124 Unit: Matter and Energy
Chapter Review
Heat is a flow of energy due to temperature differences.
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY
VOCABULARYkinetic theory of matter p. 104
temperature p. 105degree p. 106thermometer p. 107
VOCABULARYheat p. 110thermal energy p. 111 calorie p. 112 joule p. 112specific heat p. 113
VOCABULARYconduction p. 117conductor p. 117insulator p. 117convection p. 118radiation p. 119
Temperature depends on particle movement.• All particles in matter have kinetic energy.• Temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic
energy of particles in an object.• Temperature is commonly measured on the
Fahrenheit or Celsius scales.
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.• Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.• Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
4.1
4.2
4.3
CONTENT REVIEWCLASSZONE.COM
Energy is transferredfrom the warmerlemonade to the coldice through heat.
hot liquid cold liquid
ice
heat
Particles in a warmersubstance have agreater average kineticenergy than particles in a cooler substance.
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.• Heat is a transfer of energy from an object at a higher temperature
to an object at a lower temperature.• Different materials require different amounts
of energy to change temperature.
AB
Radiation
• Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves suchas light, microwaves, andinfrared radiation
• All objects radiate energy• Can transfer energy through
empty space
Conduction
• Energy transferred by directcontact
• Energy flows directly fromwarmer object to cooler object
• Can occur within one object• Continues until object
temperatures are equal
Types of Energy Transfer
Convection
• Occurs in gases and liquids• Movement of large number
of particles in same direction• Occurs due to difference in
density• Cycle occurs while tempera-
ture differences exist
CHAPTER 4 • REVIEW
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Have students visit ClassZone.com or use theCD-ROM for a cumulative review of concepts.
CONTENT REVIEW
CONTENT REVIEW CD-ROM
Engage students in a whole-class interactivereview of Key Concepts. Edit content as you wish.
POWER PRESENTATIONS
BACK TO
Have students look at the photographon pp. 100–101. Ask them to summa-rize how heat affects temperatures inthe photograph. Radiation from theSun is transferring energy to particlesin the ground and the giraffe’s skin.This increases the kinetic energy of theparticles in the ground and skin, whichincreases their temperatures.
KEY CONCEPTS SUMMARY SECTION 4.1Ask: Which liquid has particles with ahigher average kinetic energy, and howdo you know? The particles in the hotliquid have a higher average kineticenergy and are moving faster, asshown by the motion lines.
SECTION 4.2Ask: What is happening to energy in thelemonade and ice? Energy is transferredthrough heat from the lemonade tothe cooler ice.
Ask: When will the transfer of energystop? when there is no temperaturedifference
SECTION 4.3Ask: How does energy transferred differ-ently by conduction, convection, andradiation? Conduction requires directcontact, convection requires movementof gases or liquids, and radiation travelsvia electromagnetic waves.
Review Concepts• Big Idea Flow Chart, p. T25• Chapter Outline, pp. T31–T32
T
124 Unit: Matter and EnergyAB
Reviewing Vocabulary1. Frames should include that the
kinetic theory of matter states that all particles in matter are inconstant motion.
2. Frames should include that heat is the transfer of energy from anobject at a higher temperature toone at a lower temperature.
3. Frames should include that thermalenergy is the total amount of kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
4. Frames should include that conduc-tion transfers energy through directcontact between objects.
5. Frames should include that convec-tion transfers energy through themovement of many particles of agas or liquid.
6. Frames should include that radia-tion transfers energy throughelectromagnetic waves.
7. Sample answer: The calorie and thejoule are measures of heat. Onecalorie is the amount of energyneeded to raise the temperature of1 g of water by 1ºC. One calorie isequal to 4.18 joules.
8. Sample answer: Conductors easilytransfer energy, and insulators slowthe transfer of energy. Conductorstypically have a low specific heat,and insulators typically have a highspecific heat.
Reviewing Key Concepts9. a 14. b
10. d 15. c
11. d 16. c
12. c 17. c
13. b
18. Temperature measures the averagekinetic energy of particles in a substance.
19. Heat is the transfer of energybetween objects that differ in temperature. Temperature is a measurement of the averagekinetic energy of particles in an object.
ABChapter 4: Temperature and Heat 125
11. The average kinetic energy of particles in anobject can be measured by its
a. heat c. calories
b. thermal energy d. temperature
12. How is energy transferred by convection?
a. by direct contact between objects
b. by electromagnetic waves
c. by movement of groups of particles ingases or liquids
d. by movement of groups of particles in solid objects
13. The total kinetic energy of particles in an object is
a. heat c. calories
b. thermal energy d. temperature
14. Water requires more energy than an equalmass of iron for its temperature to increasebecause water has a greater
a. thermal energy c. temperature
b. specific heat d. kinetic energy
15. Energy from the Sun travels to Earth throughwhich process?
a. temperature c. radiation
b. conduction d. convection
16. An insulator keeps a home warm by
a. slowing the transfer of cold particles fromoutside to inside
b. increasing the specific heat of the air inside
c. slowing the transfer of energy from insideto outside
d. increasing the thermal energy of the walls
17. Conduction is the transfer of energy from awarmer object to a cooler object through
a. a vacuum c. direct contact
b. a gas d. empty space
Short Answer Write a short answer to each question.
18. How are kinetic energy and temperature related to each other?
19. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Reviewing Vocabulary
Make a frame for each of the vocabularyterms listed below. Write the term in the cen-ter. Decide what information to frame it with.Use definitions, examples, descriptions, parts,or pictures.
1. kinetic theory of matter 4. conduction
2. heat 5. convection
3. thermal energy 6. radiation
In two or three sentences, describe how theterms in the following pairs are related to eachother. Underline each term in your answers.
7. calorie, joule
8. conductor, insulator
Reviewing Key Concepts
Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best answer.
9. What is the zero point in the Celsius scale?
a. the freezing point of pure water
b. the boiling point of pure water
c. the freezing point of mercury
d. the boiling point of alcohol
10. Energy is always transferred through heat from?
a. an object with a lower specific heat to onewith a higher specific heat
b. a cooler object to a warmer object
c. an object with a higher specific heat to onewith a lower specific heat
d. a warmer object to a cooler object
temperature = greater kinetic energytemperature = less kinetic energy
temperature causes GatewayArch to expand
averagekineticenergy
Fahrenheit,Celsius TEMPERATURE
UNIT ASSESSMENT BOOK• Chapter Test A, pp. 64–67• Chapter Test B, pp. 68–71• Chapter Test C, pp. 72–75• Alternative Assessment, pp. 76–77• Unit Test, A, B, & C, pp. 78–89
SPANISH ASSESSMENT BOOK • Spanish Chapter Test, pp. 225–228• Spanish Unit Test, pp. 229–232
A
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
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Edit test items and answer choices.
Test Generator CD-ROM
Visit ClassZone.com to extend test practice.
Test Practice
Chapter 4 125 AB
Thinking Critically20. B has the higher temperature
because its particles are movingfaster.
21. If A were chilled, its particles wouldslow down and become more tightlypacked. If B were warmed, its parti-cles would speed up and have morespace between them.
22. Energy would flow from B to Abecause B is warmer and heatalways transfers energy from warmsubstances to cooler substances.
23. The illustrations would be identicalbecause heat will transfer energyuntil the substances are the sametemperature.
24. Both processes transfer energy.Convection occurs in large regionsof gases and liquids, but not insolids. Conduction occurs by directcontact between substances.
25. Radiation directly from the Sun isbeing avoided. Conduction to anypart of the body in contact with theground is still felt. Convectionmight be felt if air is moving.
26. Check students’ diagrams; answersshould be similar in concept to theconvection diagram on p. 118
Using Math Skills inScience27. about 20ºF
28. 100 calories
29. 418 joules
30. 45 joules
31. Answers will vary.
32. Answers should indicate that thekinetic theory of matter states that all particles of matter are inconstant motion.
Have students present their projects. Usethe appropriate rubrics from the URB toevaluate their work.
Unit Projects, pp. 5–10R
AB 126 Unit: Matter and Energy
Thinking Critically
The illustrations below show particle movementin a substance at two different temperatures.Use the illustrations to answer the next fourquestions.
20. OBSERVE Which illustration represents the substance when it is at a higher temperature?Explain.
21. PREDICT What would happen to the particlesin illustration A if the substance were chilled?What would happen if the particles in illustrationB were warmed?
22. PREDICT If energy is transferred from one ofthe substances to the other through heat, inwhich direction would the energy flow (from Ato B, or from B to A)? Why?
23. COMMUNICATE Suppose energy is transferredfrom one of the substances to the otherthrough heat. Draw a sketch that shows whatthe particles of both substances would looklike when the transfer of energy is complete.Explain.
24. COMPARE AND CONTRAST How are conductionand convection similar? How are they different?
25. DRAW CONCLUSIONS Suppose you are outdoorson a hot day and you move into the shade ofa tree. Which form of energy transfer are youavoiding? Which type of energy transfer areyou still feeling? Explain.
26. COMMUNICATE Draw a sketch that shows howconvection occurs in a liquid. Label the sketchto indicate how the process occurs in a cycle.
Using Math Skills in Science
Use the illustrations of the two thermometersbelow to answer the next four questions.
27. How much of a change in temperature occurredbetween A and B in the Fahrenheit scale?
28. Suppose the temperatures were measured in10 g of water. How much energy, in calories,would have been added to cause that increasein temperature? (Hint: 1 calorie raises the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.)
29. Again, suppose the temperatures shown abovewere measured in 10 g of water. How muchenergy, in joules, would have been added?(Hint: 1 calorie = 4.18 joules.)
30. Suppose that the temperatures were measuredfor 10 g of iron. How much energy, in joules,would have been added to cause the increasein temperature? (Hint: see graph on p. 113.)
31. ANALYZE Look back at the photograph and thequestion on pages 100 and 101. How has yourunderstanding of temperature and heatchanged after reading the chapter?
32. COMMUNICATE Explain the kinetic theory of mat-ter in your own words. What, if anything, aboutthe kinetic theory of matter surprised you?
Evaluate all the data, results, and information fromyour project folder. Prepare to present your project.
A B
120°F°C
110100908070605040302010-10
0
10
20
30
40
50120°F°C
110100908070605040302010-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B
MONITOR AND RETEACH
If students have trouble applying the concepts of heat transfer in items24–26, suggest that they review the diagrams on pp. 117–119. Havethem draw and label a diagram that includes all three processes (con-duction, convection, and radiation) in a natural setting.
Students may benefit from summarizing one or more sections of the chapter.
Summarizing the Chapter, pp. 260–261R
126 Unit: Matter and EnergyAB
