example: When you touch your hand to a hot stove and pull your hand away. You do not have to “think” about pulling your hand away – you just do it!
Reflex
Endocrine System
• The nervous system helps to maintain balance in the body’s processes by interpreting information and telling the parts of the body to act.
• The __________ system also helps to balance the body’s processes such as growth and maintaining sugar levels.
• The endocrine system is made up of ________.
Endocrine
glands
Glands
• _____ - an organ that produces a chemical• _______________ - an organ that releases
chemical substances directly into the blood.• ___________ - the substances that the
endocrine glands release into the blood – hormones control many of your body’s functions.
• The endocrine system releases _______ when your body needs them.
gland
Endocrine gland
hormones
hormones
Endocrine Glands
• Maintains internal balance by releasing hormones to _________ throughout the body.
• ________ - each kind of hormone travels in the blood to a particular area in the body to perform certain tasks.
• ______________ - a circular pathway that sends information back and forth from one part of the body to another.
Target cells
Target cells
Biofeedback loop
Endocrine GlandsGland Function
Pituitary Controls development and body growth
Thyroid Controls how cells release energy
Parathyroid Controls the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
Adrenals Controls the body’s reaction to anger, fright, or fear
Pancreas Controls the amount of glucose in the blood
Ovaries Control female charactersitcs
testes Control Male characteristics
Transport Systems of the Body
• The transport systems of the body include:– ______________ - takes in materials needed by
the body and breaks them down into a useable forms
– ______________ - carry blood and nutrients to cells in all parts of the body
– _______________ - takes in oxygen that cells need and gets rid of carbon dioxide wastes that cells produce.
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
• Organs of the _________ system work together to break down food into a useable form. These organs include:– _____- produces _____ which helps to digest fat.
The liver also stores some nutrients and breaks down harmful substances in the blood.
– _______________ - bile is stored until it is released to the ______________.
– ___________ - produces _________ that flow into the small intestine.
digestive
Liver bile
GallbladderSmall intestine
Pancreas enzymes
Process of Digestion
• ________ - help break down food into nutrients
• 1. _______ - mechanical digestion begins. ______ begins the process of _______ digestion.
• 2. _________ - tongue pushes the softened moistened food towards the esophagus. The smooth muscles of the esophagus push the food down to the stomach.
Enzymes
MouthSaliva Chemical
Esophagus
Process of Digestion Continued
• 3. _______ - continues mechanical digestion by squeezing the contents with muscle contractions. ______ in the stomach produce ______ and _______ that breakdown __________.
• 4. ____________ - most digestion takes place here. – ____- tiny finger-like structures line the small
intestine which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption into the blood stream.
Stomach
Glandsenzymes acidsproteins
Small Intestine
Villi
Process of Digestion Continued
• 5. ____________ - materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream pass into the large intestine. Very little ______ takes place here. Water is absorbed and solid wastes are formed and stored until the body is ready to excrete them.
Large Intestine
digestion
Circulatory System
• ___ in the small intestine contain ________that pick up nutrients and pass them into the __________.
• ______________ transports nutrients to all the parts of the body.
• The circulatory system is made up of:– 1. __________– 2.___________– 3.____________
VilliBlood cells
Blood stream
Circulatory system
BloodHeartBlood Vessels
Functions of the Blood
• _________has several different parts, each part has a different function
• The biggest part of the blood is made up of a liquid called _________.
• The cells in the body depend on the plasma to carry food from the ____________ to the cells
• Cells get _________ from the plasma• _________moves other important chemicals
and hormones around the body
plasma
water
Digestive system
Plasma
Blood
Blood Cells
• There are three types of blood cells:– Red blood cells– White Blood Cells – Platelets
• Cells need oxygen to get energy from _______.• ___________ are bright red when they are
carrying _________.• After the cells give the oxygen to the cells that
need it, their color changes to ________ red.
food
oxygen
dark
Red Blood Cells
Parts of the Blood
• _______________ protect the body against germs and harmful things
• The number of white blood cells is always changing – the body will make more white blood cells when it needs to ________ infection.
• _____________ are pieces of cells that float in the blood• _____________help to stop bleeding by clotting• ___________ makes up more than half of the blood• ______________ make up a little less than half of the blood• ________________ and ______________ make up a very
small portion of the blood.
White blood cells
fightplateletsplateletsplasma
Red Blood cells
White Blood Cells platelets
Types of Blood CellsRed Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets
Form Shaped like discs with a dimple on each side
Different shapes and sizes that change as they work
Not complete cells
Function Carry oxygen to the rest of the body
Protect your body from germs and other harmful things
Form blood clots
Disorder Sickle-cell anemia – blood cells are shaped like a crescent moon. They do not carry oxygen as well as they should.
Leukemia is a type of cancer where the person’s white blood cells do not form correctly and their numbers increase too quickly
An embolism is a clot that floats freely in the blood and can block a vessel
Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
• __________can be thought of as highways that your blood uses to move through your body.
• Three kinds of blood vessels:– ____________– ____________– _____________Each different blood vessel has a different
___________ that helps it do its job.
Blood Vessels
arteriescapillariesVeins
Structure
Arteries
• __________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
• Arteries have ________, muscular walls that stretch when the heart pumps blood to it.
• Arteries branch into smaller and smaller tubes until they branch into the smallest blood vessel in the body, the ________.
Arteries
thick
capillaries
Capillaries
• The walls of the capillaries are only one _____ thick.• The tubes are so narrow that ____________ must
travel in a single file line through them• _____ can easily pass through these thin walls• ______ moves from the blood into the capillaries to
the cells• _____________ and other wastes go in the opposite
direction from oxygen through the capillaries
cell
red blood cells
Gasesoxygen
Carbon dioxide
Veins
• Capillaries join together to form _________• _____ carry blood from cells back to the heart• The tiny veins formed by the capillaries join many
times to form larger ____• Veins have _____-flaps that act like doors to keep
blood flowing in one direction.• Arteries and capillaries do not have ________• The pumping of the heart keeps blood flowing in the
right direction through the capillaries and arteries.
veinsveins
veins.valves
valves
COOL FACTThe network of blood vessels in the average adult human measures over 60,000 miles! If unraveled, it could wrap around the Earth’s equator over two times!
Arteries & Veins• The largest ARTERY in the body is the
AORTA, which carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body (except for the lungs).
• The two largest VEINS in the body are the
superior and inferior VENA CAVA, which carry blood toward the heart from the rest of the body (except for the lungs).
The HeartThe word “cardio” is Greek for “HEART”The human heart (as with other mammals and birds) consists of 4 chambers
Chambers of the HeartThere are two
ATRIA, or upper chambers.
There are two VENTRICLES, or lower chambers.
Respiratory System
All cells in your body need ______.Cells use oxygen to release ________ from
nutrientsCells produce _____________ as a waste._____delivers _______ and removes _________from the body.Nose → trachea → lungs → bronchial tubes →
bronchioles → alveoli
oxygen
energy
Carbon Dioxide gas
Blood oxygen Carbon Dioxide
Alveoli
• _________ - air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. ______enters the blood and _____________ is removed in the alveoli.
• _________ cover the alveoli.
alveoili
Carbon Dioxide gas Oxygen
Capillaries
Immune System
• ___________ are organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that can cause diseases.
• _____________ helps your body defend itself against _________.
• How your body defends itself:– ______ - protective barrier– ______ - wash away bacteria– _______ - nose, mouth and throat trap pathogens– _________, ___________ in the stomach, and
_______ such as sneezing and coughing
pathogens
Immune Systempathogens
skintearsmucus
saliva Gastric juicesreflexes
When a Pathogen Enters the Body
• ____________ recognizes the pathogen and reproduces itself many times to fight against it.
• Some white blood cells alert other white blood cells to produce ________ - chemicals that kill specific pathogens.
• Other white blood cells attack body cells that contain the ________ - they kill the infected cell and the pathogens.
White Blood Cell
antibodies
pathogens
Systems working togetherHuman Body System Working together
Respiratory and Circulatory Work harder through activity.Breathing rate increases which provides more oxygen to working muscles.Heart pumps faster and delivers more oxygen and nutrients to muscles while getting rid of carbon dioxide.
Endocrine Hormones make sure the body has enough energy and stability
Digestive Nutrients are in the blood ready to supply the body with energy
Nervous Nerves gather information which is sent to the brain through the spinal cord. The brain interprets the messages and directs the parts of the body to respond
Muscular and skeletal Muscles receive messages from the brain telling them to contract. As the muscles contract, the muscles pull on the bone which results in movement.