CHAPTER 5
PILOT PROJECT
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CHAPTER 5PILOT PROJECT
5.1 Basic Strategy of the Pilot Project
Bottom-up resource management based on fishing village communities is drawing worldwide
attention as an approach to artisinal fisheries resource management. Reasons for this are, (1) all
attempts to conduct top-down resource management under government initiative have ended in failure
after not being accepted by fishermen, and (2) bottom-up resource management is suited to under-
financed developing countries because it doesn’t entail great costs or human resources.
The same thing is happening in Senegal: whereas government-led efforts are not working, fishing
villages such as Kayar are achieving results in resource management conducted under the initiative of
fishermen.
Japan has been the most successful country in bottom-up resource management, and the Study Team
has know-how that other donors do not possess and is thought to be compatible with the needs of
Senegal. Accordingly, the Study Team decided to apply bottom-up resource management under the
initiative of fishermen by referring to the experiences of Kayar and Japan. Having said that, since
resource management also requires government involvement regarding the enhancement of scientific
knowledge and preparation of fishing methods, the project objective was defined as “constructing a
model of joint management under the initiative of fishermen.”
The basic strategy of the pilot project was a “win-win approach aiming to establish both resource
management and poverty alleviation.” If it is aimed to implement resource management via closed
seasons and closed zones, etc., since immediate fisheries incomes will decrease, fishermen will not
want to lend their support and the project will not be feasible. In order to overcome this problem, it is
important to diversify sources of income for fishermen.
In the pilot project, the effectiveness of the win-win approach was recognized. Projects that require
fishermen to implement resource management alone have not been very successful, however, it has
been shown that projects that include measures to improve the living standard of citizens living in
poverty provide an economic incentive for fishermen to play an active role in resource management.
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5.2 Analysis of the Project Sites
Nianing and Yenne were selected as the project sites because they offered the conditions required for
resource management, i.e. fishermen were willing to take part in the project and there is good
solidarity among existing fishermen’s organizations, etc.
In Nianing, it was originally estimated that two years would be required to achieve the project
objectives, however, the active participation of fishermen in the project allowed the objectives to be
realized in a short time. As a result, it was possible to expand the project activities to Pointe-Sarene
and Mballing located next to Nianing in the second year.
Features of the project sites compared to other fishing villages are as indicated below.
(1) Awareness of fishermen towards resource management
In villages where fishermen have low awareness about resource management, activities must
begin from enlightenment. In the pilot project, in consideration of the time limitation of two
years, it was decided to select fishing villages where awareness of resource management is high.
Concerning the high level of awareness in Nianing and Yenne, it is thought that the good quality
of education of fishermen is a major factor (fishermen are fluent in French, have high
information gathering capacity and hold strong morals regarding resource management).
(2) Solidarity of fishermen’s organizations
Not only do Nianing and Yenne possess fishermen’s organizations, but the organizations
themselves seem to share problems and vision, communicate information, possess leadership of
officers, and have a determination to take an organized approach to resource management. In the
case of Nianing, the high proportion of Serer fishermen (possessing experience of joint farming
activities) contributes to the organizational strength, whereas in the case of Yenne, experience
with an OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) artificial reef project in the past
seems to have benefited solidarity.
(3) Ratio of local fishermen to migratory fishermen
There is a high ratio of local fishermen in Nianing and Yenne. Since behavioral patterns (types of
fish species, fishing seasons, landing areas, lifestyles) and thought patterns (traditional values and
codes, awareness of stock utilization, desire to participate in local activities) differ between local
fishermen and migratory fishermen, it is difficult to bring together both sides. In Senegal, there
are some fishing villages that have a high percentage of migratory fishermen (Saint-Louis
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fishermen are a good example), and it is necessary to consider effective approaches to resource
management in these kinds of villages too.
(4) Ratio of fixed stocks to migratory stocks
At Nianing and Yenne, migratory stocks (fish species) can also be caught, but landed quantities
of fixed stocks are large. Since the management of fixed stocks in such species as shellfish, squid
and octopus can be approached in units of fishing villages, this is an ideal target for the pilot
project. However, as can be gathered from Table 5-1, fish species are mainly caught in Senegal
and many fishing villages are in need of resource management. Accordingly, the target species
were widened to include demersal fish, thereby creating additional case studies of resource
management.
(5) Size of the fishing villages
Nianing and Yenne were selected because they are small and easy to conduct activities in.
However, even though it is easy to conduct resource management in small villages, problems
exist in that, 1) stock recovery effects cannot be expected, and 2) a sense of unfairness arises
among fishermen who take part in the project. Accordingly, in the second year of the pilot
project, effort was made to conduct area-wide resource management by spreading the project
activities to Pointe-Sarene and Mballing located next to Nianing. As the scale of implementation
of the project increased, so too did the level of attention in and impact of the project.
(6) Ripple effects of the resource management model to surrounding villages
Since Nianing and Yenne are located close to one another, they practice similar fisheries and also
conduct mutual exchange via friendship activities, etc., there was thought to be potential for
ripple effects of the resource management mode. The Study Team did not conduct enlightenment
or dissemination activities in particular, however, neighboring villages expressed a desire to
participate when they heard about the results of the project.
(7) Existence of other projects
In order to avoid confusing fishermen, fishing villages where projects by other donors are being
or will be implemented were not selected. The OCFA project in Yenne shown in Table 5-1 was a
Japanese project for artificial reefs, and the pilot project here represented a follow-up to this. The
FENAGIE project in Nianing was an artisanal fisheries group that supported the organization of
fishermen in the past, and the pilot project here developed a partnership with this group.
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(8) Distance from Dakar
Nianing and Yenne are located close to Dakar, where government agencies are concentrated.
Although fishermen play the main role in bottom-up resource management, since it is necessary
for fishermen to hold frequent talks with the government and donors, access to the fishing
villages is an important point. In the case of remote areas, regional branches of the DPM can be
utilized, however, administrative and research support for resource management becomes weak.
(9) Market access
Market access is an important requirement in order for fishermen to conduct economic activities.
In Nianing, joint shipping of shellfish, octopus, squid and sole is carried out in order to make up
for reduced income arising from resource management, however, this is only possible because a
fisheries company is located nearby. In districts (Saloum Delta, etc.) that are not blessed with
such conditions, it is necessary to consider other alternative means of livelihood.
(10) Fisheries infrastructure
Fisheries infrastructure has both positive and negative aspects. Where fisheries infrastructure
exists, landed quantities increase, middlepersons gather and a sellers’ market is formed. On the
down side, higher concentration of landing fishermen means that resource management is
difficult. If resource management can be successfully implemented in Nianing, which has no
fisheries infrastructure, other fishing villages that face similar conditions can utilize this know-
how.
To sum up, the features of the selected project sites can be described as follows: (1) there is high
awareness of resource management; (2) solidarity of fishermen’s organizations is strong; (3) there is a
high ratio of local fishermen; (4) there is a high ratio of fixed stocks; (5) the fishing villages are
compact in size; (6) fishing villages possessing similar conditions are located nearby; (7) there is no
overlapping of projects by other donors; (8) access from government agencies is good; (9) market
access is good; and (10) fisheries infrastructure is under-developed. These are thought to be the
conditions required to commence basic resource management in a country such as Senegal, where
resource management is not well developed.
Table 5-1 Current Condition of Artisinal Fishing Villages in Senegal
VillageResource
managementActivities
Fishermen’sOrganizations
Local/MigratoryFishermen
Type of Stocks FishingBoats
AdjacentVillages
Other Projects Distancefrom Dakar
Market Access FisheriesInfrastructure
Comment
St. Louis Operatingrestrictions
CNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession
100%local fishermen,but they are not therefor half the year.
Pelagic fish,demersal fish 1,611 WWF/OCEANIUM 264 km Very poor Village is too large to conduct resource
management
Mouit 35 260 km Very poor As a riverside fishing village, conditions aretoo different from other villages.
Lompoul Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Demersal fish 44 189 km Poor Facilities suppliedby JICA
Local fishermen are too few.
Fass-Boye Union locale Saint-Louis fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish
137 Mboro 136 km Very poor Local fishermen are too few.Roads are unpaved.
Kayar
CatchrestrictionsOperatingrestrictions
CNPS, MbalmiGIE interprofessionComité de pêche
Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen
Pelagic fish,demersal fish 551 WWF/OCEANIUM
DPM 58 km Good Facilities suppliedby JICA
Resource management is already in progress.
Hann Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish 167 FENAGIE/Swiss In a city Very good
Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.A fishing boat registration project wasimplemented in the past.
Yoff Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish 348 In a city Very good Fishermen have low awareness and
organizational capacity.
OuakamFishinggrounddivision
APO, Union locale Local fishermen Demersal fish 99 Soumbedioune FENAGIE In a city Very good Problems exist with use of dynamite infishing.
Thiaroye Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish,demersal fish
185 15 km Very good Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.
Rufisque Artificial reefs Union localeUPR
Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish
295 FENAGIE/SwissOFCA,OCEANIUM
28 km Good A fishing boat registration project wasimplemented in the past.
Bargny Artificial reefs Union localeComité de récif
Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish
134 Miname OFCA 33 km Good The village has experience of fish reefs.
Yenne Artificial reefsCNPSUnion localeComité de récif
Local fishermen Demersal fish 318 Sendou OFCA 38 km Good Market facilitiesThe village has experience of fish reefs.Fishermen’s organizations are active.
Ngaparou CNPS Local fishermen Demersal fish,octopus
103 Sali-Portudal 75 km Poor Fishermen have low awareness andorganizational capacity.
MbourCNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession
Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen
Pelagic fish,demersal fish,
octopus, shellfish718 DPM
FENAGIE83 km Good
Market facilitiesVillage is too large to conduct resourcemanagement
JoalCNPSUnions localeGIE interprofession
Local fishermenSaint-Louis fishermen
Pelagic fish,demersal fish
Octopus, shellfish579 FENAGIE 114 km Good Market facilities
Village is too large to conduct resourcemanagement
Nianing Coastalbeautification
Union locale Local fishermen Demersal fish,octopus, shellfish
117 MbalingPointe-Sarene
FENAGIE 90 km Good Village is too large to conduct resourcemanagement
Djifère Migratory fishermen Demersal fish 257 Dionouar 130 km Good More of a camp community rather than avillage
VillageResource
managementActivities
Fishermen’sOrganizations
Local/MigratoryFishermen
Type of Stocks FishingBoats
AdjacentVillages
Other Projects Distancefrom Dakar
Market Access FisheriesInfrastructure
Comment
Missirah Union locale Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish 52 270 km Very poor Facilities supplied
by JICA Roads are unpaved.
Niodior Local fishermen Pelagic fish、Demersal fish
64 UICN, JICA 143 kmboat
Very poor Fishermen are getting themselves organized.
Kafountine 56The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.
Ziguinchor 497The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.
Elinkine 51The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.
Diogue 148The project cannot be implemented in areaswhere Japanese Study Team members areprohibited from entry.
Note) CNPS: Collectif National des Pêcheurs du Sénégal (Senegal Federation of Fishermen), Union locale: village organization of FENAGIE, FENAGIE: Fédération nationale des GIEs(National Federation of fishermen’s groups), GIE:Groupement d’Interet Economique、UPR: Union des Pêcheurs de Rufisque(Rufisque Fishermen’s Union), APO: Association des Pêcheurs d’Ouakam(Ouakam Fishermen’s Association), Comité de pêche: Kayar Fisheries Commission,Mbalmi: Kayar Roundhaul Fisher Association, Comité de récif: artificial reef management committee
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5.3 Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing
5.3.1 Outline of the Pilot Project
In the first year, the project was implemented in Nianing. Since catches of octopus and cymbium
(large spiral shellfish) in Nianing have been small in recent years, in the kickoff workshop some
residents were heard to say, “Stocks will become exhausted if we carry on like this. We need to
regulate the fishery in order to preserve it for our children and grandchildren.” At this time, the
fishermen decided to implement autonomous management measures such as the setting of closed
seasons and release of shellfish fry in order to restore stocks. However, since implementing resource
management alone would lead fishing households into bankruptcy, the fishermen also decided to
augment household incomes through generating revenue from the joint shipping of octopus and
cymbium. Meanwhile, since resource management cannot only be implemented by fishermen but also
requires government involvement, it is important to build joint management between fishermen and
the government. Accordingly, the local government established an ordinance concerning autonomous
management. Also, CRODT decided to provide biological information regarding important stocks to
the fishermen.
In the second year, participation was expanded to neighboring Pointe-Sarene and Mballing that share
the same resources and fishing grounds. The three villages jointly set closed seasons for octopus and
cymbium and reduced the use of gillnets targeting demersal fish (mainly sole). Moreover, in
collaboration with a local NGO, the villages made preparations for the setting of marine protection
zones. Regarding resource management compensation measures, since the treatment of large amounts
of waste shells is a problem in the three villages, they decided to carry out recycling. Specific
measures comprised, (1) small-scale poultry farming making use of shells, (2) octopus spawning reefs
(pots) making use of shells, and (3) development of building materials made from shells. In Pointe-
Sarene and Mballing, fueling facilities were constructed.
Figure 5-1 shows the list of activities in the pilot project.
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Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing
Project objective: To build a model of joint management between the government and fishermen
Octopus and cymbium closedseasons
Octopus spawning reefs Joint shipping
Restriction of gillnets Restriction of seine nets Refueling equipment
Release of cymbium fry Maintenance of fisheries statistics Poultry farming
Technical advice
Supply of equipment
Provision of scientific information Establishment of ordinance
Figure 5-1 List of Project Activities
Resource management Compensation
Activities by residents
Government support Support by JICA
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5.3.2 Cooperation Period
February 2004 ~ February 2006 (2 years)
5.3.3 Cooperation Contents
(1) Overall goal
1) To disseminate a model of joint management to other fishing villages
2) To reflect the project achievements in national plans
(2) Project purpose
To have the model of joint management between the government and fishermen recognized
among fisheries-related persons
(3) Outputs
1) Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen
2) Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management
3) Maintenance of the living standard of local residents
4) Revitalization of local economic activities
5) Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in resource
management
(4) Inputs
Japanese side:
• Three consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s
organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy)
• Supply of facilities and equipment (cymbium storage shed, fish boxes, notice boards, personal
computers, crusher machines, spawning reefs, fueling equipment)
• Vehicles
• Acceptance of two counterparts to training in Japan
Senegalese side:
• Three counterparts (2 from DPM, 1 from CRODT)
• One DPM branch member (a counterpart for practical purposes)
• One CRODT technician (biological survey)
• One employee of FENAGIE-PECHE (artisinal fisheries group) (technical support)
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(5) Cost of above facilities and equipments
• Cymbium storage shed 10,000 thousand FCFA (US$20,000)
(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)
• Fish boxes 6,916 thousand FCFA (US$13,800)
(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)
• Notice boards 1,348 thousand FCFA (US$2,700)
(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)
• Computer set (Nianing) 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700)
• Crusher machine (Nianing) 1,500 thousand FCFA (US$3,000)
• Octopus spawning reefs 1,656 thousand FCFA (US$3,300)
(Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing)
• Fueling stations (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing) 12,000 thousand FCFA (US$24,000)
• Poultry farming (Nianing) *Loan 2,000 thousand FCFA (US$4,000)
Total 36,290 thousand FCFA (US$72,500)
5.3.4 Flow of Pilot Project Activities
Figure 5-2 shows the flow of main project activities.
5.3.5 Pilot Project Outputs
The anticipated outputs described in 5.3.2 and the actual outputs over the two years are indicated
below.
Output 1) “Demonstration of autonomous management by fishermen,” the main point concerns how
far the fishermen planned and executed resource management themselves.
• All resource management activities were planned as a result of discussion between the fishermen.
• Concerning participation in the octopus closed season (September 15 ~ October 15), 141 fishing
boats (100%) from Nianing took part in 2004. In 2005, 371 fishing boats (100%) from Nianing,
Pointe-Sarene and Mballing observed the autonomous management rules.
• Regarding the closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~ February 20), only Nianing took part in
2005, when the closed season was observed by 53 fishing boats (75%) at the start but eventually 70
fishing boats (almost 100%) at the end. In 2006, 240 fishing boats (almost 100%) from the three
villages implemented the closed season.
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• Approximately 200 octopus spawning reefs (pots) were set to coincide with the closed season from
September to October in the three villages, and spawning was confirmed in many of the pots. Since
it is considered effective for stock recovery to combine closed seasons with spawning reefs for
octopus, it is hoped that this activity be expanded more in future (see the next figure).
• Concerning the release of cymbium fry, approximately 5,000 shells were released over the two
years. When these shells were recaptured five months later, body growth was confirmed and the
fishermen realized effectiveness of the activity at first hand. Accordingly, it is anticipated that
cymbium stocks can be restored through increasing the number of released shells.
• Regarding the resource management of demersal fish (sole), it was agreed to reduce the quantity of
gillnets by 30%. Although this activity has only just started, there is a strong willingness among
fishermen to observe the rules.
• The effort to protect fry through setting closed zones and regulating the use of seine nets in waters
just off the three villages is being conducted in a joint effort with the local NGO OCEANIUM. This
activity is still at the stage of discussion with fishermen.
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Kickoff WorkshopFebruary 2004
With participation from citizens and governmentofficials, opinions were exchanged concerning thecurrent conditions and problems of villages, planning ofthe project, organizational setup for resourcemanagement, and role of the Government of Senegal.
▽
Start of the Resource management CommitteeFebruary 2004
A resource management committee consisting offishermen, middlepersons and women engaged inprocessing was organized.
▽
Start of the octopus biological surveyFebruary 2004
Biological survey of octopus was conducted for one yearin the villages, in order to clarify the spawning seasonand secure reference data for setting the closed season.
▽
Start of joint shipping of cymbiumMarch 2004
The Study Team coordinated between the resourcemanagement committee and the fisheries company.
▽
Residents’ assembly on the octopus closed seasonJuly 2004
The closed season for octopus (September 15 ~ October15) was decided in a majority vote by residents.
▽
Tour of Nianing by the Minister of Ocean FisheriesOctober 2004
The Minister of Ocean Fisheries visited Nianing andpraised the autonomous resource management activitiesof the fishermen.
▽
Residents’ assembly on the cymbium closed seasonDecember 2004
The closed season for cymbium (January 20 ~February20) was decided in a majority vote by residents.
▽
Decision on project participation byMballing and Pointe-Sarene
April 2005
Following on from octopus and cymbium, resourcemanagement was expanded to demersal fish too.
▽
Setting of octopus spawning reefsAugust 2005
Spawning of octopuses was confirmed, therebyindicating the potential for stock propagation.
▽
Start of poultry farming and completion offueling equipment
October 2005
Diversification of income sources, necessary forresource management, was realized.
Figure 5-2 Main Flow of Project Activities
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Octopus closed season and spawning reefs (pots)
An octopus pot hauled from waters at a depth of 12 m off the coast of Nianing in Senegal.
Inside can be seen a mother octopus and eggs (white granules) (October 11, 2005)
1. Resident participation in resource management
At first the fishermen wanted the closed season and spawning reefs to be set for the octopus
spawning season of September~October. And just as they said, the octopuses spawned in
September and October. It may be said that this confirmed the importance of utilizing the
experiential know-how of fishermen in resource management.
Moreover, it is thought that the fishermen adhered to the closed season because they
themselves compiled the rules
2. Construction of the joint management model
CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted a yearlong survey of the spawning season and
thereby obtained scientific backing for the opinion of the fishermen (the survey findings
showed the spawning season to be September). Concerning administrative involvement in
resource management, the prefectural government passed an ordinance prior to the closed
season. For Senegal, which faces numerous financial and technical limitations, this may be
said to be the feasible model of joint management at the current time.
Output 2), “Clarification of the roles of the government and fishermen in resource management,” in
light of the project concept of constructing a model of bottom-up joint management, it was important
that the government and fishermen respectively compiled and executed appropriate action plans. Both
sides confirmed that, 1) the role of the government was to provide scientific information to fishermen
and take the legal measures necessary for resource management, and 2) the role of the fishermen was
to establish autonomous management rules pertaining to local fisheries stocks and to take an organized
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approach to resource management. The fishermen were allowed to take the lead in resource
management, while the government and donors only gave backup when it was needed.
Output 3), “Maintenance of the living standard of local residents,” the change in the living standard of
residents resulting from the project can be gauged by calculating the economic impact of resource
management activities and lifestyle improvement activities (compensation). In Nianing, as a result of
calculating losses arising from resource management and gains arising from joint shipment, it was
found that the gains exceeded losses (details are given later). This was the main reason why the project
gained the backing of residents, and newspapers in Senegal had the following to say about the project:
“The joint shipment of cymbium generates a major increase in income and provides compensation for
the closed season. Ever since the Japanese project started, the price of cymbium is stable and revenue
has increased by 50%. Residents have been freed from harsh labor conditions and are now able to
spend more time with their families.” Thanks to the installation of refueling equipment in Pointe
Sarene and Mbaling, residents no longer need to travel to purchase gasoline and they now have more
time to spend on economic activities such as fishing and farming (see the next section).
Refueling Equipment
Truck bringing gasoline to Pointe-Sarene (November 7, 2005)
1. Reason for selecting refueling equipment
The question of how to compensate or find alternative income for fishermen, who are
disadvantaged by resource management, is a difficult one. Aquaculture and eco-tourism
require time before they can be fruitful; neither is it possible to give money in compensation.
The fishermen came up with the idea of refueling equipment. Reasons for this are: (1)
resolving the greatest problem facing fishermen will provide an incentive for resource
management, (2) since gasoline tanks and pumps can be rented, this measure can be repeated
at other villages too, and (3) residents offered to bear the cost of purchasing gasoline. The
project paid for the construction work (approximately 1,350,000 yen) to lay the foundations,
etc. for the refueling equipment.
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2. Maintenance of refueling equipment
The resource management committee (one leader, one equipment operator, one accountant)
maintains the equipment under the supervision of the DPM. The equipment operator has
experience of maintaining refueling equipment and received training at Fenagie-Peche
(Bargny) before the equipment was installed.
Gasoline is sold between 07.00 and 19.00, and fishermen purchase between 5-10 liters each
time. Between 40~80 fishermen come to buy gasoline every day and they also come from
other villages. The price is 10 Fcfa higher than the market price, however, it still works out
cheaper than traveling long distances to buy. The commission of the committee is used for
operator salaries, equipment maintenance (repair costs, field repair costs), support for
resource management activities and community activities, and the remainder is saved.
3. Potential for dissemination to other fishing villages
Many fishing villages in Senegal do not possess refueling equipment, so it is thought that
such equipment has high potential as a means of complementing fishermen’s incomes. There
are signs that other donors want to copy this project too. In GIRMaC by the World Bank, it is
planned to install refueling equipment in exchange for conducting resource management in
Ngaprou and Funjeune.
Output 4), “Revitalization of local economic activities,” the level of participation in the project by
local companies was checked. Joint shipments of cymbium were started in March 2004, when direct
dealings were commenced with a South Korean affiliated company. When this company does not want
to purchase, the shipments are switched to a Chinese affiliated company. Octopus, cuttlefish and sole
are shipped to a Japanese affiliated company, and some of the fish landed in Nianing are exported to
Europe and Japan, etc. Quantities of dealings with these companies are given in detail in the later
section on economic impacts.
Output 5), “Registration of fishermen and fishing boats, and utilization of fisheries statistics in
resource management,” personal computers have been installed in Nianing and the fishermen have
completed training with a view to compiling a ledger on the joint consolidation and shipping of
catches. When this system is completed, more accurate fisheries data than at present will be obtained
for reflection in future resource management.
As can be gathered, the project was a success in terms of realizing joint resource management under
the initiative of fishermen, and as a result the term “bottom-up” came to be heard frequently among
fisheries officials. The project activities were reported in the local press, television and radio, and the
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Minister of Maritime Economy stated that the activities of the fishermen of Nianing would be
acclaimed. As a result, fishermen in other villages have started showing an interest in Japanese
projects.
The issue in future will be to disseminate the joint management model that was constructed in the
project. The World Bank, which has instigated similar projects in other fishing villages, has made a
request to the Study Team for technical support. Moreover, members of the Japan Overseas
Cooperation Volunteers will be dispatched to the Mbour branch of the DPM in order to disseminate
the co-management model during fiscal 2006.
5.3.6 Analysis of Success Factors
The biggest factor in the success of the pilot project was the active participation of residents. Leaving
the question of why residents actively participated in the project to the residents’ assessment (given
later), the reasons for success as viewed by the Study Team are as follows.
(1) Fishermen were made the focal point of the project and were given the responsibility and
authority for resource management.
Most attempts at resource management in the past were based on government leadership and
planning. In this case, the concept of fishermen playing the lead role and government merely
acting as a supporter was thoroughly enforced, and fishermen were given the responsibility and
authority to make decisions on resource management.
(2) Rather than imposing the ideas of the government and donors, the experiential know-how and
technology of fishermen were emphasized.
The reason why numerous resource management projects have failed throughout the world is
because governments and donors have designed projects and imposed them on fishermen. The
principle of this project was to emphasize fishermen’s initiative and utilize the know-how and
technology of fishermen as much as possible. On that basis, cooperation was sought from the
government and activities on the ground were linked to administrative activity and scientific
know-how.
(3) Economic unease over resource management was removed through implementing lifestyle
improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc.
Projects that only strive to impose resource management end in failure due to resistance from
fishermen. In this project, lifestyle improvement activities such as joint shipping, etc. were
implemented simultaneously with the resource management activities. Upon referring to the
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experiences gained at Kayar, fish prices were raised through improving the quality of octopus
and cymbium and implementing joint shipments. The economic effect of fueling facilities also
made a major contribution to the resource management activities by fishermen.
(4) The local government supported resource management through establishing an ordinance, etc.
Because the local government gave its “seal of approval” to the autonomous resource
management activities, this fostered a greater sense of responsibility and tension among
fishermen and made them more willing to follow the rules. This was also an opportunity for the
local government to understand bottom-up resource management and fostered a greater
awareness of participation in the project. The ideal type of resource management is “joint
management by fishermen and local government.”
(5) CRODT and the fishermen jointly conducted biological surveys that clarified the spawning
periods, etc. of target species.
The biological surveys in the villages responded to the needs of fishermen to understand the
ecosystems and life histories of stocks. Clarifying spawning periods and so on provided scientific
backup for the resource management. It is important for CRODT to function primarily as a
research agency and advance this kind of work that directly benefits the fishermen.
(6) Equipment and materials necessary for efficiently and effectively implementing resource
management activities and lifestyle improvement activities were supplied.
The equipment and materials supplied for resource management activities comprised notice
boards for encouraging resident participation, T-shirts, name badges, tools for releasing cymbium
fry and octopus spawning reefs, while the equipment and materials supplied for lifestyle
improvement activities comprised cymbium storage sheds, insulated fish boxes and fueling
equipment. In order to limit the initial investment and operating costs, local resources were
effectively utilized. Poultry farming equipment was procured through the self-efforts of the
residents.
(7) The Study Team visited the fishing villages on numerous occasions in order to discuss resource
management and compensation with residents.
In Senegal, it is very rare for government officials or donors to visit fishing villages. If officials
do not visit the villages, they cannot understand the needs of fishermen, and the thinking of
government and donors cannot be transmitted to the fishermen. In the project, close
communications were maintained and relationships of trust were established with fishermen. The
fishermen said that Japan was the first donor ever to have worked so closely with them.
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(8) The DPM branch officials devotedly supported the fishermen in both technical and mental terms.
The DPM Mbour branch officers visited the three villages and gave support to the fishermen
almost every day. They provided counseling on resource management, participated in residents’
assemblies, conducted negotiations in dealings with the fisheries companies, made preparations
for the ordinance and coordinated work with government officials, etc. The fishermen trusted the
branch officers and built up the joint management setup together with them. Without the efforts
of the branch officers, the project goals could not have been achieved.
(9) Employees of FENAGIE-PECHE played an important role as project participants, mainly in
terms of the operation of fishermen’s organizations.
The project was implemented in collaboration with FENAGIE-PECHE, which is well versed in
organizing fishermen and implementing the participatory approach that is essential to resource
management. When the fishermen’s organizations were being established, it provided a code of
conduct, while during the project it passed on know-how on organizational running to the
fishermen. The objective advice of this agency, which is neither the government nor the
fishermen, was helpful to the Study Team too.
(10) The motivation of fishermen was raised through media coverage of the project.
The day after journalists were invited to Nianing to cover the project, it was introduced in local
newspapers and on TV and radio, and the project at once gained nationwide attention. The
favorable media coverage encouraged the fishermen to continue the project activities, and the
project became the pride and joy of the fishermen. The visit to Nianing by the Minister of Ocean
Fisheries was also triggered by the newspaper coverage.
5.3.7 Residents Hearing Survey
A hearing survey of residents in Nianing was implemented 20 months after the start of the pilot
project. The aim of this was to clarify the factors behind the active participation of residents in the
project and so on. An outline of the survey is given below.
Survey objective : To clarify the assessment of the project by residents, changes in the lifestyle of
residents before and after the project, and awareness of residents towards
resource management.
Survey method : Hearing interviews with residents
Survey period : November 21 ~ November 27, 2005
Survey site : All of Nianing Village
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Number of samples : 100 people
Sampling method : Random sampling from fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in
processing and important village figures, etc.
Survey items : 20 items were set: ① Sex, ② Occupation, ③ Impressions of the pilot
project, ④ Fluctuation in income, ⑤ Changes in the village, ⑥
Performance of the resource management committee, ⑦ Confirmation of
membership, ⑧ Octopus closed season, ⑨ Cymbium closed season, ⑩
Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons, ⑪ Octopus
spawning reefs, ⑫ Reduction of bottom gillnets, ⑬ Marine protection
zones, ⑭ Release of cymbium fry, ⑮ Joint shipping, ⑯ Poultry farming,
⑰ Joint resource management with neighboring villages, ⑱ Administrative
response to resource management, ⑲ Continuation of the pilot project, and
⑳ Residents’ ideas on resource management.
Survey implementer : Resource management committee
The results are summarized below:
① Sex?
Out of 100 respondents, 77 were men and 23 were women.
② Occupation?
Out of 100 respondents, 54 were fishermen, 22 were women engaged in processing, 16 were
middlepersons, and 8 were important figures, etc. Most of the fishermen conducted bottom gillnet
fishing for cymbium, cuttlefish and sole, etc. (and also octopus between June and October).
③ What are your impressions of the pilot project?
Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought the pilot project was “good,” 5 thought it was “bad,” and 6
didn’t know or gave no answer. The ratio of people who thought the project was good was 91%
among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing and
100% among important village figures, etc.
As to why the pilot project was good, the following reasons were given:
• It will lead to village in the direction of development.
• It teaches about resource management methods.
• It enables sustainable fisheries.
• The resource management committee purchases catches at a high price.
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• Thanks to joint shipping, it is no longer necessary too travel far to sell catches.
• There is more competition between middlepersons and this has raised fish prices.
• Villagers have come to work together.
• The village has been revitalized.
• The Minister of Maritime Economy came to the village and said congratulations.
• The village became famous thanks to coverage in the press, TV and radio.
• The village has become a model for other fishing villages in Senegal.
• It was shown that the Government of Senegal is interested in artisinal fisheries.
• Reasons given for the project being bad were as follows:
• There is little information provided from the project.
• There are too few residents’ assemblies.
④ Has your income changed compared with before the project?
Out of 100 respondents, 81 responded that income had increased, nobody responded that income
had decreased, and 19 responded that there was no change or they didn’t know. The ratio of
people who experienced increased income was 89% among fishermen, 50% among
middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village
figures, etc.
• As to why incomes increased, the following reasons were given:
• Although this year was a bad catch, income increased thanks to the joint shipping.
• The margin for middlepersons has decreased, while that for fishermen has increased.
• Until now the purchase prices set by the fisheries companies were a mystery. That was because
the middlepersons hid information. Thanks to the resource management committee, excessive
intermediate exploitation has been corrected.
• Thanks to the cymbium storage shed, catches are selling well.
• Needless peddling has been removed.
• I previously conducted farming, but I started fisheries and my standard of living has stabilized.
• I am now able to save money.
• As to why incomes remained the same, the following reasons were given:
• Fish prices have increased but the number of fish has gone down.
• Income would have increased if there were no closed season.
⑤ Has your village changed compared with before the project?
Out of 100 respondents, 86 replied that the village had changed, 12 that it hadn’t, and 2 didn’t
know.
The following changes were given:
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• Joint shipping of cymbium, octopus, sole and cuttlefish has been started.
• A storage shed for cymbium has been built.
• All economic activities are now carried out within the village. Before, catches were sold in
bigger towns.
• The number of unemployed people has decreased.
• Residents’ awareness towards resource management has changed.
• Residents have come to compile and adhere to rules.
• Communication between residents has increased and mutual understanding has deepened.
• People have started talking about the village’s future.
• The coast has become cleaner and more hygienic.
• Fishing boats from Mbour land their catches in Nianing (because of the good beach prices).
• More people work on the beach and the atmosphere is livelier.
• Weddings and other ceremonial occasions are more flamboyant.
• The press comes to report on activities in the village.
⑥ What do you think about the resource management committee?
The resource management committee was established at the start of the pilot project.
Representatives of fishermen and middlepersons were appointed as the secretariat, and the
committee leads resource management and economic activities in the village.
Out of 100 respondents, 83 thought the committee was a good thing, 8 thought it was bad, and 9
didn’t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the committee was a good
thing was 89% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 77% among women engaged in
processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the resource management committee is good, the following reasons were given:
• The committee members are working very hard for development of the village.
• Thanks to the committee, the village has succeeded in making commodities out of catches.
• The committee informs the purchase prices of fisheries companies.
• The committee provides leadership and guides the fishermen.
• The committee conducts active enlightenment activities in order to protect stocks.
• What was impossible by individuals has been made possible together.
• The committee provided funds to purchase fishing nets.
• The committee contributes to the social activities (ceremonial occasions, mosque construction,
etc.) in the village.
Reasons given for why the committee is bad were as follows:
• Information provision on the project is insufficient.
• Renewal of the secretariat is necessary.
• The organization is disorganized and lacks transparency.
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• The committee didn’t provide me with nets or credit.
⑦ Are you a member of the resource management committee?
Out of 100 respondents, 66 responded in the affirmative, 33 responded in the negative and 1 gave
no response.
Reasons given for membership were as follows:
• Because I want the village to grow.
• Because it will be to the advantage of my family and the village.
• Because I am worried about the depletion of fisheries stocks.
• Because I agree with the objectives of the project.
• Because I want to protect funds for future generations.
• Because I want the ocean to get over its malaise.
• Because we can achieve great things if we move together as an organization.
Reasons given for not becoming members were as follows:
• I like to work alone.
• I have my own personal marketing route.
• I’ll become a member if they give me a name badge.
⑧ What do you think about the octopus closed season?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus closed season that was
implemented in 2004 and 2005.
Out of 100 respondents, 86 thought that the closed season was good, 11 thought it was bad, and 3
said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good
thing was 81% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in
processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the octopus closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given:
• Octopuses were larger after the closed season.
• If octopuses become larger, their economic value also increases.
• Octopus spawning becomes possible and stocks increase.
• Fisheries can be passed on to children and grandchildren.
• Because the closed season was a success.
• All fishermen in Senegal should observe the closed season.
• I understand that the closed season is a good thing, but without compensation living would be
tough.
• It is our duty to protect fisheries stocks.
• Because all the residents agreed at the public assemblies.
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• Because closed season is implemented in Mauritania too.
Reasons given for why the octopus closed season is bad were as follows:
• Timing of the closed season should be rethought.
• The effects of the closed season are doubtful.
• The ocean must not be closed off.
⑨ What do you think about the cymbium closed season?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the cymbium closed season that was
implemented in 2005.
Out of 100 respondents, 89 thought that the closed season was good, 9 thought it was bad, and 2
said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the closed season was a good
thing was 91% among fishermen, 75% among middlepersons, 91% among women engaged in
processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
• Concerning why the cymbium closed season is a good thing, the following reasons were given:
• Because the numbers of cymbium increase.
• The most important resource in Nianing must be protected.
• I agreed because the closed season coincides with the spawning season.
• Not many cymbium can be caught in this period anyway. The cymbium are buried under the
sand.
• I know that the mother shells contain cymbium fry during this period.
• If we kill the young, only the old will remain and stocks will disappear.
• If many cymbium can be caught after the closed season, we can save money.
• In order to raise the stock recovery effect, all fishermen must take part.
• I am in agreement, but this measure should be implemented in the sea from Mbour to Joal.
• The effects of the closed season will appear in a few years from now.
Reasons given for why the cymbium closed season is bad were as follows:
• My livelihood depends on cymbium.
• I only have nets for catching cymbium.
• We will no longer be able to process cymbium.
⑩ Continuation of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons?
Out of 100 respondents, 87 thought that the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be
continued, 5 thought not, and 8 didn’t know or gave no response. The ratio of people who
thought the closed seasons should be continued was 87% among fishermen, 81% among
middlepersons, 86% among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village
figures, etc.
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Concerning why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should be continued, the following
reasons were given:
• Because sustainable fisheries will be made possible.
• I agree so long as there are corresponding compensation measures during the closed seasons.
• The closed seasons should be set for periods when people can easily take part.
• We must continue, and we probably can.
• I want this to be implemented every year.
• The ocean becomes regenerated.
• Because it will take time for the fish stocks to increase.
• We should learn from Mauritania, which has a 3-month closed season.
Reasons given for why the octopus and cymbium closed seasons should not be continued were as
follows:
• I will agree provided that alternative fisheries are enabled.
• I will agree if information on the spawning season is given.
⑪ What do you think about the octopus spawning reefs?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the octopus spawning reefs that were
implemented in 2005.
Out of 100 respondents, 90 thought that the octopus spawning reefs were good, nobody thought
they were bad, and 10 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the
octopus spawning reefs were good was 94% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 82%
among women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the octopus spawning reefs were good, the following reasons were given:
• Because they aid the spawning of octopuses and stocks increase.
• Because the pots are small, they are not hindered by fishing lines or nets.
• Because octopuses spawned eggs.
• I saw octopus eggs for the first time in my life.
• Because seashells were used as the raw material for pots.
• The reefs should be disseminated through all Senegal.
• If we had known about this four years ago, stocks of octopus would never have decreased.
• The number of pots should be increased.
⑫ What do you think about the reduction of bottom gillnets?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the reduction in bottom gillnets that was stated
in October 2005.
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Out of 100 respondents, 47 thought that reducing bottom gillnets was good, 34 thought it was
bad, and 19 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the reduction of
bottom gillnets was good was 46% among fishermen, 44% among middlepersons, 45% among
women engaged in processing, and 63% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the reduction in bottom gillnets was good, the following reasons were given:
• Management of demersal fish stocks can be realized with a small effort.
• This is connected to protection of sole and cymbium.
• The number of nets should be restored to what it was before.
• Regulations on fishing gear are working well in Kayar.
Reasons given for why the reduction in bottom gillnets is bad were as follows:
• Fishermen will become poor.
• Fishermen want to increase the number of nets.
• The number of nets goes down as nets become damaged.
• If the number of fish increases, I won’t mind reducing my nets.
• We should reduce catch sizes rather than the number of nets.
• It would be better to increase the mesh size of nets.
• It would take around 5 years for all fishermen to give their agreement.
⑬ What do you think about the marine protection zone?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the setting of the marine protection zone
currently being prepared.
Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was
bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the marine
protection zone is good was 98% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 95% among
women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the marine protection zone is good, the following reasons were given:
• This will aid the propagation of fish.
• If small-size fish are protected, fish stocks will increase.
• Seine net fishermen catch small-size fish.
• It is not good to draw nets on sandy beaches in front of hotels.
Reasons given for why the marine protection zone is a bad thing were as follows:
• Fishing grounds will become more restricted.
⑭ What do you think about the release of cymbium fry?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the release of cymbium fry that was
implemented in 2005.
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Out of 100 respondents, 99 thought that the marine protection zone was good and 1 thought it
was bad. The ratio of people who thought the release of cymbium fry was good was 98% among
fishermen, 100% among middlepersons, 100% among women engaged in processing, and 100%
among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the release of cymbium fry was good, the following reasons were given:
• Stocks will not increase if shellfish fry are killed.
• Young shellfish reach commodity size in two months after release.
• If cymbium disappear, it will no longer be possible to conduct joint shipping.
• Women and children can also take part.
• Women can benefit two times: once when they sell young shells to the committee, and once
more when they sell grown shells to the committee.
• It is possible to recapture grown cymbium and confirm the release effect.
Reasons given for why the release of cymbium fry is bad were as follows:
• Young shellfish are possibly dying after being released.
⑮ What do you think about the joint shipping?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the joint shipping that was started in 2004.
Out of 100 respondents, 92 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was
bad, and 7 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of
cymbium fry was good was 98% among fishermen, 63% among middlepersons, 95% among
women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the joint shipping was good, the following reasons were given:
• Fish prices rise and fishermen’s livelihoods are improved.
• This provides compensation for resource management.
• It would be even better if there were collaboration with middlepersons.
• It is necessary for the closed season to be successful.
• Women are freed from harsh labor.
• Prices of caught fish went up.
Reasons given for why joint shipping is bad were as follows:
• Project support for middlepersons is inadequate.
⑯ What do you think about the poultry farming?
Residents were asked about what they thought of the poultry farming that was started in 2005.
Out of 100 respondents, 82 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was
bad, and 17 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought the release of
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cymbium fry is good was 78% among fishermen, 81% among middlepersons, 86% among
women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why poultry farming was good, the following reasons were given:
• The fish catch effort is reduced.
• It is a good method of resting the ocean.
• It leads to the creation of employment in the village.
• The village requires poultry meat and eggs.
• Frozen meat does not taste good.
• The scale of poultry farming should be increased.
• In addition to poultry farming, I want to start vegetable cultivation and dress making.
• In addition to poultry, sheep and cattle would also be good.
• Women should be involved more.
Reasons given for why poultry farming is bad were as follows:
• It is strange for fishermen to keep chickens
⑰ What do you think about the joint resource management with neighboring villages?
Residents were asked about what they thought of joint resource management with neighboring
villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballin).
Out of 100 respondents, 97 thought that the marine protection zone was good, 1 thought it was
bad, and 2 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who thought joint resource
management was good was 96% among fishermen, 94% among middlepersons, 91% among
women engaged in processing, and 100% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why joint resource management with neighboring villages was good, the following
reasons were given:
• Because the three villages utilize the same resources in the same fishing grounds.
• We have to think of them, and they have to think of us.
• If the three villages cooperate, stocks will recover faster.
• Fishermen who were dubious about the closed seasons may come to agree with the project.
• We want to share the benefits of the product with our brothers and sisters and relatives in
neighboring villages.
• We should increase the number of participating villages from 3 to 5 or 10.
• The more participants there are, the more the nation will advance.
• A major impact will be imparted to villages that do not practice resource management.
• The fishermen of Nianing will lose their sense of unfairness.
• Exchange will deepen in fields other than fisheries.
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Reasons given for why joint resource management with neighboring villages is not good were as
follows:
• It is difficult to work with other villages.
⑱ Administrative handling of resource management?
Out of 100 respondents, 33 thought the administrative handling of resource management was
good, 49 thought it was bad, and 18 said neither or gave no response. The ratio of people who
thought it was good was 31% among fishermen, 25% among middlepersons, 36% among women
engaged in processing, and 50% among important village figures, etc.
Concerning why the administrative handling of resource management was good, the following
reasons were given:
• Administration plays an important role in this project.
• Administration has supported the resource management activities through establishing an
ordinance and so on.
• CRODT came to the village to implement the octopus biological survey.
• Joint management cannot be performed without administration.
• From now on, fishermen and administration must work together.
• The administrative side listed to the views of women in this project.
Reasons given for why the administrative handling of resource management is bad were as
follows:
• Administrative projects do not last a long time.
• Administrative officials do not come to the village.
• They are all talk and no action.
• Administration is interested in education and medical care rather than fisheries.
• Prices of outboard motors and gasoline are too high.
⑲ Do you think the pilot project activities will continue?
Out of 100 respondents, 93 replied that the pilot project activities will continue and 5 that they
will not, and 2 said neither or gave no response.
Concerning why the pilot project activities will continue, the following reasons were given:
• Because the project fits with the interest and benefit of villagers.
• Because compensation is provided for resource management
• Residents have a high awareness of resource management
• Residents are cooperating for the sake of the project.
• Residents are aware of the depletion in stocks and realize that something must be done.
• The project activities would be even more effective if responsibility was give to women.
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• Because the results of the project have been positive.
• Japan has paved the way to sustainable fisheries.
• Fisheries have changed for the better.
• Continuation is desirable, but the resource management committee must provide information to
residents.
Reasons given for why the pilot project activities will not continue were as follows:
• It will only continue if fishermen adhere to resource management rules.
• It all depends on how well the resource management committee works.
⑳ Residents’ ideas on resource management.
Upon asking residents about the types of resource management they want to try, the following
responses were given:
• Rather than just octopus and cymbium, resource management should be conducted with respect
to all fisheries.
• Regulation of roundhaul nets and seine nets (because they kill young fish)
• Closed seasons of 1 month are too short. They should be set at 3 months.
• Widening of net mesh sizes
• Prohibition of plastic dumping at sea
• Return to traditional fishing methods
• Fisheries companies should stop purchasing during closed seasons.
• Closed seasons for prawns, sole and cuttlefish.
• Artificial reefs
• Prohibition of dynamite fishing
• Surveillance of industrial fishing boats
• Banning of monofilament nets
• Raise the price of gasoline
• Improve fish quality and sell at higher prices.
• Find other work in order to give the ocean a rest.
• Investment in agriculture
• Aqua farming
• Domestic livestock such as ducks, etc.
• Operation of hotels and restaurants
The results of and observations on the hearing survey are summarized into the following points.
(1) The hearing survey targeted not only the fishermen, who benefit most from the project, but also
middlepersons who are in economic competition with the fishermen, women whose lifestyles
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have been completely changed as a result of the joint shipping of cymbium, and persons who are
not members of the resource management committee. In terms of the balance of surveyed
persons, there is thought to be no problem.
(2) The fishermen, middlepersons, women engaged in processing and important village figures all
support the project. The project aims to correct the relationship between middlepersons
(dominating) and fishermen (dominated) through improving physical distribution and there were
concerns over opposition from the middlepersons, however, judging from the results of the
survey, the middlepersons also support it.
(3) Concerning the reasons given for supporting the project, many people pointed to the joint
shipping. In other words, many people would not have supported the project if there had been no
joint shipping. This indicates that economic support measures for local residents are an essential
factor in resource management projects.
(4) More than 80% of respondents indicated that income had increased compared with before the
pilot project, indicating that the twin goals of resource management and poverty mitigation could
be achieved. The main reason for increased incomes is joint shipping. Originally it was not
expected that the income of middlepersons would also increase. According to the resource
management committee, the middlepersons, 1) increased their handled quantities in line with
larger catches, even though their intermediate margin was decreased, and 2) purchase catches
from fishermen to whom they lend money and sell them to the resource management committee
at a margin.
(5) The project imparted various positive socioeconomic impacts to the village. For example,
because all activities from fishing to selling came to be conducted within the village, residents
found they had more time and money than before. Women spoke of having more time to do part-
time jobs and raise their children. Many respondents said that the number of unemployed people
had gone down, although the link between this and the project is unclear.
(6) The performance of the resource management committee was generally well received, however,
some people pointed out that running of the organization was undemocratic and funding was
opaque. In order to raise the sustainability of the project, it is necessary to, 1) involve as many
residents as possible in the project activities, 2) realize the democratic running of the resource
management committee and fairness of secretariat composition, and 3) enhance transparency of
the organization through disclosing information.
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(7) The large majority of people agree with the octopus and cymbium closed seasons (including the
question of continuation), indicating high public awareness regarding resource management. The
enlightenment activities of the resource management committee played a major part in enhancing
the awareness of residents. Regarding octopus, elucidation of the spawning period through the
biological survey helped raise motivation towards the closed season.
(8) One of the reasons for why the octopus closed season was supported was because octopuses
actually spawned eggs and the fishermen were able to see the effects with their own eyes.
Another reason was that residents obtained income from the sale of shells as raw materials for
spawning reefs (shells were previously scrapped).
(9) Support for reduction of bottom gillnets was the lowest of all project components. It seems that
the regulation on bottom gillnets was introduced without sufficient discussion taking place
between the resource management committee and residents. In Nianing, bottom gillnets are the
most important means of production, and there is fear that reducing such nets even partially
would impart major economic losses to fishermen and women engaged in processing. Having
said that, there have so far been no reports of fishermen violating rules.
(10) Many residents supported the marine protection zone. This is a result of the enlightenment
activities that have been conducted by a local NGO with respect to fishermen of Mbour in the
past few years. This campaign has been so successful that “AMP” has become something of a
buzzword. Setting a marine protection zone is not a bad thing, but some voices say activities
should first be bolstered with respect to the most important stocks (in Nianing, cymbium).
(11) There was also a high level of support for the release of cymbium fry shells. The fact that equal
work opportunities were provided to men and women through purchasing young shells from
women and children and so on, and the fact that the effects of release could be seen through
recapturing marked shells, contributed to this.
(12) Concerning poultry farming, because the beach seine net fishermen did not approve at first, the
resource management committee conducted demonstration experimentation. Upon seeing that
profit was obtained from keeping 300 chickens in the first experiment, the beach seine fishermen
became interested. Many residents viewed poultry farming in a positive light as a future means of
compensating income during resource management.
(13) Concerning project participation by neighboring villages (Pointe-Sarene and Mballing), the
residents believe that the effects of resource management would be enhanced if the three villages
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worked together. After the three villages, the next goal is to expand resource management to all
villages in the Mbour region.
(14) Although the lack of administrative support for residents is certainly a problem, officials from the
Mbour branch of the DPM did their best in the project. There seems to be an unhealthy
dependency on administration by the residents.
(15) The residents forecast that the project activities will be continued. Reasons given for this were,
the resource management activities and lifestyle improvement activities are conducted under the
initiative of residents, and awareness of resource management is adequately developed among
residents. The residents are also increasingly aware that their village is a model for resource
management activities.
5.3.8 Nianing
(1) Village Overview
Nianing, located approximately 90 km south of Dakar, is a medium-size village with a population
of 6,232 (as of 2004) and the following characteristics. First of all, the population is equally
composed of Muslims and Christians. The village contains a mosque and a church, which act as
centers for bonding residents and supporting their respective faiths. Whenever village events are
held, the citizens listen to messages given by the Muslim imam (spiritual leader) and Christian
priest and they pray together. Secondly, the overall education level of residents is high, so many
people are fluent in French and some can understand English. E-mails can be exchanged with
fishermen using the personal computers that were supplied under the project, and this is useful
for maintaining communications. Thirdly, due to its white sandy beaches and relative proximity
to Dakar, Nianing is a popular resort among tourists from Western Europe. Tourist hotels are
located a little way from the village and, although not directly related to the lifestyles of
fishermen, collaboration with tourism is one means of achieving the regeneration of fisheries (for
example, through expanding sales to hotels). A negative impact of tourism has been that because
a lot of sand was excavated during resort development, this eroded the coast and caused mooring
sites to move inland. As a result, the ocean has advanced right up to the inhabited areas.
Lifestyles in the village were previously built equally on farming and fisheries, however, due to
the effects of drought these past few years, many residents who can no longer make a living have
turned to fisheries to obtain whatever cash income they can, and this has led to the depletion of
fisheries resources. This phenomenon whereby fishermen struggle in a downward cycle of
poverty can be seen in various parts of Senegal. In Nianing, because shellfish, which are prone to
5 - 33
the effects of fisheries, form the basis of fishermen’s livelihoods, there is concern that poverty
will become even worse if the current situation is left untouched.
Concerning infrastructure, the village has electricity and wells, however, because there are no
landing or market facilities, middlepersons find it difficult to gather. There is a fueling station for
outboard motors, however, because there is no ice-making plant, fishermen have to travel to
Mbour 7 km away in order to obtain ice. Moreover, because there is no warehouse for processed
fisheries products as can be seen in neighboring fishing villages, the fishermen have to store dried
shellfish products in their homes. Nianing is a traditional fishing village that has so far been
largely bypassed by assistance from the government and donors, and it was necessary to
simultaneously deal with the twin issues of resource management and poverty alleviation in the
project.
(2) Outline of Fisheries
According to the survey of March 2004, there are 177 fishing boats in Nianing. At the time of the
survey, 70 boats were out on seasonal fishing trips (campanue), and 107 boats were moored in
the village1. Both large family fishery household economy and small family fishery household
economy can be seen in Nianing. Large family units own four or five pirogues, while small
family units own one or two pirogues. In terms of fishing methods, bottom gillnet fishing for
cymbium, triple net fishing for cuttlefish, etc., summer octopus fishing, squid basket fishing and
seine net fishing, etc. are practiced.
Figure 5-4 shows fisheries production in the Nianing area in 19982. It is no exaggeration to say
that the fishery household economy of Nianing is held up by cymbium. This is because the
shallow reaches that stretch out to sea from the beach in Nianing are a prime fishing ground for
cymbium.
Two types of cymbium are caught in waters around Nianing: Cymbium cymbium, which has a
small shell that is long and narrow in shape, and Cymbium pepo, which is larger and rounder.
Catches of the latter are larger, however, the unit price of Cymbium cymbium is higher.
1 Some of the 107 fishing boats later embarked on seasonal fishing.2 Statistics for the Nianing area include production amounts at Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing. Approximately 70%
of catches are landed at Nianing.
5 - 34
Figure 5-3 Cymbium cymbium (left) and Cymbium pepo (right)
Figure 5-4 Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998)
Looking at the management of a cymbium bottom gillnet fishing household3, cymbium fishing by
the nyaral method is carried out throughout the year. In this method, which targets slow-moving
cymbium, casted gillnets are left to rest on the seabed for three days before they are raised. In the
summer, this is combined with octopus fishing. The annual number of fishing days is 190~220
days; the value of landed fish is 4,440,000~4,500,000 Fcfa; operating costs are
2,400,000~2,470,000 Fcfa; and annual operating profit is 2,040,000 Fcfa (profit ratio of
45~46%). In the case of a family size of 8~11 members, the total annual household expenses are
2,230,000~2,480,000 Fcfa (assuming depreciation cost of 540,000~710,000 Fcfa on production
assets). Some of the landed cymbium are dried and stored for later sale at high prices. Income
3 In the case of the small family fishing households of informant Nos. 21 and 35.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Production amount(tons)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Season
Seasonal Changes in Landed Quantities at Nianing (1998)
OtherOctopusCuttlefishMurexCymbium
5 - 35
from this source amounts to around 500,000 Fcfa per year, and this ensures that the annual
balance is almost equal.
(3) Economic Impact
In the case of an impoverished fishing village such as Nianing, it is only natural that interest is
concentrated on the economic impact of the project. Accordingly, the Study Team actively
supported activities aimed at alleviating or compensating the negative impacts of resource
management on poor fishermen.
The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:
① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and cymbium pepo
② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets (triple nets) and 100 sole nets (single nets) per year
③ Developing a sale market for octopus and cymbium and conducting joint shipping
④ Releasing cymbium fry
⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village
⑥ Setting seine net closed zones
⑦ Introducing poultry farming and recycling cymbium shells as poultry fodder
Out of the above, ① and ② have negative impacts when viewed in terms of short-term fishing
household economy, whereas ③ is a positive factor. Here, the economic impact on fishing
household economy is examined for activities ①~③4.
1) Impact of the octopus closed season
The octopus closed season was implemented two times: that is for 31 days from September
15 to October 15, 2004 and for 31 days from September 15 to October 15, 2005.
If it is assumed that 80% of the 177 fishing boats in Nianing engage in octopus fishing, then
141 fishing boats are impacted by setting of the octopus closed season. The consolidated
amount of octopuses over the nine days from July 26 to August 3, 2004 by the resource
management committee was 1,400 kg (139 landing boats in total). The purchase price was
2,230,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per boat per day was
10 kg, having value of 16,000 Fcfa. Assuming that fishing is conducted for 20 days per
4 2,250 cymbium fry pepo shells were released between March 24 and April 28, 2005. 120 octopus spawning reefs were set
in coastal waters off Nianing, and a spawning effect was confirmed in these. OCEANIUM is playing the central role insetting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing. A poultry farm was constructed and 300 chicks wereraised. The economic impact of the first two activities is currently negligible, while the latter two have only just beenstarted or are currently in progress and cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time. Accordingly, it wasdecided to limit the assessment of economic impact in the pilot project to ①~③.
5 - 36
month, the value of octopuses that would be landed during the closed season works out as
320,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole of Nianing (141 boats), this works out as a total
landed value of 45,120,000 Fcfa.
In contrast, 2005 was a bad year for the octopus fishery, and the resource management
committee was unable to make any collection of cargoes. Accordingly, it is estimated that
the economic impact incurred by fishermen over the octopus closed season from September
15 to October 15, 2005 was close to zero.
Next, the landed value is estimated assuming that 141 octopus fishing boats switch to
cymbium fishing during the octopus closed season. The quantity of Cymbium cymbium
cargoes consolidated by the resource management committee over the 72 days from May 14
to July 29, 2004 was 17,600 kg (by a total of 1,756 landing boats)5. The value of purchases
amounted to 7,120,000 Fcfa. Judging from these figures, the average amount landed per
boat per day was 10 kg, having value of 4,055 Fcfa. At the same time, if it is assumed that
60 kg of Cymbium pepo is caught, the daily catch value per boat amounts to 14,500 Fcfa6.
Since cymbium fishing is conducted by the nyaral method, the number of operating days per
month is around 10. Accordingly, the value of fish landed during the octopus closed season
in 2004 was 145,000 Fcfa per boat, and the overall value (141 boats) was 20,450,000 Fcfa.
Meanwhile, the consolidated amount of Cymbium cymbium cargoes over the 31 days from
September 15 to October 15, 2005 was 6,049 kg (by a total of 771 landing boats). Since the
value of purchases was 2,570,000 Fcfa (at 425 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and value of
catches per boat per day were 7.8 kg and 3,333 Fcfa respectively. The consolidated quantity
of Cymbium pepo over the same period was 4,932 kg (by a total of 424 landing boats), and
since the value of purchases was 990,000 Fcfa (at 200 Fcfa/kg), the average quantity and
value of catches per boat per day were 11.6 kg and 2,326 Fcfa respectively. When the two
are combined, the value of fish landed per boat per day works out as 5,659 Fcfa. Assuming
that boats would operate for 10 days during the closed season, this works out as 57,000 Fcfa
per boat or 8,040,000 over all Nianing (141 boats).
As a result of the above examination, the reduction in landed income for octopus fishing
boats in Nianing over the octopus closed seasons in 2004 and 2005 works out as 118,000
Fcfa per boat or 16,640,000 Fcfa over all Nianing (141 boats).
5 Since it wasn’t possible to acquire landed figures for cymbium between September 15 and October 15, 2004, figures for
between May 14 and July 29 have been substituted here.6 The catch ratio of Cymbium pepo to Cymbium cymbium is assumed to be 85: 15, and the sale price of Cymbium pepo is
assumed to be 3,500 Fcfa per 20 kg.
5 - 37
2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season
The cymbium-pepo closed season was initially planned for between December 25, 2004 and
February 10, 2005, however, because of delay in issue of the ordinance, it was eventually
implemented over 32 days from January 20 to February 20, 2005. As was stated above, the
average daily catch of Cymbium pepo is 11.6 kg with a value of 2,326 Fcfa per boat per day.
Assuming that boats would operate for 11 days during the closed season, the reduction in
landed revenue works out as 26,000 Fcfa per boat or 3,610,000 Fcfa overall (141 boats).
3) Impact of reduction in gillnets
An ordinance for the reduction of gillnets was promulgated from the district of Sindia in
Mbour prefecture on October 28, 2005. According to this, mesh size was limited to between
46~50 mm throughout the year and boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets
and 100 sole nets per year.
The fishermen of Nianing have actually been acting in accordance with this ordinance since
July 2005. Over this period, no squid net fishing has been conducted, and the fishermen
have exclusively caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. Upon asking 10 fishermen, who
land catches for the resource management committee, how many sole nets they own, five
said they had 50 nets or less, two had between 51~100, one had 120, and two had no sole
nets at all. Therefore, the number of fishermen possessing 100 or more nets was small.
However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously comply with the
regulation to reduce the number of gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the
assumption that all the fishermen of Nianing reduced their sole nets by a uniform 15%.
The resource management committee consolidated 35,866 kg of Cymbium cymbium from a
total of 3,475 boats over the four months from July 1 to October 31, 2005. The total
purchase value was 15,790,000 Fcfa. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after
reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.8 kg
or 803 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming that each boat makes 62 fishing trips over the four
months, the reduction in catches over all Nianing (141 boats) works out as 15,736 kg or
7,020,000 Fcfa.
4) Joint shipping of octopus
The following table shows octopus purchase prices offered by Ika Gel Co., which receives
consolidated shipments from the resource management committee. Apart from some
variation according to the size of octopuses, the prices in 2004 were more or less the same
as in 2003.
5 - 38
Table 5-2 Octopus Purchase Price by Ika Gel Co.
Purchase price by Ika Gel Co. (Fcfa/kg)Octopus size2003 2004
PP (less than 600g) 1,200 1,425P (600-1000g) 1,700 1,700M (1000-1500g) 2,400 2,250MP (1500-2000g) 2,600 2,250G (2000-3500g) 3,300 3,150GG (more than 3,500g) 3,600 3,550
In contrast, the price of octopuses purchased by Nianing middlepersons from fishermen was
between 600~1,000 Fcfa/kg irrespective of octopus size. The resource management
committee, which started the joint shipment of octopus in 2004, purchases from fishermen
at the Ika Gel Co. price minus commission of 50~100 Fcfa/kg. The average purchase price
from July 26 to August 3, 2004 was 1,600 Fcfa/kg. Based on these figures, the sale price of
octopus by fishermen has increased by 600 Fcfa per kilogram thanks to the implementation
of joint shipping by the resource management committee.
Assuming that each fishing boat catches 10 kg of octopus per day, the landed value is
16,000 Fcfa. If it is assumed that the octopus fishing season in 2004 was the three months
following the closed season, and fishing was conducted on 60 days during this period, it
works out that the annual landed quantity per boat was 600 kg. Since the price differential
arising from joint shipment is 600 Fcfa per kilogram, the positive impact works out as
360,000 Fcfa per year per boat, and overall (141 boats) the benefit is 50,760,000 Fcfa.
In contrast, catches of octopus in 2005 were poor and hardly any octopus fishing was
conducted in Nianing. Because the resource management committee didn’t implement
octopus purchasing in this year, there was no positive impact on revenue.
5) Joint shipping of cymbium
Until the resource management committee started joint shipping on March 22, 2004, the
purchase price of cymbium-cymbium in Nianing was 200 Fcfa/kg. In negotiations with Elim
Peche Co., which is the buyer of consolidated shipments, the purchase price was originally
set at 300 Fcfa/kg, but it was later raised to 450 Fcfa/kg. Here, assuming that the sale price
before joint shipping was 200 Fcfa/kg, the positive impact of the pilot project is examined.
Looking at the figures for January 1 to October 31, 2005, the resource management
committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 113,761 kg of cymbium
5 - 39
from 9,980 boats over 10 months (304 days). The average amount landed per boat per day
was 11.4 kg. If it is assumed that all these boats adopted the nyaral method (landing once
every three days), it means that 100 fishing boats in Nianing landed 11.4 kg of Cymbium
cymbium once every three days. When this figure is applied to the performance from March
22 to December 31, 2004 (285 days), it works out that 100 fishing boats went on 95 fishing
trips and landed 108,300 kg of Cymbium cymbium.
Combining the figures from both years, it works out that 222,061 kg of Cymbium cymbium
was shipped over 589 days from March 22, 2004, when the resource management
committee started joint shipping, to October 31, 2005. Assuming the price differential from
joint shipping to be 200 Fcfa, the positive impact works out as 44,410,000 Fcfa.
Joint shipping by the resource management committee was suspended from May 18 to
August 11, 2005, but was resumed after that. The resource management committee resumed
purchasing on August 26, 2005. Therefore, if the annual number of purchasing days is
assumed to be 3 months (90 days) and the purchase price to be 200 Fcfa, based on the actual
figures from September 15 to October 15, 2005, it works out that 29,592 kg (2,544 boats)
was purchased for 5,920,000 Fcfa over the two years of 2004 and 2005.
Fishermen in Nianing sell Cymbium pepo to village women at 3,500 Fcfa per pile
(approximately 20 kg). The price per kilogram works out as 175 Fcfa. If the differential in
sale price of 25 Fcfa is considered to be the positive impact of the join shipping, the
combined benefit over all Nianing since the start of the pilot project has been 740,000 Fcfa.
Accordingly, the combined positive impact for both Cymbium cymbium and Cymbium pepo
has been 45,150,000 Fcfa per year.
6) Balance of economic impacts
The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Nianing from
the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities
against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen of
68,640,000 Fcfa. This is thanks to the efforts of the Nianing resource management
committee in smoothly implementing joint shipping activities.
5 - 40
Table 5-3 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Nianing
Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 16,640,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season - 3,610,000 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 7,020,000 FcfaJoint shipping of octopus 50,760,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium 45,150,000 Fcfa
Total 68,640,000 Fcfa
(4) Social Impact
1) Return of boats
Until now, Nianing fishing boats avoided landing catches in Nianing because landed prices
were lower than at neighboring ports such as Mbour, etc. However, since price differentials
for cymbium disappeared following the start of joint shipping by the resource management
committee, local fishing boats have returned to Nianing to land catches. Figure 5-5 shows
this trend.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
14 May,2004
16 May, 2004
18 May,2004
20 May,2004
22 May, 2004
24 May,2004
26 May,2004
28 May,2004
30 May, 2004
1 June, 2004
3 June, 2004
5 June, 2004
7 June, 2004
9June, 2004
11June, 2004
13June, 2004
15June, 2004
17June, 2004
21June, 2004
23June, 2004
25June, 2004
27June, 2004
29June, 2004
1July, 2004
3July, 2004
5July, 2004
7 July, 2004
9 July, 2004
11July, 2004
13July, 2004
16July, 2004
19 July, 2004
22 July, 2004
24July, 2004
26July, 2004
28July, 2004
日 付
集荷量(kg)
Figure 5-5 Consolidated Shipments of Cymbium-cymbium at Nianing
The purchase price of Cymbium cymbium by the resource management committee was
raised from 300 Fcfa/kg to 400 Fcfa/kg on June 26, 2004, and from this date the average
consolidated shipment size jumped from 150 kg per day to 400 kg per day. In terms of the
number of boats landing catches, this also increased 2.7 times from an average of 15 boats
per day to 40 boats per day.
Date
5 - 41
Accordingly, the beaches of Nianing became much more prosperous thanks to
implementation of the pilot project.
2) Increased communication in the village
Until now fishermen conducted individual fisheries management and had few opportunities
to exchange information. With the establishment of the resource management committee,
opportunities to exchange various kinds of information have increased and there is a general
willingness to take part in joint activities based around the committee.
3) Competition with middlepersons
By starting the purchase of octopus and cymbium, which was previously conducted by
middlepersons in the village, the resource management committee has created competition
with the middlepersons. If it is assumed that the start of joint shipping by the resource
management committee has imparted a positive impact of 600 Fcfa per kilogram to
fishermen, this means that the profits of middlepersons have decreased by that amount. As
of August 2, 2004, middlepersons had reduced their commission to 50 Fcfa/kg in an effort
to survive. In future, in order for the project activities to be sustainable, it is desirable for
both sides to build a symbiotic relationship through mutually complementing each other,
etc.
5.3.9 Pointe-Sarene
(1) Village Overview
The main industry in the village is fisheries, whereas only a few people are engaged in
agriculture. The main tribal group is the Serer, while other groups include the Wolof, Peul and
Toucouleur, etc. The central part of the village is composed of three districts, the largest of which
is Diamaguene on the north side. The other districts are Leona in the center and Garage on the
south side. There is little difference between the districts in terms of racial composition and main
industry. The built-up area of Point-Sarene originated on the south side and has spread
northwards in line with population growth. There is a rocky stretch on the coast in the middle of
the village, and landing areas and fishing boat mooring beaches can be found on both sides of
this.
The following communities located around the village are counted as part of Pointe-Sarene:
• Keur Doudy Bo: a community of Peul people, who mainly conduct livestock farming
5 - 42
• Keur M’Bad: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock
farming
• Keur Koly: a community of Serere people, who mainly conduct agriculture and livestock
farming
• Cro-isement Peul: a community of Serere and Peul people, who mainly conduct agriculture and
livestock farming
(2) Outline of Fisheries
There are no village-specific fisheries statistics, however, according to the CRODT officer in
charge of Pointe-Sarene, the village has 180 fishing boats, comprising 167 motor-powered boats
and 13 non-powered boats, as of 2005. Each motor-powered boat has a crew of four members
and each non-powered boat has a crew of 1~2 members, and just under 700 fishermen are
engaged in fishing boat fisheries. There are approximately 400 fishery households engaged in
fish catching, processing and selling.
Many of the powered fishing boats conduct bottom gillnet fishing and switch to octopus fishing
in the summer. Many of the non-powered boats conduct hand-line fishing, and five of the beach
seine nets are operated by villagers, while seven are operated by migratory fishermen. In
addition, 10 households conduct squid basket fishing, while two households are engaged in
fishing by diving. Between 800-1,200 kg of products (fish, shellfish, octopus and others) are
landed in Pointe-Sarene every day. Prawns are exclusively caught by seine net for four months
between June and September.
Compared to surrounding villages, Pointe-Sarene has a lot of middlepersons who deal in fisheries
products. There are more than 20 middlepersons, including eight middlepersons who have a
quota with fisheries products export companies. In addition, there are household middlepersons
who consolidate the catches landed by their own boats or boats owned by friends and relatives
and sell them to the village middlepersons. Accordingly, almost all the fishing boats in Pointe-
Sarene have fixed sale destinations.
(3) Economic Impact
The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:
① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo
② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year
③ Developing a sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping
④ Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel
⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village
5 - 43
⑥ Releasing cymbium fry
⑦ Setting beach seine net closed zones
Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when
viewed in terms of fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of cymbium and
construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on fishing
household economy is examined in terms of these four activities7.
1) Impact of the octopus closed season
The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15,
2005. The fishermen of Pointe-Sarene started hand line fishing in May 2005 and obtained
the following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September 15 for the closed
season. Here, the loss arising from the closed season is assumed to be 33,000,000 Fcfa,
which was the value landed in the month immediately before the closed season.
Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium pepo during the octopus
closed season. If 80 fishing boats started Cymbium pepo fishing for 10 days during this
period (due to using the nyaral method), assuming that the value landed per boat per day
was 11,774 Fcfa (according to the joint shipping performance at Pointe-Sarene), the value of
catches landed by 80 fishing boats over this period works out as 9,420,000 Fcfa.
When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed
season woks out as 23,580,000 Fcfa.
Table 5-4 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Pointe-Sarene
2005 May June July August September October
Fishing boat fishing trips (boats) 140 140 140 80 80 0
Monthly operating days (days) 15 15 15 15 7 0
Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 15,000 15,000 15,000 27,500 27,500 0
Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 31,500,000 31,500,000 31,500,000 33,000,000 15,400,000 0
Data: According to hearing interviews in November 2005
7 60 octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Pointe-Sarene, and parent octopuses and eggs were confirmed in
70% of these. 1,373 cymbium fry-pepo shells and some Cymbium cycmbium shells were released between April and May2005. Moreover, OCEANIUM is playing the central role in setting the seine net closed zone, and negotiations are stillongoing with fishermen. Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are notincluded in the examination here.
5 - 44
2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season
The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to
February 20, 2005.
Pointe-Sarene joined the project from March 23, 2005, but did not participate in the closed
season at this time. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into
account here.
3) Impact of reduction in gillnets
From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets
per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Pointe-Sarene conduct squid net
fishing; instead they conduct octopus fishing and Cymbium pepo fishing8. Around 20 fishing
boats fish for cymbium-cymbium using sole nets. Many of these fishing boats do not have
100 nets. However, some fishermen who have less than 100 nets autonomously reduced
their gillnets by 30%. Here, loss is calculated based on the assumption that 20 fishing boats
reduced their nets by 15% on average.
Since the Pointe-Sarene resource management committee does not ship Cymbium cymbium,
referring to catch statistics from Mballing, the value/amount landed per boat per day was
3,896 Fcfa/9.2 kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%,
the reduction in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per
day. Assuming that 20 boats started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from
July 2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the
number of operating days is assumed to be 92 days (20 operating days per month), the
combined loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 1,270,000
Fcfa.
4) Joint shipping of cymbium
After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium pepo from September 14, 2005, the Pointe-
Sarene resource management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated
shipment of 13,387 kg of Cymbium pepo from 254 boats over 46 days until November 14
the same year. The total amount paid for purchasing was 2,990,000 Fcfa. The products were
sold to female middlepersons in the village who have quotas with Sangomar Co. and Elim
Peche Co. that have plants in the village. As of November 17, 2005, the resource
management committee doesn’t have a quota with Elim Peche Co. It ships Cymbium pepo to
the former company at 0.5 kg/pc or more and to the latter company at less than 0.5 kg/pc.
8 Nets used for Cymbium pepo fishing are not included in the reduction of fishing gear here.
5 - 45
The resource management committee buys Cymbium pepo from fishermen at 225 Fcfa/kg
and sells these to Sangomar Co. for 250 Fcfa/kg and Elim Peche Co. for 225 Fcfa/kg. The
female middlepersons who have quotas with Elim Peche Co. purchase from both the
resource management committee as well as directly from fishermen before selling to the
company. Therefore, the differential in price between that paid by the female middlepersons
and that paid by the resource management committee can be calculated as the impact of this
activity. Since the purchase price from fishermen is 225 Fcfa/kg in both cases, there is no
economic impact on fishing household economy.
Table 5-5 Joint Shipping of Cymbium pepo by the Management Committee in Pointe-Sarene
Consolidated weight Purchase unit price
(kg) (boats) (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa/kg) (Fcfa) (Fcfa) Fcfa/Boats 26,117 254 200~225 2,990,675 215~250 3,286,235 295,560 11,774
Producer fishing boats Sale unit price Total purchase value Profit Sale turnover Production value per boat
Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Pointe-Sarene Resource management Committee
5) Impact of construction of the fueling station
The factors examined in respect of the economic impact of fueling station construction are
the following five points:
① Fuel purchase cost
② Loss arising from shortening of operating time
③ Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port
④ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days
⑤ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel
The economic impact of these five items is quantified below.
① Fuel purchase cost
Because Pointe-Sarene is located approximately 4 km from the main road, it is difficult
to secure public means of transport. Accordingly, groups of fishing households
sometimes conduct joint purchasing of fuel. In such cases, a driver and an assistant
load 20 tanks of 20~30 liter capacity onto a truck, purchase fuel in Joal, Mbour and
Nianing and deliver it to individual households, The consignors pay wages of between
200~300 Fcfa per household If fuel were purchased individually, the transportation
cost alone would be 1,000 Fcfa/trip. Assuming that boats operate for 25 days per
month, it is imagined that joint purchasing is done on 20 days and individual
purchasing on 5 days. The cost of fuel purchase per household works out as 10,000
5 - 46
Fcfa per month and 120,000 Fcfa per year. In terms of the whole village, the cost is
19,200,000 Fcfa.
② Loss arising from shortening of operating time
In order to purchase fuel for going fishing the next day, ships must return to the beach
by five o’clock in the evening. The loss arising from this is that fishing cannot be
conducted at dusk, which is the prime time for catching octopus. It is not easy to
quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000 Fcfa per boat per
day. By applying the number of operating days and number of operating boats from
July to September from the earlier table of octopus catches for 2005, the overall loss in
Pointe-Sarene works out as 19,300,000 Fcfa.
③ Increase in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port
Fishing boats are sometimes delayed in returning to port because they start to catch
octopus in the evening, and in such cases fishermen need to charter vehicles in order to
go and purchase fuel. The cost of doing this is 4,000 Fcfa per trip. Assuming that each
boat does this five times between July and September, the total cost per boat is 20,000
Fcfa and the cost over the whole village is 3,200,000 Fcfa.
④ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days
Fishermen are unable to purchase fuel due to rain and thus cannot go fishing for 2~5
times per year. Assuming that the average landed value is 7,288 Fcfa per day (the
average daily catch value of multiple fishermen conducting squid net fishing in
Nianing), and that the operating cost is 4,000 Fcfa/day, the daily landed profit works
out as 3,288 Fcfa. If it is assumed that fishing boats could not go fishing on 3.5 days
between July and September, the total loss per boat is 11,508 Fcfa and that over the
whole village is 1,840,000 Fcfa.
⑤ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel
The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost
of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million
CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as
10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 167 motor-powered
pirogues, the total cost is 1,670,000 Fcfa/year.
Table 5-6 shows economic value of fueling station construction.
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Table 5-6 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the
Fuelling Station in Pointe-Sarene
Item Annual village unitFuel purchase cost 19,200,000 FcfaLoss arising from shortening of operating time 19,300,000 FcfaIncrease in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port 3,200,000 FcfaInability to purchase fuel on rainy days 1,840,000 FcfaAversion of fire risk when transporting fuel 1,670,000 Fcfa
Total 45,210,000 Fcfa
6) Balance of economic impacts
The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Pointe-Sarene
from the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component
activities against one another, the balance works out as an increase in revenue for fishermen
of 20,360,000 Fcfa. Even though the joint shipping of cymbium has not so far generated a
positive impact, due to the remote location of the village from the main road, the economic
benefit from construction of the fueling station has been confirmed to be large.
Table 5-7 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Pointe-Sarene
Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 23,580,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season 0 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 1,270,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium 0 FcfaConstruction of the fueling station 45,210,000 Fcfa
Total 20,360,000 Fcfa
5.3.10 Mballing
(1) Village Overview
The village was founded with the establishment of an isolated care facility for leprosy patients in
1955. In the 50 years since then, the people living in the care facility have married and had
children, and the present Mballing Village has developed. Almost 90% of adult workers are
engaged in fisheries-related industries. Some villagers are engaged in agriculture, but hardly any
of the fishing population conduct farming. Almost all fishermen are full-time fishermen, while
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women are engaged in the processing and selling of fisheries products. Residents mainly consist
of Serere, but there are also Wolof and Toucouleur people too.
(2) Outline of Fisheries
There are no village-specific fisheries statistics. The village has 125~130 motor-powered fishing
boats and 15~17 non-powered fishing boats. Two families own three or more boats; five or six
families own two boats, and the remainder own just one boat. Accordingly, there is not a great
deal of monopolization of fishing boats. Assuming that five or six crew operate powered fishing
boats and single fishermen operate non-powered boats, there are between 650~800 people
engaged in fisheries, and 100 of these are migratory workers from outside the village. If it is
assumed that each fisherman supports a family of 20~30, the fishing household population works
out as around 15,500 people.
Many of the motor-powered fishing boats conduct octopus fishing during the rainy season from
June to October. Not many boats catch cymbium or murex (a relative of top shell) by gillnet
during this period. The period from November to February is the off-season for bottom gillnet
fishing; in particular, cymbium catches are very low in January and February. It is reported that
Cymbium pepo bury themselves under the sand during this period, and many Cymbium pepo that
are accidentally caught at this time have fry inside. The squid net fishing season lasts from
February to June. Catches of cymbium recover from March onwards.
Many of the non-powered boats set bottom gillnets over the shallow rocky reefs that stretch in
front of the village in order to catch spiny lobsters hiding in the rocks. Caught spiny lobsters are
sold to hotels. Because the area around the village is a tourist resort and has many hotels, there is
a high demand for spiny lobsters and these fishermen fish for lobsters throughout the year. Spiny
lobsters are small during the rainy season, but they become bigger and fetch higher prices after
the rainy season ends.
There are four influential middlepersons in the village: two of them purchase catches from more
than 80 motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to fisheries export companies. Almost half of
these 80 boats are affiliated to the middlepersons and are obliged to sell their catches in return for
receiving economic support to renew fishing gear. The remaining two middlepersons consolidate
catches from 8~10 fishing boats respectively. Also, there are almost 20 artisinal brokers
(ragragle), who purchase catches from motor-powered fishing boats and sell them to the
influential middlepersons.
(3) Economic Impact
The pilot project activities that have had an economic impact are as follows:
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① Setting of closed seasons for octopus and Cymbium pepo
② Limiting boats to 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets per year
③ Developing a domestic sale market for cymbium and conducting joint shipping
④ Building a fueling station in the village and supplying fuel
⑤ Setting octopus spawning reefs in coastal waters off the village
⑥ Releasing cymbium fry
⑦ Setting beach seine net closed zones
Out of the above, the setting of closed seasons and limiting of nets have negative impacts when
viewed in terms of short-term fishing household economy, whereas the joint shipping of
cymbium and construction of a fueling station are positive factors. Here, the economic impact on
fishing household economy is examined in terms of these four activities9.
1) Impact of the octopus closed season
The octopus closed season was implemented for 31 days from September 15 to October 15,
2005. The fishermen of Mballing started hand line fishing in June 2005 and obtained the
following sales revenue. Fishing was suspended from September because of lower catches
and the closed season. Here, the loss in fishing household economy arising from the closed
season is assumed to be 27,000,000 Fcfa, which was the value landed in the month
immediately before the closed season.
Meanwhile, many fishing boats switched to catching Cymbium cymbium using sole nets
during the octopus closed season. If 90 fishing boats started Cymbium cymbium fishing for
15 days during this, assuming that the value landed per boat per day was 3,896 Fcfa
(described later), the value of catches landed by 90 fishing boats over this period works out
as 5,260,000 Fcfa.
When the two figures are combined, the loss for fishermen resulting from the octopus closed
season woks out as 21,740,000 Fcfa.
9 60 octopus spawning reefs were set in coastal waters off Mballing, and octopus spawning was confirmed in these. 600
Cymbium pepo fry and some Cymbium cymbium shells were released in the waters off Mballing. Moreover, OCEANIUMis playing the central role in setting the beach seine net closed zone, and negotiations are still ongoing with fishermen.Since these activities cannot be assessed for economic impact at the current time, they are not included in the examinationhere.
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Table 5-8 Estimated Catch in the 2005 Octopus Fishing Season in Mballing
2005 June July August September OctoberFishing boat fishing trips (boats) 90 90 90 0 0Monthly operating days (days) 15 21 10 0 0Value landed per boat per day (Fcfa) 37,500 60,000 30,000 0 0Total value landed per month (Fcfa) 50,625,000 113,400,000 27,000,000 0 0
Data: According to hearing interviews in November 2005
2) Impact of the Cymbium pepo closed season
The Cymbium pepo closed season was implemented over 32 days from January 20 to
February 20, 2005.
At this time, Mballing was not participating in the pilot project and did not take part in the
closed regulations. Therefore, impact of the cymbium closed season is not taken into
account here.
3) Impact of reduction in gillnets
From July 2005, boats were limited to using no more than 50 squid nets and 100 sole nets
per year. At this time, hardly any of the fishing boats in Mballing conducted squid net
fishing; instead they caught Cymbium cymbium using sole nets. This was because the high
water temperature from summer meant that catches of cuttlefish and sole were poor. Upon
surveying the number of sole nets owned by fishermen in Mballing, most were found to
own between 40~76, whereas no fishermen had more than 100 nets. Having said that, even
fishermen with less than 100 nets were found to stock between 10~40 nets and not use them
for fishing. There are two reasons for this: first, because catches are poor at this time of
year, fishermen choose to save their nets for better conditions rather than risk having nets
damaged or stolen; and secondly, fishermen agreed to reduce nets in accordance with the
restriction on gillnets (even though they owned less than 100 anyway). Therefore, the
fishermen of Mballing, even the ones who have less than 100 nets, reduced their nets by
30%, of which it is assumed that 15% was for the protection of fisheries stocks.
According to the Cymbium cymbium purchase ledger of the resource management
committee, the value/amount landed per boat per day during this period was 3,896 Fcfa/9.2
kg. Assuming that this figure is that obtained after reducing gillnets by 15%, the reduction
in catch size arising from the net reduction is 1.6 kg or 688 Fcfa per boat per day. Assuming
that 90 boats in Mballing started cymbium fishing using sole nets over 138 days from July
2005, when reduction of fishing gear was started, to November 15 the same year, if the
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number of operating days is assumed to be 69 days (using the nyaral method), the combined
loss incurred by fishermen as a result of the reduction in fishing gear is 4,270,000 Fcfa.
4) Joint shipping of cymbium
After starting the joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium from September 1, 2005, the resource
management committee purchased and conducted the consolidated shipment of 5,911 kg of
Cymbium cymbium from 645 boats over 61 days until November 7 the same year. The total
amount paid for purchasing was 2,510,000 Fcfa. Because the resource management
committee couldn’t acquire a quota with Elim Peche Co., it had to ship products to female
middlepersons in the village who have a quota with the said company. As a result, the
resource management committee purchases Cymbium cymbium from fishermen at the prices
that are quoted by the female middlepersons on each occasion.
As of November 2005, the resource management committee paid 425 Fcfa/kg to fishermen,
whereas the female middlepersons were buying at 500 Fcfa/kg. Since there is always a price
differential of 25~75 Fcfa/kg between the two, fishermen who sell to the resource
management committee are at a disadvantage and are unhappy with the committee for not
securing a quota. The resource management committee is in ongoing negotiations with Elim
Peche Co. with a view to securing a quota.
Summing up, the impact caused by joint shipping of catches by the resource management
committee is currently negative. Assuming the price differential per kilogram to be 50 Fcfa,
the accumulated negative impact so far works out as 300,000 Fcfa.
The results of joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Mballing resource management
committee are indicated below.
Table 5-9 Joint Shipping of Cymbium cymbium by the Management Committee in Mballing
Purchasingdays (days)
Consolidatedweight Producers Unit price Total landed
valueProduction
value per boat
61 5,911 645 500/400/425 2,513,175 3,896
Note) Purchasing period: September 1 ~ November 7, 2005Data: Created from the purchasing ledger of Mballing Resource management Committee
5) Impact of construction of the fueling station
The economic impact of fueling station construction in Mballing is quantified based on the
following items. As of November 2005, the fueling station wasn’t in operation, however,
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since it is still necessary to examine positive and negative impacts, the impact is calculated
for the hypothetical case assuming the fueling station was in operation for four months from
July to October 2004.
① Fuel purchase cost
Because Mballing is located on a main road, there is no joint purchasing of fuel like
that seen in Pointe-Sarene. Fuel can be purchased in Mbour or Nianing and a return
trip takes between 90 minutes and two hours. The fare to Nianing is cheap at 350 Fcfa,
however, because there is only one fueling station there and stocks sometimes run dry,
there is a risk that fuel cannot be bought. The fare to Mbour is 500 Fcfa, however,
because there is no danger of fuel running out, fishermen prefer to go there. Assuming
that 10 fishing boats operate for 6 days (because of the nyaral method) over the four
months between July and October, the overall transport cost entailed in purchasing fuel
over the whole village is 3,720,000 Fcfa. Moreover, assuming that the personnel cost
for fuel purchasers is an hourly rate of 350 Fcfa, the overall cost is 5,210,000 Fcfa,
while the combined cost of fuel purchase works out as 8,930,000 Fcfa.
② Loss arising from shortening of operating time
In the case of octopus line fishing, the fishing is better at dusk. However, fishermen
must return to the beach by five o’clock in the evening in order to purchase fuel for the
next day. This is because the means of transport to Mbour stop running at this time.
Accordingly, fishermen incur no little loss from being unable to catch octopus at prime
time. It is not easy to quantify this loss, however, here it is assumed to be at least 5,000
Fcfa per boat per day. If it is assumed that 90 fishing boats operate for 31 days during
the octopus fishing season from July to August, the overall loss works out as
13,950,000 Fcfa.
③ Inability to purchase fuel on rainy days
Since Mballing is located on a main road and access is not affected during the rainy
season like in the case of Pointe-Sarene, the positive impact of fueling station
construction in terms of this point is negligible.
④ Aversion of fire risk when transporting fuel
The cost of averting fire risk during fuel haulage can be considered in terms of the cost
of fire insurance premiums. Assuming the personal liability amount to be 100 million
CFA and the premium rate to be 0.01%, the annual insurance premium works out as
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10,000 Fcfa per boat. Over the whole village, since there are 130 motor-powered
pirogues, the total cost is 1,300,000 Fcfa/year.
Table 5-10 shows economic value of fueling station construction.
Table 5-10 Economic Value Resulting from Construction of the Fueling Station in Mballing
Item Annual village unitFuel purchase cost 8,9300,000 FcfaLoss arising from shortening of operating time 13,950,000 FcfaIncrease in fuel purchase cost arising from delays in return to port 0 FcfaInability to purchase fuel on rainy days 0 FcfaAversion of fire risk when transporting fuel 1,300,000 Fcfa
Total 24,180,000 Fcfa
6) Balance of economic impacts
The following table summarizes the economic impacts of the pilot project in Mballing from
the viewpoint of fishing household economy. Upon trading off the five component activities
against one another, the balance works out as a decrease in revenue for fishermen of
2,130,000 Fcfa. Considering that joint shipping of Cymbium cymbium has only just been
started and the resource management committee is currently negotiating with Elim Peche
Co. over a quota, it is inevitable that the economic impact is negative.
Table 5-11 Economic Impact of the Pilot Project in Mballing
Pilot project activities Value of impactSetting of the octopus closed season - 21,740,000 FcfaSetting of the cymbium closed season 0 FcfaReduction in gillnets - 4,270,000 FcfaJoint shipping of cymbium -300,000 FcfaConstruction of the fueling station 24,180,000 Fcfa
Total - 2,130,000 Fcfa
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5.4 Yenne
5.4.1 Outline of the Project
In Yenne, the aim of the project is to build a model of joint management of fisheries stocks between
the government and fishermen via the setting of artificial reefs. In other words, the project concept is
that, based on a contractual relationship between fishermen and government, the government
guarantees resource exploitation rights to fishermen, and the fishermen take responsibility for
appropriately sustaining and managing resources. Two factors underpin this approach: first, the
government does not possess the human resources to conduct resource management on the village
level, and second, administrative authorities are starting to realize that top-down resource management
unilaterally decided by the government does not work very well. In this concept, since it is difficult
claim the ownership of stocks in Senegal, i.e. to say that the fisheries stocks of a certain place belong
to the fishermen who live there, it was decided that there should be little problem in claiming
ownership of stocks that attach to fishing grounds that have been created by fishermen. The project
here aims to demonstrate a certain style of management, in which fishermen build artificial reefs
offshore of Yenne and manage the resources that gather there.
5.4.2 Overview of the Fishing Village
(1) Socioeconomic Conditions
Yenne, situated approximately 40 km south of Dakar,
is a fishing village composed of seven smaller
communities. Moving from the north, these are
Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao, Nditakh,
Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw (see Figure 5-6),
and Table 5-12 shows the population of each. The
combined population of these communities is just
over 17,000. In terms of administrative division,
Yenne belongs to the Yenne Rural Community
(Communauté Rurale de Yenne), which is part of Rufisque Prefecture (Département de
Rufisque).
These seven communities separated during the course of their development; they were originally
part of Toubab-Dialaw. Therefore, many of the villagers are related to one another. The main
tribal group is Lebou. There is extensive farmland in the village hinterland, and sweet corn and
peanuts were cultivated in the past, however, agriculture went into decline with the development
of fisheries and now agriculture is limited to cultivation of sweet corn and manioc (cassava) for
Table 5-12 Population of Yenne
Village PopulationYenne Todd 1,514Yenne Guedj 4,707Yenne Kao 2,987Nditakh 1,366Nianghal 4,724Kelle 653Toubab-Dialaw 1,617
Total 17,568
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home consumption and mangoes for tourists. Because of its proximity to Dakar and its extensive
beaches, Yenne is doted with second homes of foreigners who live in Dakar and is also visited by
a lot of tourists from Europe.
Yenne has branch offices of the nationwide organizations FENAGIE-PECHE and CNPS. There
is also PAMECAS, a small-scale financial institution, which provides loans to fishermen and
other small business owners and provides funds for fishermen to purchase outboard engines and
other equipment every year. In Nianghal, there is a landing quay (Quai de peche) that was
constructed with government funding, and a cold storage (not operating as of March 2006) that
was constructed under support from Spain. A management committee has been formed to
manage the landing quay, and this collects charges from fishermen and middlepersons and uses
the revenue to pay the facilities maintenance costs.
(2) Fisheries Situation
The types of fishery operations in each of the seven villages of Yenne are distinct and can be
divided into bottom gillnet fishing, coastal longline fishing and offshore longline fishing. Table
5-13 shows the distribution of fishing boats in Yenne between the seven communities as of
January 2002. In total there are 219 engine-powered boats, 51 sailboats and the motorization ratio
is 81%. In terms of fishing method, all fishing boats in the four northern communities of Yenne
Todd, Yenne Guedj, Yenne Kao and Nditakh conduct bottom gillnet fishing, whereas fishing
boats in the three southern communities of Nianghal, Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw mainly conduct
line fishing (longline fishing and hand line fishing). Among the three southern communities,
Nianghal contains a lot of offshore longline fishing households, whereas Toubab-Dialaw has
many coastal longline fishermen. Kelle has a mix of both types.
Table 5-13 Number of Fishing Boats in the Yenne Area in January 2002
CommunityMotor-
poweredfishing boats
Sail fishingboats
Total fishingboats
Beach seinenet fishing
boats
Bottomgillnet
fishing boats
Line fishingboats
Yenne Todd 35 7 42 0 42 0Yenne Guedj 18 9 27 0 27 0Yenne Kao 41 2 43 0 43 0Nditakh 19 5 24 0 24 0Nianghal 69 18 87 3 0 84Kelle 8 2 10 0 2 8Toubab-Dialaw 29 8 37 0 0 37
Total 219 51 270 3 138 129
Source: Poste de contrôle de Yenne
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A combination of agriculture with fisheries can be seen in Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj, Nditakh,
Kelle and Toubab-Dialaw. Yenne Kao has a lot of specialized fishermen whereas, in Nianghal,
there is a division between age groups with younger people engaging in fisheries while the older
generation practices agriculture. Income from fisheries accounts for a very high ratio of the total
revenue of fishing households.
Taking the case of bottom gillnet fishing households in the four northern communities, annual
operating days are 200~270 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 5,510,000~11,300,000
Fcfa, operating costs are 2,680,000~5,370,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is
2,770,000~6,370,000 Fcfa. In the case of coastal longline fishing households, annual operating
days are 245~255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 9,330,000~10,200,000 Fcfa,
operating costs are 6,340,000~6,520,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is
2,990,000~3,680,000 Fcfa. As for the case of offshore longline fishing households, annual
operating days are 255 days, the value of landed catches per boat is 13,230,000 Fcfa, operating
costs are 7,190,000 Fcfa, and annual operating profit is 6,050,000 Fcfa.
Yenne Todd is the most prosperous community for bottom gillnet fishing households, however,
this is the exception to the rule: in the other communities, annual operating profit is almost the
same as for coastal longline fishing. Meanwhile, in the offshore longline fishery, landed value
and operating costs are both higher, while annual operating profit is 1.6~2.2 times higher than in
coastal longline fishing.
5.4.3 Cooperation Period
June 2004 ~ November 2005 (1 year 6 months)
5.4.4 Cooperation Contents
(1) Overall goal
To establish artificial reefs as a means of fisheries resource management.
(2) Project purpose
To realize management of fisheries stocks around fish reefs by the concerned fishermen.
(3) Outputs
1) The parties involved in managing fisheries stocks around fish reefs were clarified.
2) Fish gathered around the artificial reefs and stocks were regenerated.
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3) Rights and obligations concerning the exploitation of stocks around fish reefs were given to
the fishermen.
4) Survey capacity in related fields was increased.
(4) Inputs
Japanese side:
• Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s organization/
participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey)
• Supply of facilities and equipment (two types of artificial reef concrete blocks, rafts for setting
fish reefs, underwater photography equipment, marine safety equipment, information
processing equipment
• Vehicles
Senegalese side:
• Two counterparts (2 from DPM)
• One DPM branch member
• FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities)
(5) Cost of above materials and equipment
• Fabrication of artificial reef (concrete blocks and gabions) 4,720 thousand FCFA (US$9,440)
• Installation of artificial reef 5,060 thousand FCFA (US$10,120)
• Fabrication and installation of octopus spawning reef 5,000 thousand FCFA (US$10,000)
• Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,300 thousand FCFA (US$2,600)
• Computer set 870 thousand FCFA (US$1,700)
• Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046)
Total 17,473 thousand FCFA (US$34,906)
5.4.5 Course of Implementation
(1) Kickoff Workshop (February 18~19, 2004)
Approximately 60 people gathered in the village community center, and the vice director of the
Yenne Rural Community chaired the proceedings. The meeting started with a thorough review of
the fisheries problems faced by Yenne and moved onto discussion of the experience of Bargny
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with an artificial reef project and the approach to advancing the project in Yenne. The meeting
closed with a declaration by the fishermen to, “Create and manage our own fishing grounds.”
(2) Preparatory work before the full-scale start (March~May, 2005, when the Japanese Study Team
members were absent)
Focal members continued to implement enlightenment activities using videos and other tools, and
they distributed ID cards (with facial photograph) and T-shirts for participating fishermen in
order to boost interest in the activities. Moreover, they consigned collection of data on fishing
household economy in order to obtain materials for estimating the economic impact before and
after installation of artificial reefs. 28 fishermen, that is four from each community, were sampled
and handed simple household economy data ledgers to detail their everyday operating activities.
(3) Fishing ground survey (June 29, 2006)
Approximately 10 fishermen representing
each of the communities took part in the
survey of fishing grounds. Survey items
included the location of natural reefs,
water depth, seabed conditions,
appearing species and relation to the
mainland, etc. Appearing speies and
bottom sediment were surveyed by line
fishing, while location and depth were
surveyed by GPS and simple depth
sounder. The findings were combined
with the experience of fishermen in order
to provide materials for determining the
position of artificial reefs. Figure 5-6
shows the surveyed sea area.
(4) Workshop to discuss the fish reef
manufacturing arrangements (July 7,
2004)
Approximately 30 fishermen representing each of the communities took part in discussions on
the type and quantity of fish reefs and arrangement for manufacture. So far, four types of fish reef
have been used in Senegal, i.e. abandoned vessels, abandoned cars, concrete blocks and natural
stones. The first two have been used by the Sports Fishing Federation of Senegal (Fédération
Sénégalaise de Pêche Sportive) in waters around Dakar and have been confirmed to have a fish
Figure 5-6 Map of Fishing Ground SurveyMeasuring Points
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gathering effect, albeit not quantitatively demonstrated. The latter types have been installed by
OFCA (Overseas Fisheries Consultants Association) in waters off Bargny and have also been
confirmed to have a fish gathering effect. The fishermen of Yenne are also involved in the
Bargny artificial reef project and are interested in these types of reef. Accordingly, the Study
Team proposed fish reefs based on these types but smaller in size to make handling by the
fishermen easier, and this idea was accepted. In specific terms, it was decided to manufacture and
install artificial reefs composed of small blocks and gabions made by filling natural stones into
wire netting. Reasons for proposing these two types of fish reef were as follows.
GabionAdvantages ① Materials are easy to acquire
② Heavy machinery is not needed in manufacture
③ No special technology is needed
④ Cost is cheap
Disadvantages ① Compared to block reefs, capacity is small in relation to the unit weight.
② Gaps between stones are easily clogged
③ There is a risk of burying in sand
Block fish reefsAdvantages ① Shape and size
can be freely
designed② Manufacture is
possible using
only local
materialsDisadvantages ① Manufacture by
fishermen alone
is difficult;
cooperation from
plasterers, etc. is
necessary.② Manufacturing
cost is expensive
(5) Workshop to decide the fish reef setting
position (August 3, 2004)
Approximately 50 representative fishermen
Figure 5-7 Map of the Fish Reef
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gathered for this workshop. Upon taking into account the marine conditions data obtained in the
said fishing ground survey, the ease of monitoring activities and equal access conditions, etc.from each community, it was decided to set the fish reef at lat. 14゜37’ N. and long. 17゜12’ W.
roughly in a central location for the seven communities about 2 miles off the coast (see Figure 5-
7). Underwater survey confirmed that the water depth here is 15 m, bottom sediment is sand and
there are almost no bottom currents.
This workshop also decided on the establishment of a resource management committee following
installation of the fish reef. This committee will unify the fishermen, while determining the
management rules and negotiating with administrative authorities. The management rules will be
decided after setting of the fish reef, but the fishermen have already voiced the following ideas.
① Make waters within a 300 m radius of the fish reef a closed zone, and permit line fishing in
the area 200 m beyond this (between the radius of 300~500 m).② Levy a fishing tariff (1,000 Fcfa per day) from line fishing boats.
③ Limit fishing to between 07.00 and 12.00 and only allow five boats at a time.
④ Set an upper limit on catches of 20 kg per boat and prohibit fishing of fry.
⑤ Alternate between one month of fishing and one month of closed.
⑥ As a rule conduct surveillance for fishing violations from 08.00 to 18.00 every day.
⑦ Impose harsh penalties on violators.
⑧ Conduct joint fisheries in order to raise surveillance costs (boat fuel costs).
(6) Fish reef manufacturing work
A. Gabion manufacture
Gabions were manufactured separately in all seven communities. Each community used
horse-drawn carts to collect natural stones and deposit them in set locations. Since the carts
made 10 trips and collected approximately 20 stones of 20~30 kg each time, each
community collected approximately 200 stones weighing between 4~6 tons. After that, wire
netting on general sale10 was used to make simple bags, into which the stones were inserted
to make gabions. Former employee of the Marine fisheries department provided guidance in
manufacture, and the fishermen who received the initial guidance later helped with gabion
making in the other communities. Five or six stones weighing between 100~120 kg were
packed into each gabion. Approximately 50 people participated in the work in each
community and it was finished in less than a day.
10 Mesh size was 50 mm (half size) and metal wire was 2.4 mm in diameter and vinyl coated. This wire netting is generally
used in net fences.
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B. Manufacture of concrete blocks
As was mentioned above, the size and shape of concrete blocks can be freely designed,
however, because the concrete blocks had to be installed by the fishermen themselves, they
needed to consist of size and weight that could be carried by the fishermen and secure the
maximum possible capacity. The blocks were cubic shapes measuring 75 cm in each
direction; braces measures 10 cm across, and three reinforcing bars measuring 4 mm across
were arranged inside. Assuming the unit weight of concrete to be 2.3, the total weight of
blocks worked out as 170 kg. Since most of the fishermen indicated that they could lift up to
180 kg, it was decided to limit the blocks to this size. Manufacture of 75 such blocks was
consigned to a building contractor in the village.
Figure 5-8 Gabions (left) and Concrete Blocks (right)
(7) Fish Reef Setting Work
Ideally, fishermen should
install the fish reef that they
have made themselves. It
would have been easiest to
use the fishermen’s pirogues
for carrying the fish reef
into position, however,
because of the large number
of gabions and concrete
blocks and the risk entailed
by the heavy weight,
consideration was also given
to consigning work to a Figure 5-9 Drum Tank Raft As-built Drawing
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marine works contractor in Dakar. Eventually, however, it was decided to locally build a raft for
carrying the fish reef materials in consideration of the following two factors: 1) awareness of
fishermen could be raised by encouraging their participation, and 2) in the event of fish reef
expansion in the future, it is desirable to establish an autonomous and independent approach.
Former employees of the Marine fisheries department cooperated and made a major contribution
to this work. The raft measured 5 m x 4 m and buoyancy was obtained by using 18 drum cans.
The deck was made from wood planks for easy working, and a pulley was installed for lowering
the concrete blocks onto the seabed. See Figure 5-9 for a detailed image.
The work at sea started on August 23. First, four marking buoys were set in the fish reef setting
area. These provided markers for the setting of gabions and concrete blocks. Since the gabions
were small enough to load onto pirogues, carrying and setting work by pirogues was conducted
simultaneously with the raft work. Because the raft was not motor-powered, it was towed by
pirogues. Two 40 HP powered boats towed the raft, and the journey to the setting site took
approximately 1 hour even with only 10 concrete blocks loaded. Since the raft comprised 18
drum cans each with capacity of 200 liters, it had gross buoyancy of approximately 3.6 tons,
however, after deducting the weight of drum cans and other members, the net buoyancy was
approximately 2.5 tons. Since each block weighed 170 kg, 10 blocks weighed 1.7 tons and,
combined with the weight of workmen, the maximum loaded weight was set at 2.0 tons.
(8) Octopus spawning reefs
In the second year of the Yenne pilot project,
demonstration testing of octopus spawning
reefs was carried out. Unlike the earthenware
pots used in Nianing, the pots were made from
PVC pipe, which was attached to small
concrete blocks, wrapped withhold trawl net to
make it easier for living organisms to attach.
This type was adopted because experience in
Japan has indicated that pots alone do not allow
sufficient feed to be obtained in the early stage
after hatching and depletion is large in this
stage. By combining pots with concrete blocks,
this attracts plankton, small demersal organisms and fish, which become feed for the octopus fry,
thereby helping the fry to overcome the initial stages of growth.
The octopus spawning reefs were installed in the following areas and in the following numbers:
Figure 5-10 Octopus Spawning Reef
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① The sea area known as “Casao” off the coast of Yenne Todd in the north
Lat. 14°38.12’ N., Long. 17°12.007’ W.: 40 reefs
② Waters where artificial reefs were installed in the previous year: 20 reefs
③ The sea area known as “Devo” off the coast of Toubab-Dialaw in the south
Lat. 14°36.062’ N., Long. 17°10.698’ W.: 40 reefs
The size of blocks was 58 cm x 48 cm x 38 cm, which was smaller than those installed the
previous year. Accordingly, all the blocks could be loaded onto pirogues and taken out to sea for
setting. The fishermen carried out the setting work.
(9) Implementing Organization
A resource management committee (Comité de gestion) was established in the village to
implement and promote the pilot project as well as manage fisheries resources from now on. The
management committee is responsible for determining the resource management rules and
thoroughly informing them to the village fishermen.
5.4.6 Project Assessment
(1) Social Impact
Currently, the village fishermen, who are also members of the resource management committee,
check the waters around the artificial reef when traveling back and forth from fishing grounds,
and they report any abnormalities to the persons in charge on the committee. It may be said that
the artificial reef is placed under the loose surveillance of a lot of people. If the reef management
setup aimed for in the code of conduct is referred to as “tight management,” then the current
management setup is one of “loose management.” Judging from the present state of coastal
resource management in Senegal and the resource management awareness of artisinal fishermen,
then coastal fishing ground management that uses the artificial reef as a tool is at the stage of
loose management.
The social impacts of introducing coastal fishing ground management based on the artificial reef
are, 1) the organization of fishermen, and 2) heightening of awareness of coastal fishing rights.
The former impact refers to the creation of an artificial fishing reef by the fishermen themselves,
thereby generating an awareness of shared ownership and leading to the establishment of
fishermen’s organization based on common interests. Although the fisheries sector has
traditionally been a difficult sector to foster solidarity, the experience of Yenne, in which
fishermen from seven different communities jointly constructed and set an artificial reef and also
implemented management activities, albeit loose management, based on the common interest of
the artificial reef, indicates that there has been a certain degree of impact in terms of organizing
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the local fishermen. As for the latter impact, the fact that fishermen have established and manage
the artificial reef through investing their own labor and funds has generated greater awareness of
fishing rights in coastal waters among the fishermen. An indicator of this impact is the execution
of the code of conduct indicated by the resource management committee; however, it has to be
said that this impact is currently not strong enough.
(2) Economic Impact
Regarding the economic impacts of the artificial reef, it was anticipated that there would be a
production increase effect, a fishing ground proximity effect, and a stock protection effect, etc.
Although the code of conduct established by the resource management committee only allows
hand line fishing under license around the artificial reef, this system is not functioning and the
area is not being utilized as a fishing ground. Therefore, there is no way for the production
increase effect and fishing ground proximity effect to be realized. Having said that, judging from
observations thus far, numerous fish species have been observed gathering around the artificial
reef, so there can be little doubt over its effect in this respect.
In the event where the present loose management is revised to tight management as prescribed in
the code of conduct, it will be important to first clarify the benefit structure, i.e. who will obtain
what kind of benefits?
Judging from the purport of the code of conduct that only permits hand line fishing and the
characteristics of the fishing ground around the artificial reef, it is expected that fishermen who
conduct hand line fishing in hand-rowed pirogues will be the beneficiaries of the fishing ground
around the artificial reef. There are just over 70 hand-rowed boats in the seven communities of
Yenne, and almost 70 fishermen are engaged in hand line fishing. Next, the benefit structure
imparted by the artificial reef fishing ground is clarified through analyzing the mode of fisheries
of these fishermen.
If these fishermen incorporate the artificial reef fishing ground into their annual operating plans,
obtain a certain degree of profit from this, and then fulfill their beneficiary’s burden by becoming
the managers of the artificial reef, then the system for fishing ground management by coastal
residents using the artificial reef as a tool becomes feasible.
1) Analysis of beneficiaries
The following table gives an outline of the hand line fishermen that use rowboats in each
village. Modes of hand line fishing operation in each village differ according to the season
and ocean conditions, and fishing grounds are divided between natural reefs distributed
around offshore and coastal waters. Whereas the hand line fishermen of Yenne Todd utilize
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offshore natural reefs when the ocean conditions are calm and natural reefs near the coast at
squally times, the hand line fishermen of Yenne Guedj only exploit natural reefs close to the
coast all year round. Since the artificial reef is located adjacent to the natural reefs in
offshore waters, then the fishermen who utilize offshore natural reefs will be the ones to
benefit from the artificial reef in future.
Table 5-14 Canoe Hand Line Fishermen and their Mode of Work in Yenne
CommunityNumber of
rowboat handline fishermen
Numberof
piroguesMode of work
Potential forbenefit from the
artificial reef
YenneTodd 8 8
Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days are220. The fishermen utilize offshore natural reefswhen the ocean conditions are calm and naturalreefs near the coast at squally times.
Possible
YenneGuedj 9 8
Between July and September, fishermenconduct octopus fishing as motor-poweredpirogue crewmembers. Between October andJune, they conduct hand line fishing aroundcoastal natural reefs in rowboats.
None
YenneNditakh 3 3
Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing throughoutthe year. Annual operating man-days are 255days.
None
Nianghal 44 44
Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days arebetween 234 and 250. The fishermen utilizerelatively distant natural reefs during warmseasons and natural reefs near the coast duringcool seasons.
Possible
YenneKelle 2 2
Fishermen engage in hand line fishingthroughout the year. Annual fishing days are240. The fishermen utilize relatively distantnatural reefs during warm seasons and naturalreefs near the coast during cool seasons.
Possible
ToubabDialaw 4 4
Fishermen engage in gillnet fishing, longlinefishing and hand line fishing. Out of 245operating days per year, around 30 days arespent on hand line fishing.
None
Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November
Meanwhile, Ndanghal is home to numerous hand line fishermen who use rowboats. They
utilize relatively distant natural reefs during warm seasons and natural reefs near the coast
during cool seasons. It is said they do this in response to the seasonal migration of target
fish species. Fishermen who are extremely knowledgeable about the local natural reefs live
in Yenne Kelle and they alternate their operations between offshore and coastal natural reefs
throughout the year. The hand line fishermen of Toubab Dialaw alternate between gillnet
fishing and hand line fishing according to the season. Since they conduct hand line fishing
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for between 30~96 days per year and utilize coastal natural reefs, they are unlikely to be
beneficiaries of the artificial reef.
To sum up, the fishermen that will benefit from the artificial reef in future are the hand line
fishermen based in Yenne Todd, Nianghal and Yenne Kelle.
2) Quantitative analysis of the benefit value
The numerical information used here was basically obtained through hearing surveys with
the target fishermen. In addition to asking about the number of fishing days per fishing
season and the average value of daily catches, clarification was carried out regarding the
name, location and depth of natural reefs and species of fish caught. As a result, it was
found that the hand line fishermen of Yenne utilize nine offshore natural reefs. Upon
obtaining the monthly value of landed fish based on figures heard from the fishermen in the
survey and dividing catches according to the season when coastal natural reefs are utilized
and the season when offshore natural reefs are utilized, the value of catches landed only
during the season when the offshore reefs are utilized was sought. Next, by adding the
future artificial reef to the nine offshore natural reefs and assuming that fishermen obtain
landed value equally from the 10 resulting fishing grounds, the future benefit from the
artificial reef was calculated as one-tenth of the landed value calculated above. The
following table translates that amount into benefit according to the number of benefiting
fishing boats in each community.
Table 5-15 Estimated Benefit from the Artificial reef
CommunityNumber
ofpirogues
Annualoperating
days
Days whenthe artificialreef can be
used
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual total
Yenne Tode 8 boats 220 days 80 days 200,000 176,000 200,000 200,000 776,000 Fcfa
Ngadiam 20 boats 250 days 119 days 190,000 190,000 190,000 450,000 450,000 225,000 1,695,000 FcfaNdianghal
Diakhle 24 baots 234 days 138 days 120,000 120,000 120,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 150,000 690,000 Fcfa
Yenne Kel 2 boats 240 days 240 days 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 480,000 Fcfa
Total 54 boats 550,000 350,000 350,000 490,000 666,000 265,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 190,000 240,000 240,000 3,641,000 Fcfa
Data: Prepared based on the hearing surveys conducted in July and November
In future, there is a possibility that the artificial reef will impart a benefit of 3,640,000 Fcfa per year to
54 rowboats in the Yenne area. In terms of monthly breakdown, the benefit will be highest between
January and June when it ranges from 270,000 to 670,000 Fcfa per month. The benefit between July
and December will vary between 100,000 and 240,000 Fcfa per month.
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Next, validity of the said artificial reef benefit is examined judging from the present effect in terms of
attracting fish. Table 5-15 shows the species and quantities of fish gathering around the artificial reef
based on underwater observations implemented in September and October 2004 and February 2005,
and also translates these data into economic value based on market prices for each fish species and fish
size. According to this, the economic value of gathered fish observed around the artificial reef on
September 9, 2004 was 450,000 Fcfa. Similarly, the value was 1,840,000 Fcfa on October 6, 2004 and
520,000 Fcfa on February 21, 2005. Comparing with the monthly benefits shown in the table above, it
is judged that the artificial reef generates a sufficient fish gathering effect to enable these.
Table 5-16 Economic Value of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Yenne
学名 和名 size/quantity size/quantity size/quantity
Acanthurus monroviae クロハギsp. 30cm/30±18 150 F/kg 4,500 Fcfa 5cm/1±0 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 30cm/1±0 200 F/kg 100 Fcfa
Batrachoides liberiensi 20cm/1±0
Caranx sp. ギンガメアジsp. 30cm/4±0 400 F/kg 800 Fcfa
Chaetodon hoefleri チョウチョウウオsp. 15cm/2±0 200 F/kg 62 Fcfa
Dasyatis sp. アカエイsp.Decapterus punctatus クロホシムロアジ 9cm/6,650±4,824 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa
Diplodus bellottii アフリカチヌsp. 13cm/2,904±334 550 F/kg 319,440 Fcfa 13cm/6,422±577 550 F/kg 706,420 Fcfa 15cm/285±114 800 F/kg 45,600 Fcfa
Diplodus puntazzo アフリカチヌsp. 23cm/467±274 1,000 F/kg 233,500 Fcfa
Epinephelus aeneus マハタsp. 40cm/1±0 2,500 F/kg 5,000 Fcfa 40cm/1±0 2,500 F/kg 5,000 Fcfa 40cm/2±0 2,500 F/kg 10,000 Fcfa
Epinephelus costae マハタsp. 25cm/353±103 700 F/kg 123,550 Fcfa 25cm/91±29 2,000 F/kg 91,000 Fcfa
Mugil sp. ボラsp. 30cm/11±0 750 F/kg 2,750 Fcfa
Parapristripoma octolineatum イサキ属 15cm/2±0 400 F/kg 133 Fcfa
Plectorhinchus mediterraneus コショウダイsp. 25cm/9±0 400 F/kg 900 Fcfa 23cm/661±234 450 F/kg 59,490 Fcfa
Pomadasys incisus ニシミゾイサキ 18cm/144±77 400 F/kg 16,457 Fcfa 13cm/17,100±1,096 400 F/kg 684,000 Fcfa 13cm/1,311±342 400 F/kg 40,338 Fcfa
Pseudupeneus prayensis ベニヒメジ 4cm/504±150 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 15cm/980±240 750 F/kg 105,000 Fcfa 10cm/365±234 650 F/kg 19,771 Fcfa
Serranus scriba ヒメスズキsp. 30cm/1±0 600 F/kg 780 Fcfa 18cm/3±0 800 F/kg 600 Fcfa
Sphoeroides marmoratus ヨリトフグsp. 5cm/216±75 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 5cm/125±33 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa 5cm/46±23 0 F/kg 0 Fcfa
Trachinotus ovatus コバンアジsp. 30cm/8±0 600 F/kg 2,400 Fcfa
Trachurus trecae マアジsp. 12cm/6,456±3,990 200 F/kg 107,600 Fcfa 12cm/12,464±4,552 200 F/kg 207,733 Fcfa
observed species number 22 9 454,177 Fcfa 14 1,838,553 Fcfa 14 523,635 Fcfa
Fish species 9 September, 2004 6 October, 2004 21 February, 2005
unit price Amount unit price Amount unit price Amount
Bodianus speciosus タキベラsp. 25cm/2±0 300 F/kg 240 Fcfa
Diplodus vulgaris アフリカチヌ 23cm/114±0 600 F/kg 22,800 Fcfa
Labridae sp. ベラ科 25cm/1±0 400 F/kg 400 Fcfa
(3) Confirmation of the Achievement Indicators of the Project purposes
1) Resource management rules
The Code de Conduit (resource management code of conduct) was compiled by the resource
management committee, however, it requires some revision because a mismatch has arisen
with current conditions. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into
the first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area (see
Figure 5-11), however, as in the case of Yenne where the sea area faces the outer sea,
because offing waves directly enter coastal waters, buoys for marking sea area boundaries
have repeatedly been washed away by waves. Furthermore, it is also stipulated that fishing
around artificial reefs be practiced beyond a radius of 300 m, however, since hardly any fish
gather so far away from reefs, hardly any catches can be anticipated.
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Figure 5-11 Schematic of Fishing Ground Management around a Fish Reef
2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting
The resource management committee has organized a fishing ground surveillance team that
monitors for the setting of gillnets and so on in fishing operations around the artificial reef.
The team members check for gillnets and when they operate in the area or pass through on
their way to fishing grounds, and they report their findings to the resource management
committee. However, reports are only made orally and are not retained as written records
since many fishermen are still unable to read or write, it is extremely difficult to enforce
written reports.
3) Resource management fund
An attempt was made to introduce a system for collecting fishing tariffs from fishing boats
conducting operations in the second zone, however, because the fish reef is small and the
fishing ground is not attractive enough to fishermen for them to pay a tariff for entry, only a
handful of fishermen had paid the tariff by the end.
Apart from the fishing tariff method, other means of raising funds are, 1) staging joint
fishing and selling catches under the sponsorship of the resource management committee
and saving the resulting income, and 2) collecting contributions from management
committee members (cotisation). The former approach has been implemented three times
and has raised minor returns, whereas the contribution is 250 Fcfa per pirogue owner. The
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total fund comprising joint fishing returns and contributions reached 142,000 Fcfa by the
end.
(4) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators
Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out.
The reason for this is because things were held up on preparing the registration database.
Microsoft Access was selected as the software and the database was constructed in Japanese,
however, this did not function in the French OS. An attempt was made to reconstruct the
database, however, this had to be abandoned due to a lack of time.
Output 1-2. The resource management organization was established and registration documents
were presented to related offices, however, official registration has not yet been completed
because the office procedure is taking so much time.
Output 2. Large demersal fish such as Thiof, which were not seen before the fish reef was
installed, are now being observed. Refer to the underwater survey report for the confirmed fish
species and numbers of fish.
Output 3-1. No ordinances or ministerial orders were issued regarding fishing concessions
Because the code of conduct that was autonomously prepared by the resource management
committee was incomplete, it was deemed too difficult to implement the Japanese style system of
conferring stock utilization rights and management responsibility to users.
Output 3-2. No resource management manual has been prepared.
Throughout the whole survey, based on the judgment that preparation of a manual was
incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities, no such documentation has been
prepared at all.
Output 4. Surveys of water depth and bottom sediment of fishing grounds were implemented
under direct management; however, the tide survey consigned to CRODT was not implemented.
The reason was that the CRODT technicians in charge of marine biology were involved in a
separate survey and could not find the time to perform this work.
Survey of fish species (underwater survey): The team member in charge of biological survey
implemented survey of fish species four times in September 2004, February 2005, July 2005 and
October 2005. The timing of these surveys was the equivalent of five months, 10 months and 1
month after establishment of the fish reef.
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Survey of fish species (line fishing test): The resource management committee implemented this
survey four times. Four or five fishermen boarded a boat and tested what kinds and how many
fish they could catch in a certain time.
Fishing household economy survey: 28 monitor fishers were selected from the local fishermen
and were asked to record operating data after every fishing trip. However, since many of these
fishermen left Yenne in line with seasonal migratory fishing, they gradually stopped taking
records and all the monitors ended up scrapping their ledgers. The semi-completed records were
retrieved and used for assessing the economic effect.
(5) Outline of the Assessment Results
Efficiency: Medium
The human resources and equipment and materials invested in establishment of the artificial reef
have been hugely useful in forming the fish reef fishing grounds. Meanwhile, the introduction of
human resources has not been efficiently reflected in terms of software. Moreover, information
processing equipment has not made a significant contribution to the realization of effects.
Effectiveness: Medium
Although detailed management techniques have not been realized like originally planned, loose
fishing ground management has been achieved through enforcement of the rule not to use net
fishing gear around the fish reef.
Impact: Positive impacts can be seen throughout the country, whereas negative impacts have not
been seen as yet.
Because the artificial reef is too small, hardly any impact has been confirmed in terms of biology
and fishery resources. The gathering of fish is limited to immediately around the fish reef,
however, fishermen reported that no fish could be caught at all beyond a few meters from the
reef. However, in both the advance case of Bargny and this case of Yenne, gathering of seven
band grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, local name “thiof”), which is the most sought after fish in
Senegal, was confirmed around the artificial reef, so there are many fishermen who want a
similar type of fish reef established in waters off their own village. In response, the local NGO
OCEANIUM has started tests on artificial reefs made from old tires. Moreover, the Sport Fishing
Federation of Senegal (Fédération Sénégalaise des Pêches Sportives), which has so far provided
artificial reefs for tourists by sinking abandoned boats and abandoned cars, is making moves to
provide fish reefs for artisinal fishermen too.
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Relevance: Pros and cons
Since the assessment of artificial reefs is split two ways throughout the world, it is to early to
pass judgment on validity as a means of resource management in Senegal. Opponents argue that
artificial reefs accelerate the exploitation of stocks, while proponents say that they contribute to
the conservation and propagation of stocks and help prevent incursions by foreign trawlers;
however, so far there is no scientific evidence to back up either argument. What is certain is that
numerous natural reefs that previously existed in Senegalese waters have been destroyed by
commercial trawlers, and habitats for marine life have been lost. If artificial reefs are established
with the goal of replacing lost reefs and work is carried out to restore fishing grounds, they
should be permitted as a means of restoring habitats. Needless to say, if artificial reefs only serve
to increase catch pressure, they need to be approached with great care. Whereas installing gillnets
in waters around fish reefs can bring about abundant catches, there is a risk of ghost fishing
occurring or nets being lost if nets get caught in artificial reefs. Since local fishermen, who do not
have many financial resources, refrain from installing gillnets around artificial reefs in order to
avoid such risks, the waters around fish reefs naturally become closed zones.
Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their
own funds.
It would be difficult for fishermen to fully cover an amount similar to the initial investment of
approximately 15,000,000 Fcfa (approximately 3,000,000 yen) in the project. However, taking
into account the ease of maintenance, and because the fish reef is installed inside a gillnet fishing
ground, which is relatively close to the coast (approximately 2 miles), where the water is shallow
(15 m) and where surveillance can be carried out at all times, it should be amply possible for the
fishermen to monitor the fish reef fishing grounds from now on.
Concerning buoys, because it became apparent that zoning does not work very well, there is not
considered any need to install multiple buoys. Having said that, there is a risk that other fishing
boats will cast nets without being aware of the artificial reef. This is a difficult judgment, but it is
considered appropriate to install one buoy in order to inform about the fish reef.
Since these waters have a high degree of biological productivity, any objects floating on the
surface are soon covered in barnacles. These sometimes become so heavy that they sink the
buoys they are attached to. At the same time as continuing surveillance work, it will be necessary
to knock off barnacles from the buoys.
There are basically no fishing nets tangled around the artificial reef, however, this does not mean
that dishonest persons will not set nets and cause such trouble. In such cases, it will be necessary
for divers to remove such nets, and to budget for the cost of this work.
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(6) Results of the Questionnaire Survey
1) Survey method
The Study Team prepared the draft survey sheet and incorporated comments from the
Yenne Fisheries Bureau branch manager and representatives of the Yenne resource
management committee into the final version. The survey targeted 10 fishermen in each of
the seven communities, i.e. the survey was implemented on 70 people in the seven
communities from Yenne Todd to Toubab Dialaw. When implementing the actual survey,
villagers able to read and write were employed in each community to interview the target
fishermen based on the survey sheets and fill in their responses. The survey was
implemented in all communities on November 20, 2005. The resource management
committee collected the survey sheets and the Study Team entered the results on Excel.
2) General conditions of the survey targets
The 70 survey samples consisted of 5 fishermen who own fishing boats, 63 crewmembers
and 2 boat owners (not involved in fishing activities). In terms of fishing method, the
samples broke down as 34 gillnet fishermen, 27 line fishermen and 6 longline fishermen.
Considering that gillnet fishing is the main fishery in the three northern communities
(Yenne Todd, Yenne Guedj and Yenne Kao) and line fishing is the main fishery in three of
the four southern communities (Nditakh, Kelle and Toubab Dialaw) apart from Nianghal,
where fishermen mainly operate in waters off Casamance, this distribution of samples
according to fishing method was appropriate.
3) Interpretation of the survey findings
① Fishermen still believe that depletion of stocks is caused by outside factors, and they
cannot understand that problems exist with artisinal fisheries.
This question was intended to discover the thinking of fishermen regarding fisheries
problems. The responses indicated that the fishermen of Yenne still tend to be
unmindful of their own shortcomings in this respect. The actual responses were as
follows.
Question: What are the causes behind the depletion of resources? (Multiple responses
permitted)
- Over-fishing by foreign fishing boats 63
- Over-fishing by Senegalese commercial fishing boats 38
- Over-fishing by artisinal fishermen 9
- Environmental destruction 16
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In a similar survey that was consigned to SENAGROSOL Co. in December 2003before the start of the pilot project, 44 out of 44 respondents pointed to over-fishing byforeign fishing boats, while 34 pointed to over-fishing by Senegalese commercialfishing boats. In this survey, 22 out of the 44 respondents (45%) indicated that over-fishing by artisinal fishermen was a cause.
The two sets of results cannot be simply compared because different methods wereadopted in the two surveys, however, it seems that the number of artisinal fishermendisplaying awareness over self-responsibility for the depletion of stocks is on thedecline.
Alternatively, it may be said that not enough care was taken when arranging optionalresponses in the survey sheet preparation stage. This is because, when options aregiven as 1 to 4, respondents inevitably tend to hold a strong impression towards thefirst option. When preparing the questions and options, in cases where the trend ofresponses can be predicted to an extent, it may be necessary to consider changing theorder.
For reference purposes, in the survey implemented in December 200311, villages wherea high ratio of respondents (50% or more) pointed to over-fishing by artisinalfishermen were as follows: Lompour 58%, Fass Boye 84%, Kayar 80%, Mbour 84%,Nianing 70%, Joal 52%, Jifere 52%, Misira 52%, Niodior 69%, Djogue 60%,Kafountine 88%, Erinkine 92%, Ziguinchor 68%.
Incidentally, villages where the ratio of such respondents was less than 50% were thosearound Dakar and Saint Louis. Saint Louis is inhabited by specialized fishers known asGuendarian, whereas Dakar and its environs are inhabited by specialized fishers knownas Lebou.
② Support for fishing method regulations and limits on the body length of caught fish,
and opposition to limits on catch size
This was the result concerning the question of support for or opposition to a number of
resource management methods. Since the same question was also asked in the survey
of December 2003, a comparison of the results is given below. The following tale also
shows a comparison between responses from gillnet fishermen and line fishermen.
Figures show percentage values, so the figures for and figures against amount to 100.
11 The socioeconomic survey of December 2003 targeted 21 villages, i.e. moving from the north, Saint Louis, Lompour, Fass
Boye, Kayar, Yoff, Hann, Thiaroye, Rufisque, Bargny, Yenne, Ngaparou, Mbour, Nianing, Joal, Jifere, Missira, Niodior,Djogue, Kafountine, Erinkine, and Ziguinchor.
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Table 5-17 What the Fishermen Think About Resource management Methods
November 2005Overall
November 2005Gillnet Fishermen
November 2005Line Fishermen
December 2003Overall
For Against For Against For Against For Against
Closed season 45 55 36 64 58 42 55 45Fishing method regulation 77 23 78 22 84 16 75 25Closed zone 43 57 38 63 54 46 75 25Body length limit 72 28 67 33 88 12 89 11Catch size limit 14 86 16 84 17 83 14 86
As of December 2003, irrespective of actual actions, the majority of fishermen were in
favor of all the stock control methods apart from limiting catch sizes. In particular,
concerning limits on the body length of caught fish, a high ratio of fishermen were in
favor. This trend remained the same in November 2005, however, the ratio opposed
exceeded the ratio in favor regarding closed seasons and closed zones. It was hoped
that the pilot project would encourage an improvement in stock control awareness
among fishermen, however, in reality the opposite occurred. Since it is hard to imagine
that the pilot project activities had a negative impact on awareness, it is thought that
the poor catches this year greatly affected the thinking of fishermen.
Next, upon analyzing whether there was a difference in stock control awareness
between gillnet fishermen and line fishermen, the gillnet fishermen displayed similar
thinking to the overall trend, i.e. the majority were in favor of regulations on fishing
method and body length of caught fish, whereas most were opposed to closed seasons,
closed zones and limits on catch sizes. As for the line fishermen, the majority was in
favor of all the proposed methods apart from limiting the size of catches.
It is generally said that line fishermen are more considerate of stocks than gillnet
fishers, and these results showed that line fishers have a more open-minded attitude
towards resource management.
③ Half the respondents felt that catches had increased as a result of the fish reef, whereas
half were not sure.
The fishermen were asked whether they felt some changes, not necessarily
quantitative, had taken place as a result of installing the fish reef. As a result, out of 69
respondents, 38 (55%) responded that catches had increased, 6 (9%) said the opposite,
and 27 (36%) didn’t know. Similarly, regarding the question about whether landed
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income had increased, out of 67 respondents, 33 (49%) responded that income had
increased, 7 (10%) said the opposite, and 27 (40%) didn’t know.
In reality, because the installed fish reef was extremely small in size, its effects were
very limited. There may be some people who are convinced that fish reefs will enable
more fish to be caught, after seeing the prior experience of Bargny. Catch size and
revenue differ according to fishing conditions and fish prices every year. However,
since there are no fishermen who keep detailed operating records or ledgers, it is
extremely difficult to demonstrate trends using specific figures. However, the fact that
not a few fishermen feel that there has been an effect is good reason to view the
artificial reef project in a good light.
④ Even in the case of a self-made fishing ground and stocks caught there, there is a
strong feeling that fish belong to all the fishermen of Senegal.
The question aimed to find out about awareness of Japanese style fishing concessions,
however, the feeling that fisheries resources belong to all the fishermen of Senegal was
found to remain strong. Out of 63 respondents, 15 (24%) replied that fish around the
fish reef in Yenne belong to the fishermen of Yenne, 42 (67%) that they belong to all
the fishermen of Senegal, and 6 (10%) that they belong to the government.
On numerous occasions during the course of the pilot project, efforts were made to
encourage a sense of ownership and responsibility through telling the fishermen that
stocks around the fish reef belonged to them, however, this type of thinking didn’t
catch on. This result showed that the thinking that fisheries resources belong to all
fishermen, which has been nurtured over many years, cannot be changed overnight.
Alternatively, it may be possible that enlightenment activities to this effect were not
carried out enough.
⑤ Half the fishermen are not aware of the fisheries code of conduct.
Out of 67 respondents, 32 (47%) replied that they knew about the fisheries code of
conduct, whereas 35 said they didn’t know it. This clearly shows that the
enlightenment activities were insufficient.
Meanwhile, out of 34 fishermen who attended at least one meeting during the pilot
project period, 24 (70%) knew about the code of conduct. This indicates that
participation in activities as well as enlightenment activities play an important role in
providing information to fishermen.
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5.5 Bargny (Sub Project)
5.5.1 Outline of the Pilot Project
In Bargny, ongoing follow-up was carried out on stock regeneration based on an artificial reef (the
first one to be installed in Western Africa by OFCA) and fish reef resource management under the
initiative of fishermen, and an attempt was made to construct a model of joint management between
fishermen and administration. The major difference with Yenne is that, whereas fishermen were
involved from the manufacture and installation of the artificial reef in Yenne, manufacture and
installation was fully consigned to a contractor and the fishermen were only involved in management
following reef installation in Bargny.
5.5.2 Overview of the Fishing Village
(1) Socioeconomic Conditions in the Village
Bargny is a fishing village situated 33 km from Dakar, and it is composed of the three
communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou. Most of the villagers are Lebou and fisheries are
the central economic activity.
Inland parts of the village have extensive farmland, which is used to cultivate millet, sweet corn,
watermelons, okra, and mangoes. Since the village is located close to the city, this farmland
offers work opportunities to migratory laborers from the south. Meanwhile, due to water
shortages and cases of theft before harvest and so on, cultivation of millet, sweet corn and
watermelons has been slow in recent years and there is a growing tendency to switch to okra as a
cash crop.
Despite being a fishing village, Bargny displays an urban way of life with tariffs being charged
for water and electricity supply and butane gas being used for cooking purposes. The villagers
generally eat bread in the morning, fish and rice for lunch, and couscous for dinner. The annual
cost of living is 1,350,000 Fcfa for a family of nine and 2,940,000 Fcfa for a family of 20, while
the per capita cost of living is around 150,000 Fcfa. Among both family sizes, food costs account
for the largest share of living expenses (54%, 62%), while luxury items account for the next
largest share (20% and 21%). Heat, light and water expenses account for between 8~10% of
overall living costs.
(2) Fisheries situation
Table 5-18 shows the number of fishing boats according to fishing method in the three fishing
communities of Bargny, Miname and Sendou (Bargny area) as of August 2004. The 75 motor-
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powered hand line fishing boats in Sendou switch to bottom gillnet fishing when the summer
octopus fishing season ends. Fishing boats that engage in hand line fishing in natural reef fishing
grounds comprise the 105 engine-powered boats and 45 sailboats of Bargny and Miname. These
fishing boats catch octopus in the summer season, while in other seasons they fish for black sea
bream, pigfish and horse mackerel in natural reef fishing grounds in other seasons.
Table 5-18 Number of Fishing Boats by Fishing Method in Bargny
Hand lineengine-powered
boatsSailboats Purse seine net
boatsBeach seine
net boats Gillnet
Bargny 95 40 34 14 35Miname 10 5 0 1 5Sendou 75 4 0 2 0Total 180 49 34 17 41
Source: Fisheires Department (August 2004)
Many of these hand line fishermen combine fishing with cultivation of okra, however, fisheries
revenue accounts for the overwhelmingly large share (82~96%) of their total income.
Looking at household economy in the case of a hand line fishing family with engine-powered
boat in Miname, the annual number of fishing days is 220, the value of catches landed per boat is
5,260,000 Fcfa, operating expenses are 2,060,000 Fcfa, and the profit margin is 61%. Since the
family of the informant own two engine-powered pirogues, the annual fisheries income is
3,430,000 Fcfa (partly paid to the crew as a dividend). In addition, income from outside of
fisheries is 125,000 Fcfa. The annual living cost of a family of 20 (including depreciation cost of
production assets) is 3,530,000 Fcfa, so the annual household balance is almost even. However,
since hand line fishing is subject to large catch fluctuations, there are years when income doesn’t
cover household expenses.
(3) OCFA Artificial reefs and their Effects
The said project was started in September 2001. Waters off the shore of Bargny on the southern
coast (see Figure 5-12) were selected because proximity to Dakar was good for following up on
the project, the sea here was calm, and it was easy to see the effects of fish reef installation
because natural reefs in the area were rare. The specifications and quantities of the artificial reefs
were examined in Japan, and tender documents were prepared based on these. After that, in
February 2002 designated competitive tender was implemented in Dakar in order to select the
contractor. As a result, FOUGEROLLE Co. of Dakar was selected and it signed a contract with
OFCA. The execution period was approximately three and a half months and all the fish reefs
were installed in June before the start of the rainy season and rough seas. Six fish reefs
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comprising 3 m concrete blocks (each reef weighing 9 tons) were arranged in a circle of 30 m
diameter, and the middle of this was filled with 130 m3 of natural stones (approximately 500 kg
each) to make a hybrid fish reef comprising a conical mound measuring 13 m across at the base
and 3 m high (see Figure 5-13).
Figure 5-12 Map of OFCA Artificial reefs Figure 5-13 Layout Drawing of OFCAArtificial reefs
After the fish reef was installed, the DPM and CRODT carried out enlightenment activities and a
management committee composed of representatives from five coastal villages (Rufisque,
Bargny, Sendou, Miname and Yenne) was formed. The committee, acting on the advice of
CRODT from the viewpoint of stock protection, designated all waters around the fish reef as a
total closed area and made this into legislation as a Rufisque Prefecture ordinance. Moreover, to
ensure that fishermen upheld the ordinance, the committee members took turns in conducting
surveillance activities around the fish reef three times a week. CRODT regularly collected
landing data and conducted catch tests in order to assess the scientific and economic effects of the
artificial reef. Also, the local NGO OCEANIUM was contracted to observe and photograph fish
gathering around the fish reef. OFCA paid all the expenses incurred in these follow-up activities.
A year and a half after establishment of the fish reef, in December 2003, a summing-up seminar
was staged in Dakar and this marked the end of the project activity and financing by OFCA.
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Artificial reef projects by OFCA in the past were simply intended to confirm the fish gathering
effect and stock propagation effect of fish reefs. In this sense, since the pictures take by
OCEANIUM confirmed the gathering of fish around the fish reef and numerous fishermen in the
surrounding villages stated that previously uncaught fish were now being caught, it may be said
that the artificial reef here had a certain effect. Other fishermen said that the number of small
pirogues not fitted with outboard motors had increased in the surrounding villages. This is
because the artificial reef brought the fishing grounds closer to the coast and made them
accessible to non-powered fishing boats too.
However, following the end of the OFAC activities, funding for the management committee has
been cut and budget problems have emerged in that there is no money to replace marker buoys if
they are washed away or purchase fuel for fishing ground surveillance missions. At the root of
this, it is pointed out that fishermen lack a sense of involvement in the project because they were
not actively involved from the start. Moreover, because all initial funding was provided by an
outside agency, a culture of dependency was fostered among the fishermen. In any case, even
though a little late, it became necessary to build a setup whereby the fishermen themselves
manage stocks around the artificial reef. The Study Team decided to target Bargny as a sub
project of the pilot project in order to verify the effectiveness of artificial reef installation as an
effective tool of resource management with Yenne in mind.
5.5.3 Cooperation Period
April 2004 ~ November 2005 (approximately 1 and a half years)
5.5.4 Cooperation Contents
(1) Overall goal
To establish artificial reef installation as an effective means of fisheries resource management
(2) Project purpose
To realize management of fisheries stocks in waters around the artificial reef by the fishermen
concerned.
(3) Outputs
1) Clarification of the stakeholders who will manage fisheries stocks around the fish reef
2) Conferment of rights and obligations concerning stocks around the fish reef to the fishermen
concerned
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(4) Inputs
Japanese side:
• Four consultants (resource management/fisheries technology, fishermen’s
organization/participatory development, socioeconomy/fisheries economy, biological survey)
• Supply of facilities and equipment (locally made pirogues, 15 HP outboard engine, GPS, life
jackets, rainwear, buoys)
• Vehicles
Senegalese side:
• Two counterparts (2 from DPM)
• One DPM branch member
• FENAGIE-PECHE (dissemination activities)
(5) Cost of above materials and equipment
• Local made pirogue 1,170 thousand FCFA (US$2,340)
• Outboard engine 1,064 thousand FCFA (US$2,092)
• Fabrication and installation of buoys 1,118 thousand FCFA (US$2,236)
• Materials for safety at sea (life jacket etc.) 523 thousand FCFA (US$1,046)
Total 3,875 thousand FCFA (US$7,714)
5.5.5 Project Assessment
(1) Confirmation of Project purpose Achievement Indicators
1) Resource management rules
The style of fishing ground management combining a closed zone and operating zone that
was adopted in Yenne was based on the one in Bargny. However, as in the case of Yenne,
this complex style of fishing ground management didn’t function in reality.
2) Fishing ground surveillance and reporting
Not one fishing ground surveillance report has been made since follow-up was started on
this activity as a sub pilot project of the development study. The fund cooperation necessary
for surveillance activities has already been finished, and no fishing ground surveillance
activities are actually being conducted at the present time. All the marking buoys that were
established during the period of OFCA involvement have been washed away and there are
currently no objects to indicate the fishing grounds.
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3) Resource management fund
This idea was introduced based on the same concept as that in Yenne, however, ideas for
fishing charges, joint operation and contributions have not even been proposed let alone
implemented, and the fund has not taken shape at all.
(2) Confirmation of Output Achievement Indicators
Output 1-1. Registration of fishermen and fishing boats is not carried out.
Since the computer that was installed in the Bargny fisheries branch office at the start of the sub
project was supplied to the local smoke processing women’s association, it was removed from
the fisheries branch office during the project. Moreover, because the project did not cater for the
supply of computer equipment, the whole idea of registration collapsed at this point.
Output 1-2. The resource management organization was not established.
When the sub project was launched, the project implementation committee (Comité de pilotage)
and fishing ground surveillance committee (Comité de surveillance) that were established during
the OFCA era were in existence, however, these organizations disappeared when the financial
assistance was discontinued.
Output 2-1. No resource management manual has been prepared. This is because it was deemed
that preparation of a manual was incompatible with bottom-up resource management activities.
Output 2-2. No budget was secured for fishing ground surveillance.
The main reason for this was the extinction of the management organizations. There is no chance
of a fund being established or budget being secured without any organization.
(3) Outline of the Assessment Results
Efficiency: Low
Conduct joint operation in order to generate the budget necessary for fishing ground surveillance.
Use the returns from fish sales to establish a fund. Also, rather than using fishing boats, use the
surveillance boat belonging to the management committee to monitor the fishing grounds. In
response to such suggestions from the management committee, a locally made pirogue (8 m),
outboard motor (15 HP) and various other equipment were supplied, however, following the
natural extinction of the management committee, these equipments have been placed under the
management of the Bargny fisheries branch office. Accordingly, equipment supply has made
only a minimal contribution to the outputs.
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Effectiveness: Hardly achieved at all
Since fishermen understand there is a high risk of losing nets if they cast in waters around the fish
reef, they naturally avoid doing this. As a result, waters around the fish reef have become a
closed zone. However, it is of course possible that fishermen who are unaware of the fish reef
will set nets in these waters.
Impact: Positive impacts can be seen, whereas negative impacts have not been seen as yet.
Net fishing gear has naturally been regulated around the fish reef, whereas line fishing is being
practiced. These waters are already recognized as a good fishing grounds, and thiof, which is a
high quality demersal fish, is being landed in Rufisque and so on. Although it is not possible to
indicate quantitative data here, waters around the fish reef are generating an ample positive
economic impact as a new fishing ground.
Relevance: Pros and cons
Discussion of the pros and cons is omitted here because it was already explained in the section on
Yenne.
Sustainability: It would be difficult for fishermen to implement similar activities based on their
own money.
Since this project was totally implemented by external parties under financial support from
OFCA, the fishermen do not possess the know-how or funds to repeat the same work themselves.
(4) Social Impact
1) Difference between form and reality
The artificial reef in Bargny was established under the initiative of OFCA. Artificial reefs in
OFAC projects so far have been used to make closed zones in order to protect fisheries
resources. Accordingly, fishermen were unable to utilize artificial reefs as fishing grounds.
When this work was succeeded in the development study, it was decided to combine a
closed zone with a fish reef fishing ground in order to build a management setup operated
by residents. In order for residents to conduct autonomous management, since it is essential
for residents to raise management costs themselves, various methods of allowing residents
to sustain the management activities were investigated after the support from external
donors was stopped.
The code of conduct (Code de conduit), which is based on opening the artificial reef as a
hand line fishing ground and levying a fishing charge from fishing boats that enter the area,
has been established. Specifically, the code stipulates that the ocean area be divided into the
first zone, which is a closed area, and the second zone, which is the fishing area, and it
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prescribes details concerning fishing access. However, the code of conduct has so far failed
to function and there are no users of the fishing license system. The engine-powered pirogue
that was supplied to enable surveillance activities by the fishermen is not operating as
planned.
Meanwhile, the artificial reef is recognized by the local fishermen as a fishing ground where
stable catches can be secured even when catches go down in surrounding fishing grounds,
and it is frequently utilized by gillnet and hand line fishers. According to the local gillnet
fishermen, the artificial reef was used everyday while buoys were in place. Since the buoys
were spaced at intervals of 150 m, the fishermen could set their nets between the buoys
without getting them caught in the artificial reef. In November 2004, since fish couldn’t be
caught in any of the surrounding fishing grounds, many fishermen set their nets on the
artificial reef. Assuming that each fishing boat cast two nets, this means that there are
always between 40~50 bottom gillnets set in the water at any given time. In reality the
artificial reef is already functioning as a stable fishing ground for the local fishermen.
This difference between “form” and “reality” is proving to be an impediment to the
construction of a setup of coastal fishing ground management by local residents based on
the artificial reef.
2) From tight management to loose management
Since the goal of the sub project is to build a setup of coastal fishing ground management by
local residents based on the artificial reef, a fishing access system has been introduced to
allow residents to manage the fish reef fishing grounds. This is a form of so-called tight
management, whereby the fishing ground management committee manages the fishing
grounds while raising operating costs. However, because this tight management hardly
functions at all, it is proposed that this be changed to a system of loose management more
suited to current conditions.
In specific terms, loose management comprises the following methodology:
• Fully open the waters around Bargny artificial reef to hand line fishermen only. For this
purpose, do not install buoys around the artificial reef because they provide markers for
gillnet fishermen to operate. Since gillnets are an expensive asset for the local fishermen,
they do not want to risk getting them caught in an artificial reef not marked with buoys.
Although fishermen can understand the rough position of the fish reef without buoys, they
cannot be sure about the exact location. As a result, so long as no buoys are set to mark
the fish reef, the fishing grounds will only be used by hand line fishermen.
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• Since hand line fishing will be the only fishing method practiced around the fish reef,
only fish of commodity size will be caught, while fry gathering around the reef will be
protected. As a result, the artificial reef will function as a protection and nurturing reef.
• Fishing charges cannot be levied without the aid of marking buoys, however, these can be
sacrificed in return for keeping surveillance activities by the management committee to a
minimum.
• Instead of surveillance activities by the management committee, hand line fishermen can
be obliged to enter and submit operating logs regarding their utilization of the artificial
reef.
• The management committee will utilize the engine-powered boat supplied by JICA to
implement joint operations and use the profits from this as operating costs. It can then use
these funds to consign regular underwater observations to an external organization and to
gauge conditions around the artificial reef. This will prevent ghost fishing around the
artificial reef.
(5) Economic Assessment of the Artificial reef
As was mentioned above, the first step towards building a setup for coastal fishing ground
management by residents using the artificial reef as a tool is to eliminate the disparity between
the “form” of a closed zone and the “reality” of recognition as a fishing ground. For this reason,
based on comments by gillnet fishermen that have used the fish reef as a fishing ground for some
time, economic assessment of the artificial reef is carried out through estimating the value and
quantity of fish caught in the area.
The gillnet fisherman Mr. A set gillnets in the artificial reef fishing grounds and caught fish every
day for two weeks in November 2004. During this period, there were always between 20~25
fishing boats conducting gillnet fishing in the surrounding area. Since each fishing boat sets at
least two gillnets, this means that between 40~50 gillnets were set around the artificial reef at any
time during this period.
Mr. A recorded a net profit of 25,000 Fcfa over the two weeks. Operating costs of this period
were 66,500 Fcfa (4,750 Fcfa per day), while the value of landed catches was 91,500 Fcfa. The
catches mainly consisted of 30 cm of sar, sole and sompatt. Based on the ratio of caught species
and unit sale prices, the total size of catches corresponding to 91,500 Fcfa works out as 99 kg
(see the following table).
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Table 5-19 Estimated Landed Quantity per Fishing Boat at the Artificial reef in Bargny
(2 weeks in November 2004)
Species Sar 30cm 66% 1,000 F/kg 65 kg 65,000 Fcfa
Sole de roche 33cm 3,000 F/kg
Sole de longue 33cm 750 F/kg
Sole tigre 33cm 500 F/kg
Sompate 25cm 17% 120~240 F/kg 17 kg 3,060 Fcfa
Total 100% 99 kg 91,500 Fcfa
Fcfa 17% 17 kg 23,440
Length Ratio Sale Price Landed Value Estimated Catch Size
Data: Based on the hearing survey conducted in July 2005
If it is assumed that 25 gillnet fishing boats that were operating in the waters around the artificial
reef in November 2004 landed the same quantities as Mr. A above, it works out that fish caught
around the Bargny artificial reef were worth 2,290,000 Fcfa and weighed 2,475 kg, breaking
down as 1,625 kg of sar, 425 kg of sole and 425 kg of sompatt. Around this time, catches at other
gillnet fishing grounds off Bargny were down and many fishing boats switched to octopus
fishing. The artificial reef fishing grounds continued to produce stable catches within such an
environment, and it came to be recognized as a steady fishing ground even when catches at other
fishing grounds were struggling.
5.6 Underwater Survey
In the pilot project, an underwater survey was implemented in order to estimate the scientific impact
of artificial reef installation. Since scientific surveying of Senegalese coastal areas is the jurisdiction of
the CRODT, three personnel selected by CRODT were trained as underwater survey divers. At the
same time, diving equipment and underwater photography equipment were procured in order to build
a set to enable CRODT to continue underwater surveys even after the project was finished.
The underwater survey was continuously implemented as shown below in Yenne, Bargny and
Nianing, where artificial reefs or octopus pots were installed.
1) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef
that was installed off the coast of Yenne in 2004 was continued from the fourth through to the
seventh surveys. Of these, since diving equipment for the CRODT survey members could not be
procured in time for the fourth survey, the Japanese Study Team members conducted the follow-
up at this time.
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2) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the artificial reef
that was installed off the coast of Bargny by OFCA in 2001 was continued in the sixth and
seventh surveys.
3) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots
that were installed off the coast of Nianing during the sixth survey (July 2005) was continued in
the sixth and seventh surveys.
4) Follow-up of the installation conditions and fish gathering conditions around the octopus pots
that were installed off the coast of Yenne after the sixth survey (July 2005) was conducted in the
seventh survey.
The detailed contents of the surveys are described below.
5.6.1 Survey Methods
In the surveys, first of all seabed conditions were gauged through diving and visual observation. After
that, in the fish survey, numbers of fish gathered around five optionally set measurement points were
estimated using a combination of the fixed point observation method (Figure 5-14) and belt transect
method (Figure 5-15). Concerning the species of fish gathering around and over the fish reefs, the
number of fish per cubic meter was counted, the average number of fish per unit cubage was sought
following the end of underwater observations, and this was extrapolated over the whole artificial reef
area in order to estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. Concerning demersal fish species
that do not form large shoals, again the number of fish per unit cubage was counted by means of the
belt transect method (L 10m, W 1m, H 1m) on five optionally set measurement lines, and this was
extrapolated over the whole artificial reef area following the underwater observations in order to
estimate the gathered quantity of each fish species. However, concerning species for which only one
or two fish were observed during the underwater observations, these were added to the observed
numbers without extrapolating over the whole fish reef area. Moreover, in cases where there were so
many gathered fish that it was not possible to estimate the actual numbers by visual observation alone,
an underwater camera with clear angle of view was used to photograph shoals in at least three
directions from the fixed observation points. Accordingly, in cases where photography was conducted
at each measurement point, a total of 15 images, i.e. 3 directions x 5 points, were taken. After the
photography, the distance from each photography point to the visual reference points was measured
using a tape measure. After the survey was finished, the number of fish per species was counted; the
cubage inside the photograph was calculated from the underwater angle of view and distance to the
visual reference points, and the fish count density per unit cubage was estimated (Figure 5-16).
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Figure 5-14 Fixed Point Observation Method Figure 5-15 Belt Transect Method
Figure 5-16 Calculation of Angle of
View
(The bottom part shows an actual example.The underwater angle of view of the camerais 45°across and 30°in the longitudinaldirection, the distance from the lens to thefish reef that is the visual reference point is2.2 m, and the number of fish in the image is145 Pomadasys incisus and 6 Dilodusbellotti. Accordingly, the fish density is 90.6fish/m3 and 3.8 fish/m3 respectively.
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After calculating the number of gathered fish by the above method, the wet unit weight of observed
fish was calculated from the length – wet weight conversion expression, and the biomass was
estimated from the following expression.
Biomass = Estimated number of fish *1 x Wet unit weight *2
*1 Estimated number of fish = (Mean number of fish ± standard error) ÷ Unit volume x
Surveyed area*2 The wet unit weight was calculated from the length – wet weight conversion expression
indicated in existing literature. In cases where the length – wet weight conversion
expression was not indicated for the target species, the expression for similar shape species
was referred to.
In the survey of octopus pots and octopus pot reefs, the number of octopuses living in the set pots was
counted, and conditions of habitation such as the mode of use of pots and evidence of spawning, etc.
were observed.
5.6.2 Survey Findings
Table 5-20 shows the dive times, water temperature and underwater visibility during each survey at
Yenne, Bargny and Nianing where the fish reefs were installed. The depth of artificial reefs was
approximately 16 m at Yenne and 22 m at Bargny, while the octopus pots at Nianing were at 10 m.
The underwater visibility was around 4 m.
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Table 5-20 Hydrographic Conditions and Dive Time in Each Survey
Surveysite Date Survey Target Dive Time Maximum
Depth (m)Water temperature
at surface(°C)Water temperature
oat bottom(°C)Underwatervisibility(m)
Artificial reef 11:31-11:49 15.8 28 27 2.02004, July 28
Target zone 12:16-12:33 12.2 28 27 2.0Artificial reef 11:56-13:26 15.8 30 29 3.8
2004, September 8Target zone 13:55-14:16 12.2 30 29 3.0Artificial reef 11:59-14:14 15.8 30 29 4.5
2004, September 9Target zone 14:45-15:02 12.2 30 29 4.0Artificial reef 11:41-14:10 15.8 29 26 5.8
2004, October 6Target zone 14:35-14:51 12.2 28 27 5.2Artificial reef 11:07-11:58 15.8 15 15 4.2
2005, February 18Target zone 13:03-13:37 13.7 15 15 4.2Artificial reef 10:47-11:52 15.8 15 15 3.2
2005, February 20Target zone 12:18-13:02 12.2 15 15 3.2Artificial reef 11:31-12:32 15.5 16 15 3.2
2005, February 21Target zone 13:05-13:58 12.1 16 15 3.0Artificial reef 12:09-13:16 15.9 31 30 3.5
2005, July 22Target zone 14:09-14:36 14.2 31 30 3.5Artificial reef 11:54-13:01 16.3 31 30 4.5
2005, July 23Target zone 13:55-14:22 12.2 30 29 4.5Octopus pot reef 15:17-15:40 12.8 30 29 1.5
2005, October 14Target zone 14:35-15:07 12.5 30 29 3.5
2005, October Artificial reef 13:50-15:27 16.3 30 29 7.5Artificial reef 13:51-14:43 15.9 30 29 3.5
2005, October 19Target zone 15:10-15:25 13.7 30 29 2.5Octopus pot reef 13:02-13:37 15.5 30 29 2.0
Yenne
2005, November 2Target zone 14:41-15:01 10.8 30 29 2.5Artificial reef 11:51-12:08 22.2 30 28 3.0
2005, July 16Target zone 13:10-13:33 15.1 30 28 3.0Artificial reef 11:41-12:38 21.7 30 27 4.0
2005, July 30Target zone 14:21-14:42 14.9 30 29 4.0Artificial reef 12:16-13:52 22.2 30 28 3.5
2005, October 22Target zone 14:30-14:52 16.5 30 28 3.5Artificial reef 12:59-13:28 22,5 30 28 3.5
2005, October 23Target zone 14:22-14:36 16.9 30 28 3.5
2005, October Artificial reef 12:47-13:30 22.5 30 28 7.0
Bargny
2005, October Target zone 13:20-13:50 15.5 30 28 4.02005, August 5 Octopus pot 13:00-15:00 9.5 30 30 4.5
Nianing2005, October 11 Octopus pot 12:36-14:07 12.2 31 30 4.5
The survey points are briefly described below. Moreover, Tables 5-21~5-24 show the gathered number
of fish estimated from the observation results in Yenne and Bargny.
(1) Yenne
① July 28, 2004 (advance survey)
Underwater visibility was very poor at 1 m or less around both the scheduled installation
point of the artificial reef and the natural reefs. Bottom sediment around the scheduled
installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle diameter 1 mm or less)
mixed with shell fragments, and the terrain was flat with no ripple marks (waves formed
5 - 90
when surface sand is moved by tidal currents). The only observed fish was one ray
(Dasyatis sp.) of 40 cm in length (see Figure 5-17a).
The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm
diameter, and no major undulations could be seen in the bed. Soft coral was dotted on the
rocks, however, no large shells, etc. were observed. The only observed fish were two red
mullets (Pseudupeneus prayensis) of around 15 cm and three jack mackerels (Trachurus
sp.) of around 10 cm (see Figure 5-17b).
Figure 5-17 Seabed Conditions before Installation of the Artificial Reef (a),
and Natural Reefs in the Comparative Zone (b)
② September 8~9 and October 6, 2004
In the underwater surveys conducted on September 8~9 and one month later on October 6,
the installed conditions of concrete blocks and gabions were observed and recorded; the
types and numbers of fish gathered around the artificial reefs were counted; and data for
conducting quantitative analysis of gathered fish over time were collected.
Figure 5-18 shows the conditions of concrete blocks and gabions installation, while Figure
5-19 shows the positions of measurement lines and measurement points installed on the
artificial reef. Gabions were scattered over an area comprising radius of 10~15 m, and the
installation density was particularly high over 16 m on the south side from the reef center
point. A total of 62 concrete blocks were confirmed, that is five located close to the center
of the fish reef, five located around 5 m to the north, 10 located around 13 m to the
southwest, and 42 located on the east to southeast side around 12 m from the center. Apart
from some gabions that had sunk around 5~10 cm into the bottom sediment, hardly any
scouring or burying was observed in the installed gabions and concrete blocks.
a b
5 - 91
Figure 5-18 Pattern Diagram of Gabion andConcrete Block InstallationConditions
Figure 5-19 Measurement Lines andMeasurement Points Set for theUnderwater Surveys
Whereas hardly any fish at all were observed before installation of the artificial reef, nine
species were observed on September 8~9 and 14 species on October 6. On September 9,
shoals of around 3,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) measuring 10~15 cm and 6,000~7,000
horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.) measuring 10~12 cm were observed. Moreover, one month
later on October 6, shoals of around 6,000~7,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 18,000
pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 20,000 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae, Decapterus
punctatus) were observed.
Meanwhile, the natural reef that was observed as a comparative zone was a uniform terrain
comprising soft coral and sponges dotted around flat rock. No fish species at all were
observed in September, while only one sea bream measuring around 10 cm was observed in
October.
③ February 18, 20 and 21, 2005
There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,
and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.
Around 14~15 species of fish were observed gathering around the fish reef, showing no
major change from the October 2004 survey, however, the numbers of fish were
dramatically less. Specifically, only 300~400 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and 1100-1400
pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed. Moreover, no horse mackerel (Trachurus
trecae, Decapterus punctatus) at all were seen. In contrast, around 600 sweetlips
(Plectorhinchus mediterraneus) measuring 20~25 cm, which were hardly seen at all in the
5 - 92
previous survey, were observed. It is thought the reduction in the number of fish was due tothe fact that water temperature was extremely low at around 15℃.
Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the only fish observed were around 100 sea bream
(Diplodus bellotti).
④ July 22~23, 2005
Some gabions were seen to be more than half-filled with sand, however, clustered gabions
were hardly buried at all and there was none of the burying that initially caused concern.
Moreover, no scouring, burying or damage was observed on the concrete blocks. The main
rope of a longline was found tangled on a gabion on the edge of the artificial reef zone,
however, there was no evidence of gillnets or negative effects such as ghost fishing, etc. The
gabion and concrete block surfaces were covered with barnacles, sponges, lugworms and
polyzoans, etc.
The number of fish species observed around the artificial reef was 17 species on July 22 and
22 species on July 23. Numerous sweetlips and small sea bream were observed swimming
around the area, and there were also a lot of groupers measuring 50 cm and more, which had
hardly been observed before, swimming around the reef.
Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, three species were observed on July 22 and six species
on July 23. Specifically speaking, around 50 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti), 50~100 gilthead
(Coris julis) and, on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart
from those, hardly any other fish species were seen.
⑤ October 18~19 and November 2, 2005
There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,
and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.
The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 23 species on October 18, 22
species on October 19 and 24 species on November 2. The main species found gathered
around the fish reef over the three days were 1,600~4,800 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti),
5,000~7,500 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus), and 1,100~2,600 sweetlips (Plectorhinchus
mediterraneus). On October 18, around 1,500 horse mackerel (Trachurus trecae,
Decapterus punctatus), which were observed in the summer of 2004, were observed.
Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, five species were observed on October 14 and
November 2, and three were observed on October 19. In terms of numbers, 100~170 sea
5 - 93
bream (Diplodus bellotti), 150 gilthead (Coris julis), 60 grouper (Epinephelus costae) and,
on July 22, 30 red mullet (Pseudupeneus Pyayensis) were observed. Apart from those,
hardly any other fish species were seen.
Whereas only one species of fish was observed before the fish reef was installed, this
increased to nine species immediately after fish reef installation and 14~15 species a month
after installation. The number had increased to more than 20 one year after installation (see
Figure 5-20). However, in the comparative zone, the number varied between 3~6 over the
survey period.
Moreover, upon comparing the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of
the above underwater observations, whereas this was only 1 kg or less before installation of
the reef, it increased to 200 kg immediately after installation and 1,700 kg one month later.
After that, it dropped to around 300 kg during the winter when water temperatures fell,
however, it again increased to between 1,000~1,500 kg from the following summer (see
Figure 5-21). Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, the biomass remained more or less the
same at 50 kg, and no major differences were observed in the gathered quantity (see Figure
5-21).
05
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魚礁設置
Figure 5-20 Movements in the Number of Observed Fish at Yenne
(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)
Inst
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of t h
e re
e f
5 - 94
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
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Figure 5-21 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Yenne
(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)
Surveys in Japan have shown that fish start gathering around an artificial reef from three
months to one year after installation. However, in the case of Yenne, the ongoing surveys
showed that gathering started during and immediately after installation, and from this it is
inferred that rocks and undulating natural reefs are rare in the surrounding area.
(2) Bargny
① July 16 and 30, 2005
Underwater visibility at the survey points was around 3 m, however, because there were
many suspended solids, the seabed was dark and visibility was poor. Bottom sediment
around the scheduled installation point of the artificial reef consisted of sand silt (particle
diameter 1 mm or less) mixed with shell fragments. No conspicuous scouring, burial or
damage could be seen in the observed artificial reef, however, some concrete beams were
tangled with the main lines of purse seine nets and longlines, indicating that fishing was
being practiced around the artificial reef. However, no gillnets, etc. were entangled and
there was little evidence of negative effects from ghost fishing, etc. The surface of the
artificial reef was covered in a thick layer of barnacles, sponges and lugworm, etc. and the
base concrete couldn’t be seen at all. Figure 5-22 shows the layout of the fish reefs. The
reefs consisted of a central mound of deposited rocks surrounded by 3 m square concrete
blocks, however, the distance from the mound to the concrete blocks varied according to the
reef. Dense shoals of fish were observed within around 5 m from the blocks, however,
hardly any fish at all were observed beyond that range. Accordingly, the effective scope of
this fish reef is estimated to be the effective scope of the mound + effective scope of the
5 - 95
concrete blocks x 6, i.e. 760 + 130 x 6 = 1,540 m2. Demersal fish species such as grouper
and gilthead were mostly observed up to 1 m above the seabed. Moreover, large shoals of
sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) were observed in high
density up to 5 m above the seabed.
The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 13 species on July 16 and July
30. The predominant species were around 6,000 pigfish (Pomadasys incisus) and 60~90
large grouper (Epinephelus aeneus, Epinephelus costae). On July 30, roughly 13,000 horse
mackerel (Trachurus trecae) gathered around the reef. Moreover, on July 16, one fry (5 cm
in length) of thiof (Epinephulus aeneus) was found hiding in cracks between rocks on the
seabed around the artificial reef. This is thought to be one example of fry utilizing the
artificial reef (see Figure 5-23).
投石群
:コンクリートブロック
:魚類蝟集範囲
Figure 5-22 Layout Drawing of Fish Reefs atBargny
Figure 5-23 Choff Small Fry around Fish Reefs
As the comparative zone, underwater survey was carried out around the natural reef located
around the artificial reef. The seabed around the surrounding natural reefs comprised flat
sand or rock and was dotted with rocks of around 50 cm diameter, and no major undulations
could be seen in the bed. Soft coral and sponges were attached to the rock. The rock bed was
totally covered in sand and formed a rock shelf of around 50 cm in parts, however, the range
of this was extremely limited and such terrain was not observed continuing for more than 5
m in any place. Six fish species were observed on July 16 and July 30; in particular, a shoal
of 100 sweetlips was observed on July 30, and there were also numerous sea bream and
pigfish.
Cast rocks
Concrete block
: Fish gathering scope
5 - 96
② October 22, 23 and 29
There was no major change in the condition of the installed gabions and concrete blocks,
and no conspicuous scouring, burial or damage could be seen.
The species of fish observed around the artificial reef were 21~22 species, which was more
than in the survey in July. The main species found gathered around the fish reef were
60,000~120,000 sea bream (Diplodus bellotti) and 130,000~160,000 pigfish (Pomadasys
incisus), displaying a dramatic increase over the previous survey. Meanwhile, in the
comparative zone, only two species were observed on October 22 and October 23, whereas
six species (the same as in the previous survey) were observed on October 29. In terms of
the main species, 100~200 pigfish and, on October 30, 100 sweetlips (Plectorhynchus
mediterraneus) were observed. However, apart from those, the only other observed species
were a few moray and sea bream.
Summing up the survey results around the artificial reef in Bargny, the number of observed
fish species was 13 in the July survey and 21~22 in the October survey, whereas in the
comparative zone, the number varied between 2~6 over the whole period (see Figure 5-24).
Moreover, looking at the gathered biomass around the fish reef based on the results of the
above underwater observations, 5~7 tons was observed over the fish reef effective scope
(1,540 m2) in July, whereas this had increased to 10~15 tons by October (see Figure 5-25).
Meanwhile, in the comparative zone, biomass of around 2 tons was estimated over a similar
area on July 30. Apart from that, the biomass was estimated at 100 kg on the other days,
displaying a major disparity with the biomass around the artificial reef, as was also the case
in Yenne.
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NR
Figure 5-24 Movements in the Number of Fish Observed at Bargny
(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)
5 - 97
05000
10000150002000025000
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Figure 5-25 Movements in Biomass Gathered at Bargny
(AR Fish Reef Zone, NR: Comparative Zone)
(3) Nianing Survey
① August 5, 2005
Underwater visibility on the seabed around the octopus pots was around 3.5 m. The seabed
was flat and comprised a blanket of shell pieces and small stones, etc. on top of the sandy
bottom. The main rope connecting the octopus pots was approximately 200 m and wasinstalled in the north-south direction (150~330°), however, it was sagging for around 15 m
and was tangled in the anchor rope at the northern tip. There was no evidence at all to
indicate sinking or breakage of the octopus pots.
Octopuses were confirmed inside 17 out of 23 installed octopus pots in this underwater
survey. Many of the octopuses inside the pots had blocked the entrances of the pots with
shell pieces and small stones gathered from the seabed. It is thought that they do this to
protect against hostile enemies on the outside. Moreover, out of the 17 octopus pots in
which octopuses were confirmed, three also had octopuses gathered outside. It is thought
that the octopuses here were either vying to get possession of the pots or were engaged in
copulation (see Figure 5-26).
Figure 5-26 Octopuses Gathered around Octopus Pots at Nianing
5 - 98
② October 11, 2005
The installed octopus pots were scattered over the seabed and it wasn’t possible to fully
observe them. However, one of the pots that was found contained a female octopus fanning
eggs (supplying fresh water to the eggs), indicating that the octopus pots were being
effectively utilized as spawning grounds (see Figure 5-27).
Figure 5-27 Female Octopus Fanning Eggs in an Octopus Pot at Nianing
(4) Octopus Pot Survey in Yenne
At the three sites where octopus pots were installed in Yenne, water depth was 12~15 m, sea
swell was strong and visibility was poor. The seabed terrain was flat and consisted of fine-
grained sand or floating sediment, and the installed octopus pots were filled with such sediment
and showed no signs of octopus gathering.
Unlike in the survey of octopus pots in Nianing, it was not possible to clarify the effects of the
octopus pot reefs here. Concerning why, it is thought that the octopus pots were installed on
sandy seabed away from the octopus habitat and that the structure of the pots with no hole in the
bottom prevented fresh water exchange caused by swells and currents from fully taking place
inside.
To sum up, the underwater surveys confirmed that, apart from octopus pot reefs, the fish
gathering and propagation facilities such as artificial reefs and octopus pots installed off the coast
of Senegal are highly effective. In particular, the artificial reefs installed off the coast of Yenne
and Bargny displayed more immediate and sustained effects than those installed in Japanese
waters. This is considered indicative off the fact that trawling activities in recent times have
exhausted the few natural reefs that exist off the coast of Senegal and coastal habitats for fish
species have become depleted. It is known that fish gathering facilities such as artificial reefs not
only promote the gathering of local fish species, but they also contribute to propagation of stocks
through expanding habitats for local species especially fry and young fish. Moreover, Japan has
already tried intensive and efficient fisheries resource management based on gathering young
5 - 99
fish, and it is anticipated that effective resource management based on artificial reefs, etc. can be
realized in Senegal too. However, in order to efficiently implement fishing ground management
around fish reefs, it is essential to gauge the seasonal and annual changes in fish gathering
conditions around such facilities. Therefore, in addition to compiling new plans for artificial reef
installation, it is desirable that Senegalese experts continue to implement qualitative and
quantitative surveys of gathering fish (like the surveys conducted here) from now on.
Table 5-21 Average Body Size and Numbers of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Yenne
2004.7.28 2004.9.8 2004.9.9 2004.10.6 2005.2.18 2005.2.20 2005.2.21 2005.7.22 2005.7.23 2005.10.18 2005.10.19 2005.11.2Acanthurus monroviae - 30cm / 22±9 30cm / 30±18 5cm / 1±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0Batrachoides liberiensi - - - 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 3±0Bodianus scrofa - - - - - - -15cm / 34.2±14.0 15cm / 46±11 15cm / 80±14 15cm / 103±21 15cm / 68±46Bodianus speciosus - - - - 25cm / 3±0 25cm / 1±0 25cm / 2±0 25cm / 68±11 25cm / 68±28 25cm / 68±11 25cm / 114±18 25cm / 91±29Caranx sp. - - - 30cm / 4±0 - - - - - - - -Cephalopholis taeniops - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 46±11 20cm / 34±14 20cm / 46±21Chaetodon hoefleri - - - - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 2±0 20cm / 4±0 20cm / 3±0Chaetodon marcellae - - - - - - - 15cm / 57±26 15cm / 46±21 15cm / 45±28 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 3±0Chilomycterus reticulatus - - - - - - - 60cm / 3±0 40cm / 3±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 3±0Coris julis - - - - - - - 12cm / 80±14 12cm / 34±23 12cm / 148±23 12cm / 239±66 12cm / 194±64Dasyatis sp. 40cm / 1±0 - - - - - - - - - - -Decapterus punctatus - - - 9cm / 6650±4824 - - - - - - - -Diplodus bellottii - 13cm / 2736±335 13cm / 2904±334 13cm / 6422±577 15cm / 285±63 15cm / 369±102 15cm / 285±11415cm / 3028±93015cm / 2546±53915cm / 1631±47415cm / 2604±66015cm / 1659±701Diplodus cervinus cervinus - - - - - - 30cm / 125±58 30cm / 91±29 30cm / 91±67 30cm / 103±21 30cm / 80±29Diplodus sargus cadenati - - - - 23cm / 114±51 23cm / 251±34 23cm / 467±274 30cm / 80±29 30cm / 68±21 30cm / 137±39 30cm / 182±61 30cm / 125±49Diplodus vulgaris - - - - 23cm / 80±29 23cm / 125±34 23cm / 114±0 30cm / 182±33 30cm / 194±59 30cm / 137±53 30cm / 171±65 30cm / 148±23Epinephelus aeneus - 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 1±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 50cm / 46±28 50cm / 57±26 50cm / 46±21 50cm / 23±14 50cm / 46±28Epinephelus costae - - - 25cm / 353±103 25cm / 68±23 25cm / 91±23 25cm / 91±29 30cm / 228±31 30cm / 205±39 30cm / 217±38 30cm / 331±115 30cm / 239±55Labridae sp. - 25cm / 1±0 25cm / 1±0 - - - - - - - - -Lutjanus agennes - - - - - - - - 40cm / 1±0 - - -Mugil sp. - - - 30cm / 11±0 - - - - - - - -Mycteroperca rubra - - - - - - - 70cm / 46±21 70cm / 57±18 70cm / 34±14 70cm / 46±11 70cm / 46±11Pagrus caeruleostictus - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 4±0 20cm / 34±23 20cm / 57±36 20cm / 46±28Parapristipoma octolineatum - - - - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 2±0 15cm / 182±117 - 15cm / 251±132 15cm / 331±104 15cm / 285±36Plectorhinchus mediterraneus - - - 25cm / 9±0 23cm / 695±175 23cm / 513±228 23cm / 661±234 27cm / 1163±657 27cm / 1483±410 27cm / 1808±1482 27cm / 2006±112927cm / 2261±1135Pomadasys incisus - 18cm / 132±45 18cm / 144±77 13cm / 17100±1096 13cm / 1349±181 13cm / 1197±136 13cm / 1311±342 15cm / 18±13 -18cm / 4723±135818cm / 4719±110218cm / 5902±1783Pseudupeneus prayensis - 4cm / 389±131 4cm / 504±150 15cm / 980±240 10cm / 160±97 10cm / 262±120 10cm / 365±234 17cm / 388±42 17cm / 319±50 17cm / 638±157 17cm / 581±299 17cm / 456±206Scorpaena sp. - - - - - - - 10cm / 23±14 - 10cm / 1±0 - -Serranus scriba - 30cm / 1±0 30cm / 1±0 - 20cm / 2±0 18cm / 3±0 18cm / 3±0 - - - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - - - - 20cm / 57±18 20cm / 57±31 20cm / 80±34 20cm / 80±23 10cm / 80±23Sphoeroides marmoratus - 5cm / 173±46 5cm / 216±75 5cm / 125±033 5cm / 34±11 5cm / 46±23 5cm / 46±023 10cm / 23±14 10cm / 34±14 10cm / 137±29 10cm / 46±11 10cm / 34±14Thalassoma pavo - - - - - - - - - 15cm / 68±21 15cm / 80±23 15cm / 80±34Trachinotus ovatus - - - 30cm / 8±0 - - - - - - - -Trachurus trecae - 12cm / 5712±2689 12cm / 6456±3990 12cm / 12464±4552 - - - - - 12cm / 1459±1459 - -
observed species number 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
inst
alla
tion
of a
rtific
ial r
eef
Table 5-22 Average Body Length and Numbers of Fish Observed Around Natural Reefs (Comparative Zone) in Yenne
2004.7.28 2004.9.8 2004.9.9 2004.10.6 2005.2.18 2005.2.20 2005.2.21 2005.7.22 2005.7.23 2005.10.14 2005.10.19 2005.11.2Acanthurus monroviae - - - - - - - - 20cm / 2±0 - - -Batrachoides liberiensi - - - - 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 20cm / 1±0 - - 20cm / 2±0 - 20cm / 1±0Coris julis - - - - - - - 13cm / 57±18 12cm / 114±54 15cm / 114±74 12cm / 137±73 12cm / 160±79Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 22±9 - - 13cm / 7±7 15cm / 68±46 15cm / 137±91 15cm / 103±68 10cm / 57±26 10cm / 46±28 10cm / 91±39 10cm / 114±51 10cm / 171±60Epinephelus costae - - - - 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 2±0 20cm / 1±0 - - 25cm / 57±18 25cm / 57±26 25cm / 57±44Gymnothorax afer - - - - - - - - 100cm / 2±0 - - 100cm / 1±0Pseudupeneus pyayensis 5cm / 22±9 - - - - - - 10cm / 34±23 10cm / 1±0 - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - - - - - 20cm / 68±42 - - -Sphoeroides marmoratus - - - - - - - - - 10cm / 1±0 - -
observed species number 2 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 6 5 3 5
Table 5-23 Average Body Size and Numbers of Fish Gathering Around the Artificial reef in Bargny
2005.7.16 2005.7.30 2005.10.22 2004.10.23 2004.10.29Acanthurus monroviae 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 2±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0 30cm / 3±0Balistes capriscus - - 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0 40cm / 2±0Bodianus scrofa 15cm / 92±38 - 15cm / 123±58 15cm / 123±31 15cm / 123±75Bodianus speciosus - 25cm / 3±0 25cm / 123±31 25cm / 277±58 25cm / 184±58Caranx sp. - - 25cm / 62±38 25cm / 2±0 25cm / 8±0Cephalopholis taeniops 20cm / 62±38 - 20cm / 154±49 20cm / 123±58 20cm / 215±92Chaetodon hoefleri 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 6±0 15cm / 4±0Chaetodon marcellae - 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 3±0 15cm / 4±0 15cm / 4±0Chilomycterus reticulatus 50cm / 1±0 - - - -Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 10830±3755 10cm / 13953±3627 15cm / 92481±51971 15cm / 61954±33086 15cm / 129808±64719Diplodus cervinus cervinus - - 30cm / 92±38 30cm / 92±62 30cm / 185±75Diplodus sargus cadenati 30cm / 62±38 - 30cm / 216±62 30cm / 123±75 30cm / 185±123Diplodus vulgaris 30cm / 216±151 30cm / 277±123 30cm / 246±104 30cm / 277±102 30cm / 246±104Epinephelus aeneus 50cm / 92±38 50cm / 65±28 50cm / 154±49 50cm / 123±58 50cm / 123±31Epinephelus costae 20cm / 216±151 20cm / 68±23 20cm / 246±38 20cm / 277±90 20cm / 370±62Mycteroperca rubra 70cm / 123±58 - 70cm / 92±38 70cm / 92±38 70cm / 62±38Pagrus caeruleostictus - 20cm / 3±0 20cm / 169±71 20cm / 215±115 20cm / 277±123Parapristipoma octolineatum - - 15cm / 216±151 15cm / 185±113 20cm / 215±115Plectorhinchus mediterraneus - 30cm / 1539±456 - - -Pomadasys incisus 15cm / 53176±7728 15cm / 74875±17522 15cm / 167857±98173 15cm / 135078±60217 15cm / 164940±80943Pseudupeneus prayensis 20cm / 216±92 20cm / 246±151 17cm / 986±291 17cm / 647±164 17cm / 770±284Thalassoma pavo - - 15cm / 154±49 15cm / 184±90 15cm / 215±79Trachurus trecae - 10cm / 13385±6371 - 10cm / 3993±3993 10cm / 65311±26840Umbrina canariensis - - 15cm / 246±61 15cm / 246±134 15cm / 277±113
observed species number 0 0 0 0 0
Table 5-24 Average Body Length and Numbers of Fish Observed Around Natural Reefs (Comparative Zone) in Bargny
2005.7.16 2005.7.30 2005.10.22 2004.10.23 2004.10.30Acanthurus monroviae 30cm / 2±0 - - - 30cm / 2±0Batrachoides liberiensi - 20cm / 3±0 - - -Coris julis - - - - -Diplodus bellottii 10cm / 154±49 10cm / 123±62 10cm / 246±38 10cm / 154±69 10cm / 154±84Epinephelus costae 20cm / 61±29 20cm / 92±57 20cm / 61±38 20cm / 92±38 20cm / 123±58Gymnothorax afer 100cm / 1±0 - - - 100cm / 1±0Pagrus caeruleostictus 10cm / 92±61 10cm / 126±63 10cm / 92±61Plectorhynchus mediterraneus - 30cm / 139±0 - - -Pseudupeneus pyayensis - 20cm / 61±29 - - -Sparisoma rubripinne - - - - -Sphoeroides marmoratus 5cm / 92±38 - - - 5cm / 92±38
observed species number 6 6 2 2 6
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5.7 Important Points to Consider in the Artificial reef Project
This section summarizes the important points to consider in implementing artificial reef projects in
Senegal in future based on the experiences gained in the OFCA artificial reef project (Bargny) and the
JICA pilot project (Yenne and Nianing). These contents include problems peculiar to Senegal and
general problems.
(1) Clarify the objectives of artificial reefs
Artificial reefs are broadly divided into those aimed at protecting stocks as in Europe and those
aimed at utilizing stocks as in Japan. Since each type entails different management methods, it is
necessary to clarify the objective of artificial reefs from the start.
In the JICA pilot project in Yenne, the artificial reef had the objective of stock utilization in order
to give the local fishermen a sense of involvement in resource management and to enhance the
feeling of ownership and management responsibility through the benefits of the reef. In reality,
the anticipated effects could not be realized because the fish reef was too small to generate
sufficient benefits that could be realized by the fishermen.
(2) Identify the beneficiaries of artificial reefs
Regardless of whether a fish reef is intended as a stock utilization type or a protection type,
identifying the beneficiaries of artificial reef installation determines who the project partners, i.e.
the project implementing parties and the stock managers, will be. In the case of a fish reef for
stock utilization, since it is not desirable for net fishing gear to be used in the fishing grounds
around the reef, the ideal scenario is for line fishermen to become the beneficiaries. Moreover,
the more beneficiaries there are and the more they can unite for the common benefit, the higher
the chances of project success.
In the case of a fish reef for protection, fishermen do not necessarily directly receive the benefits
of protecting stocks. It is a wonderful thing if such a project can be implemented with the
intention of providing benefit for all fishermen over all Senegal, however, it is first necessary to
conduct sufficient enlightenment activities so that the level of awareness regarding stocks is
increased among fishermen overall.
(3) Selection of the artificial reef installation ocean area (place)
When selecting the ocean area (place), it is necessary to make an overall judgment based on the
two perspectives of local fisheries conditions and natural environment in the area concerned. If it
is intended to install a fish reef for stock utilization, the target should be an ocean area or fishing
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villages where there are many line fishermen, who will be the beneficiaries. The ideal site is a
place where from the viewpoint of fishermen it is easy to utilize and manage stocks, and where
from the viewpoint of project implementers it is easy to install the fish reef and secure reef
stability after it is in place.
The important factors in terms of natural environment are bottom sediment and ocean currents
(tidal currents). Since this work entails sinking an artificial structure under the sea, the said
structure needs to stay in place for a long time in order to be effective. The situation that needs to
be avoided most is where the structure sinks into the seabed. Accordingly, the bottom sediment
cannot be soft. Moreover, in ocean areas where ocean currents (tidal currents) are fast, since the
upstream sides of structures are prone to scouring while the downstream sides are likely to
experience sediment accumulation, these types of areas are also inappropriate for fish reef
installation.
In order to gauge seabed conditions, three methods were adopted in the pilot project, i.e.
interviews with fishermen, sampling and particle composition analysis based on sludge samplers,
and visual observation based on underwater survey. All the equipment required to implement the
second approach will be handed over to CRODT after the project is finished. The following table
shows bottom sediment particle composition off the coast of the target villages in the pilot
project.
Table 5-25 Bottom Sediment Analysis Sheet
Ocean area Nianing offshore Nianing offshore Yenne offshoreLocal name of sampling point Pass Buoy 50 Artificial reef/passLatitude (N. lat.) 14°18’ 235 14°16’36Longitude (W. long.) 17°00’665 17°03’04Water depth 8.0 m 12.8 m 15.6 mBottom sediment Sand Gravel mixed with shells GravelWeight ratio per particle sizedivisionMore than 0.85mm0.425~0.85mm0.25~0.425mmLess than 0.25mm
6%12%44%38%
57%15%10%18%
13%13%38%36%
Legend:
More than 0.85mm 0.425~0.85mm 0.25~0.425mm Less than 0.25mm
6%
12%
44%
38%
57%
15%
10%
18% 13%
13%
38%
36%
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The seabed offshore of Yenne, where the artificial reef was installed, contains a lot of relatively
fine-grained sand known locally as “pass” and this was selected as the base for the fish reef. This
fine-grained sand is prone to upswirl caused by tidal currents, and indeed sand accumulation can
be seen on the downstream side of a number of artificial reef structures. Incidentally, according
to the underwater survey conducted offshore of Nianing, where an artificial reef was not
installed, it was found that sand and gravel alternate and form a parallel line to the coastline. The
sandy sediment is known as “pass” here too and, because shallow water exists on top of small-
grained particles, the seabed is deemed to be inappropriate for fish reef installation. Meanwhile,
the gravel sediment that is mixed with crushed shell pieces forms a solid base that could provide
a solid foundation for artificial structures. The seabed around Buoy 50, which is the most famous
fishing ground in waters between Mbour and Joal, also comprises this gravel mixed with
seashells. Therefore, because ocean currents are also a factor, the propriety of sites cannot be
discussed based on the particle size of bottom sediment alone, however, generally speaking it is
desirable for particles of different grain sizes to be mixed together. In areas where small-grain
particles form the majority of sediment (for example, the “pass” off the coast of Nianing), there is
a high risk of the structure overturning or sinking following installation.
It is also inappropriate to install a fish reef on a rocky reef belt because there is risk that the
effects cannot be discerned. In ocean areas that have natural reefs nearby but are surrounded by
barren sandy sediment (for example, Yenne and Bargny), there is a strong possibility that fish
species will gather around the artificial reef. Other promising areas with high potential for
artificial reefs are places where natural reefs used to exist but have been destroyed by commercial
trawlers leaving barren seabed.
When reef surveillance is taken into account, it is inappropriate to select sites too far from the
shore. Leaving aside the ability to dispatch fishing ground surveillance missions, it is desirable to
select ocean areas that can be easily monitored by fishing boats sailing or operating in the area.
(4) Types of Artificial reef
In advanced countries, generally speaking concrete structures are adopted. These have the
advantages of being resistant to saltwater and allowing for free design of shape, however, on the
other hand they have the disadvantage of being too expensive. In Bargny, the fish reef is
composed of concrete structures and natural stones, and all the materials have been procured
from the local area. Meanwhile, the artificial reef in Yenne is composed of concrete structures
and gabions. In the gabions, rocks that are abundantly found scattered around Yenne and the
surrounding area have been used. In this way, it is a good idea to make effective use of materials
that can be cheaply procured in large quantities and can last in the water for a long time without
decomposing.
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The sports fishing federation of Senegal has made artificial reefs by sinking abandoned ships for
a long time. Since the purpose of use is limited to sport fishing, these reefs impart hardly any
benefit to artisinal fishermen, however, they have been confirmed to be effective for attracting
fish. From the viewpoints of effectively utilizing stocks and realizing cheap project costs, it may
be a good idea to sink abandoned vessels that no longer have commercial value, however, ample
care needs to be taken not to cause ocean pollution or incur criticism of abandoning waste in the
ocean.
(5) Method of Fish Reef Installation
Although a lot depends on the budget available, the safest and surest approach to implementing
work at sea is to lease a work ship such as a barge equipped with crane. In the case of Bargny, a
mineral ore barge fitted with crane belonging to a construction company in Dakar was used.
However, this approach is not only expensive, but also it does not help fishermen develop a sense
of involvement in the project. In the case of Yenne, a raft was constructed to carry the fish reef
structure, and the fishermen themselves towed them and put them into place. This helped
encourage fishermen’s involvement in the project, however, the cost saving was not all that
much. Because enlightenment activities were not implemented enough to encourage the local
fishermen to take part in the manufacture and installation of the fish reef as the burden of the
local side, it was necessary to pay for their labor.
(6) Management of Fish Reef Fishing Grounds
The idea of funding resource management from the economic benefits of the artificial reef alone
was not achieved in the pilot project. For this there were two reasons: first the fish reef was too
small, and second the management awareness of fishermen was not sufficiently nurtured.
Regarding size, it is difficult to forecast how much benefit can be realized according to different
sizes since this varies depending on the conditions of the ocean area and the fishing village. It is
necessary to build up experience in this area. The pilot project no doubt played a part in
enhancing the awareness of fishermen, however, this was not enough to be reflected in concrete
actions. There is little choice but to count on grassroots enlightenment activities based on the
department of fisheries.
As a technical lesson, it was learned that finely delineating fishing grounds by means of buoys is
difficult. Since the fishing grounds at Yenne and Bargny are situated off flat coastline, they are
prone to waves and swells from the outer ocean. Because waves sometimes exceed 2 m in height,
the ropes and wires holding the buoys in place were frequently cut. There were even reports of
fishermen cutting the ropes in order to get buoys for themselves. If the management organization
had a lot of money for maintenance, it could easily replace buoys when they got lost, however,
this was not possible in this case. In conclusion, it must be said that the method that was adopted
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in Yenne and Bargny of dividing fishing grounds into two zones according to the purpose of use
is unfeasible.
(7) Economic Assessment of the Fish Reef
Comparative examination was implemented on the volume of the fish reef space and the reef cost
by referring to a limited number of case studies.
In Bargny, six concrete block fish reefs measuring 15.5 m3 each and 132 m3 of natural rocks
(0.5~1.0 tons) were put into the sea to create a combined reef volume of 225 m3. The total cost
comprising manufacturing cost and installation cost was 35,828,154 Fcfa (the contract amount
with the local contractor FOUGEROLLE Co.).
In the case of Yenne, 75 concrete block fish reefs measuring 0.42 m3 each and 420 gabions of
0.28 m3 each (on average) were manufactured and put into the sea. The combined reef volume
was 149.2 m3. The cost of this including the cost of manufacturing and installing buoys was
15,754,142 Fcfa.
Table 5-26 Comparison of Artificial reef Manufacture and Installation Costs
Fishing village Bargny YenneFish reef type Blocks
1 block 15.5m3×6units
Natural rocksA mound formed bythrowing looserocks into the sea.Mound size: coneshape comprising13m diameter and3m height
Blocks1 block x 0.42m3×
75 units
Gabions30 gabions of0.28m3 each madein each village, at 7villages, 2 times
Volume (m3) 93.0 132.0 31.5 117.6Total volume (m3) 225.0 149.2Manufacturing cost(FCFA)
-(Cannot be calculated
for single units)
-(Cannot be calculated
for single units)
3,000,000 2,237,768
Total cost (FCFA)(includinginstallation cost)
35,828,154 15,754,142(including buoy manufacturing and
installation costs)1m3 creation cost(FCFA)
159,236 105,590
Gathering fishvolume (tons)(October 2005)
10~15 tons 1.0~1.5 tons
Cost required togather 1 ton(FCFA)
3,582,815(calculated for 10 tons of gathered fish)
15,754,142(calculated for 1 ton of gathered fish)
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In the fish reef at Bargny, it was possible to manufacture large unit blocks because heavy
machinery was used in the works. In contrast, at Yenne, the reef was made from manageable
small-size structures so that the fishermen could manufacture them manually. Since the former
approach entails ordering to a contractor and the latter approach relies on provision of labor by
fishermen, the unit cost is lower in the latter method. However, when the estimated volume of
fish gathering around the reefs is taken into account, the assessment is reversed. In terms of the
cost required to attract 1 ton of fish, the former method is cheaper. Because the fish reef installed
by heavy machinery is higher off the seabed than the other type, it has a better fish gathering
effect than the other type even if both have the same overall volume. In the case of Yenne,
because the unit volume of blocks and gabions was small, it was difficult to pile them to a good
height. In the end, the fish reef was spread widely around the seabed and did not reach a good
height. Generally speaking, fish reef effectiveness is proportional to the height of the reef. The
experiences gained here abundantly bore this out.
Next, concerning the fish reef at Yenne, where the economic value of gathering fish was
estimated, the economic internal rate of returns was calculated. Preconditions for this were as
follows:
Initial investment: 15,754,142 Fcfa
Beneficiaries: 54 boats
Annual economic benefit from catching gathered fish: 3,641,000 Fcfa (from Table 5-15)
Project period: 10 years
Even taking away fish reef stocks due to fishing, it is assumed that stocks are replenished through
reproduction or migration from outside and that the potential catch size is constant. Based on this
assumption, the internal rate of return works out as 17.8%. Generally speaking, this figure is
sufficient to justify investment in development projects.
CHAPTER 6
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
6 - 1
CHAPTER 6RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 Introduction
Since fisheries stocks reproduce through natural propagation, they can be utilized on a sustained basis
providing that they are appropriately managed. However, in Senegal, since fisheries activities are
unregulated and open access to fisheries stocks is guaranteed, there is intense competition to catch
demersal fish species that fetch high market prices, and this is accelerating the destruction of stocks.
Poverty in fishing villages is also a major problem. Low incomes among fishermen lead to increased
fish catching effort, which further diminishes fisheries stocks and leads to further poverty in the long
run. This kind of vicious cycle can be observed in numerous villages. Many fishermen are aware of
the need for resource management, however, they need to give higher priority to their standard of
living.
The Government of Senegal is striving to promote sustained utilization of fisheries stocks, however,
because it has little experience of resource management and insufficient human resources and funds,
its movements are limited. For this reason, donors and NGOs implement projects to assist resource
management, however, these have not yet produced conspicuous outputs. The greatest reason for this
is that fishermen do not accept top-down resource management that is implemented under the
initiative of governments and donors.
It was among such difficult circumstances that the Japanese pilot project was started in 2004. This
pilot project focused on resource management in the artisanal fisheries sector, which is the area
requiring most urgent attention in Senegal, and the Senegalese side wished to set the direction of
future resource management based on the results of it.
Senegal and Japan are similar in that the artisanal fishery constitutes the main fisheries sector. Japan is
now recognized for having successfully overcome fisheries problems, however, like Senegal, it has a
history of indiscriminate catching and has experienced numerous mistakes in resource management.
While making use of these experiences, Japan looked to the climate, society and economic conditions
of Senegal and has implemented various resource management activities such as closed seasons,
artificial reefs and regulation of fishing nets, etc. based on the fundamental premise of “bottom-up”
management. It has also engaged in joint shipping, refueling equipment and poultry farming activities
in order to compensate the negative impact of resource management on fishing household economy. In
the project, the win-win approach to managing stocks and alleviating poverty proved successful and it
was possible to almost fully realize the original objective of building a model of resource management
6 - 2
based on fishermen’s initiative. Not only this, but the project model is spreading to other areas and
there is increasing awareness in Senegal that bottom-up resource management is an effective approach
in Senegal. Furthermore, there are even signs that Japanese methods are spreading to projects by other
donors.
On the other hand, because a lot of time was spent on the project activities in the fishing villages, it is
hard to say the project was sufficiently effective in terms of central government participation.
Numerous issues remain unresolved on the central government level in terms of institutional reform
and capacity building, etc.
In consideration of the above background and issues, this chapter analyzes the problems of artisanal
fisheries management in Senegal and proposes some solutions. The chapter is composed as follows:
In 6.2, factors behind the poor performance of artisanal fisheries management are examined.
In 6.3, analysis is carried out on the case of Kayar, which is an advanced area in terms of resource
management.
In 6.4, the thinking and approach of the Senegalese government regarding resource management are
introduced.
In 6.5, the projects of major donors and NGOs are briefly described.
In 6.6, the strategic approach to Japanese resource management in Senegal is briefly reviewed.
In 6.7, topics and methods of resource management that should be practiced in Senegal are explained
in consideration of the outputs of projects in Japan.
6.2 Factors Behind the Poor Performance of Artisanal Fisheries Management
In Senegal, fisheries products constitute a major food item and source of foreign currency. 17% of the
working population is engaged in fisheries and this sector plays an important role in the economy,
however, concern has been raised over the depletion of fisheries stocks in recent years. Senegalese
fisheries production in 1997 was recorded as 450,000 tons (of which 80% was accounted for by
artisanal fisheries), however it has been in gradual decline ever since. Although the current status of
fisheries stocks has not been accurately gauged, the reduction in catches of demersal fish and smaller
body size of caught fish would seem to support the depletion of stocks.
Against this background, the Government of Senegal revised the fisheries law in 1998, stipulating
detailed regulations on fisheries management, appealing to donors and NGOs for cooperation, and
bolstering the guidance and supervision setup against unlawful fishing and over-catching. However,
artisanal fishermen have not assented to the resource management proposed by the government and
fisheries problems have grown steadily worse.
6 - 3
Why can’t artisanal fisheries management be successful? The main reasons usually given for this in
Senegal are as follows:
(1) Because fishermen seasonally migrate in search of fish, it is difficult to compile and apply rules
of resource management;
(2) Fisheries groups have strong political influence and sometimes express opposition against
resource management; and
(3) Since fishermen have no other means of livelihood apart from fisheries, they continue to fish
even when stocks are depleted.
However, based on its long-term expert experience in resource management, the Study Team believes
that the following two points are even more serious factors. First, in Senegal, administrative
authorities take the initiative in implementing resource management, however, there is a limit to
administration-led resource management. And second, as an adverse effect of preferential measures
for the promotion of artisanal fisheries, fishermen rely too heavily on the government and have lost
their sense of autonomy.
Regarding stock and fisheries management, the Senegalese government believes that since fish belong
to the citizens, the representative of the citizens, i.e. the government, should conduct stock and
fisheries management. Anybody is free to exploit fish because they are shared resources. Under such
conditions, it is necessary to appropriately control fisheries, however, in spite of the efforts of
government officials and researchers, Senegal is faced with detrimental conditions such shortages of
sufficient resources, money and people to implement successful top-down resource management.
What Senegal needs is low-energy resource management that doesn’t require a great deal of cost and
manpower.
The status of fishermen in Senegal also cannot be ignored. Until the 1990s, fisheries policies in
Senegal aimed to expand production through providing tax exemptions for fishing boat fuel, fishing
gear and engines and modernizing fisheries, however, this left a legacy of over-dependence on the
government among fishermen. The same thing has taken place in the area of resource management:
the government conducts activities that fishermen should do for themselves, and fishermen depend on
the government for almost everything. When the government or donors become the implementing
bodies of resource management, the fishermen become passive and projects often stop functioning
once the superior agencies let go. It is a good situation if projects remain active, however, attempts to
apply the resource management plans prepared by the government to actual fisheries sometimes
encounter strong resistance from the fishermen.
6 - 4
In order to overcome such problems, it is considered more effective to support and promote the active
involvement of fishermen in resource management, i.e. to introduce community-based fisheries
management, where fishermen take the initiative, or co-management, where the government and
fishermen work together. Community-based fisheries management has already been tried in some
parts of Senegal, so it maybe necessary to extend these experiences to other areas.
6.3 Community-based Fisheries Management in Line Fishing in Kayar
There is a fishing village in Senegal where local fishermen’s organizations have been successful with
resource management. This is the village of Kayar in the north of Senegal. Until 10 years ago, Kayar
was just another fishing village struggling with the problems of over-exploitation and low fish prices.
Understanding the reasons why Kayar transformed from that state into its present condition is
probably the fastest way to obtain know-how on resource management in Senegal.
The management of line fishing in Kayar has not been unilaterally enforced on fishermen by the
government; rather, the local fishermen have established their own fisheries committee to implement
regulations on catch sizes, operating times, fishing gear and fishing methods, etc. Tracing the roots of
this, the fishermen of Kayar, who struggled with low fish prices immediately following the currency
(Fcfa) devaluation of 1994, established the fisheries committee upon realizing the need to conduct
price negotiations with middlepersons as a group rather than as individuals. They aimed to maintain
and stabilize fish prices through coordinating production as a group. Previously, fishermen who landed
between 10~15 boxes containing 15 kg of fish each were only able to obtain a price of 700~750 Fcfa
per box, however, when they limited their catches to just three boxes, the price skyrocketed to between
8,000~15,000 Fcfa. In this way the fishermen realized some success in raising the price of catches.
Today, on the other hand, faced with a new set of issues regarding fisheries stocks, the fisheries
committee conducts examination and activities focusing on achieving a balance between fisheries
activities and stocks. It can thus be seen that the prime motivation behind the start of autonomous and
organized resource management has been economic problems rather than stock problems.
Many fishing villages are faced with similar problems to those described above, however, the question
here is why did community-based fisheries management succeed in Kayar, i.e. what makes Kaya so
different? Below is described a comparison with nearby Mboro and Fass Boye (see Table 6-1).
6 - 5
Table 6-1 Comparison Between Kayar and Nearby Villages (Mboro and Fass Boye)
Kayar Mboro and Fass Boye
Target species Dentex canariensis,Epinephelus guaza Solea seneglensis
Used fishing gear Line fishing Bottom gillnetCaught fish freshness Good BadDistance from Dakar 58km 94~123kmRoads Paved UnpavedMiddlemen Many FewFish prices High LowResource managementactivities
Limits on landed quantities andoperating times None
Differences between Kayar and nearby villages can broadly be divided into three. First is the
difference in the value of catches. In Kayar, expensive Dentex canariensis and Epinephelus guazacan
be caught, and this is because the Kayar ocean trench and fishing grounds are situated near to the
coast. Moreover, because fish are caught by line fishing, they are fresh. There are two ice-making
plants in the village, and these supply ice for fishing purposes and for shipping. For these reasons,
Kayar is an ideal location for fisheries companies that export products. A seller’s market is formed and
fish can be sold at high prices. Accordingly, higher prices can be pursued (pursuit of quality) within
the bounds of limited catch sizes. Coastal waters around Mboro and Fass Boye have flat seabed terrain
and form sole fishing grounds. Since fish are caught by gillnet, the caught fish are easily damaged.
Moreover, because there are no ice-making facilities and caught fish are not fresh, fish prices are low.
Accordingly, fishermen try to maintain their livelihood by catching as many fish as possible (pursuit
of quantity).
Second, there is a difference in terms of access to markets. The distances from Kayar, Mboro and Fass
Boye to the market in Dakar are 58 km, 94 km and 123 km respectively, moreover, the road between
Kayar and Dakar is paved It takes an hour and a half from Kayar to Dakar. In Kayar, middlepersons
employed by fisheries companies purchase high quality fish, and the number of middlepersons is far
greater than in Mboro and Fass Boye. Purchased fish are transported to Dakar on the same day, and
they immediately undergo packing and air shipping to Europe. In contrast, road conditions are poor in
Mboro and Fass Boye, and the number of middlepersons is few especially in the rainy season from
July to December. As a result, the fishermen here have no choice but to swallow the terms that are
presented by the middlepersons.
Third, there is a difference in the awareness of fishermen. Awareness of resource management is
higher among the fishermen of Kayar than among the fishermen of Mboro and Fass Boye, so no
resource management activities are conducted in the latter two villages. The fishermen of Kayar have
clashed with migratory fishermen from Saint Louis over fishing grounds for high quality fish. As a
6 - 6
result, the local fishermen came to strongly believe that they do not want their fishing grounds to be
exploited by others and that Kayar fish should be protected by Kayar fishermen, and out of the desire
to keep Saint Louis fishers away, they established their own rules that developed into community-
based fisheries management. In Senegal, there is a generally accepted principle that anybody is free to
catch fish, whereas monopolistic thinking such as displayed by the fishermen of Kayar is extremely
rare. When asked about whom the fish belong to, the fishermen of Mboro and Fass Boye unanimously
say that they belong to everyone, and that is why they think it acceptable to migrate to other villages to
fish.
Therefore, the Study Team concluded that the factors behind the success of community-based fisheries
management in Kayar were: (1) freshness of caught fish, (2) good access to market, and (3) awareness
of fishermen. In many respects, Mbour in central Senegal is similar to Kayar in terms of fisheries
conditions, and it meets the conditions stated in (1) and (2), however, its approach to resource
management has been slow. This seems to indicate that the “awareness of fishermen” and “autonomy”
based on this are key factors in determining the success or failure of resource management.
6.4 Thinking and Approach of the Senegalese Government
Despite having an excellent example of community-based fisheries management at Kayar, the
Government of Senegal appears determined to implement top-down resource management, which is
the opposite approach (see Figure 6-1). According to the government, the starting point of resource
management is the Fisheries Law (1998), Article 3 of which states, “Fisheries resources are national
assets and their management is the privilege of the state.” In other words, resource management is the
duty and responsibility of the government, and fishermen hold no initiative for the contents or
advancement of it.
Co-Management
Top-Down Management(Global Standards)
• Fishing Rights • Local Councils
Bottom-Up Management(Local Initiatives)
• Kayar Experience • Japanese Project
Fisheries LawWestern Influence
Field SurveyFishermen’s Knowledge
Responsibility FishermenGovernment
Fisheries Management Approaches for Senegal
Figure 6-1 Various Activities Geared to Joint Management of Artisanal Fisheries in Senegal
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A typical example of this is the fisheries law enforcement ordinance (1998). In this the government
finely prescribed the contents of regulations from the mesh size of nets (prawn nets 24 mm, round nets
28 mm) to the body size of caught fish (sardines 12 cm, octopus entrails 350 g), and attempts to impose
these on fishermen throughout the country. Regarding the implementation of resource management too,
the government tends to become deeply involved (irrespective of effectiveness) in the style of
management organizations, investigation of compliance with the law, and punishment of violators.
In line with the recent trend of decentralization in Senegal, authority has been transferred to the
community level in some sectors, however, in the fisheries sector, even though fishermen are able to
suggest initiatives, the Ministry of Maritime Economy (or the Department of Marine Fisheries (DPM)
determine whether or not such ideas are accepted. Recently, an NGO, acting on the wishes of local
fishermen, attempted to set a marine protection zone (AMP: Aire Marine Protegee) in the Saloum
Delta in the south of Senegal, however, this failed to materialize because the government intervened.
Based on the idea that “Over-catching by fishermen is the greatest cause of fisheries stock depletion,”
the Government of Senegal is trying to restore stock levels through limiting the number of fishermen
and number of fishing boats. However, in the face of a national consensus that “Fish are free to be
caught by anyone,” it is having difficulty reducing the catch effort. In the surveys of fishing villages
by the Study Team, too, it was found that most fishermen still have low awareness of resource
management and even the fishermen of Kayar, far from calling for the reduction of fishing boats,
showed a tolerant attitude to new entrants to the sector. Accordingly, it is thought wiser and more
realistic to gradually build up from loose regulations that the fishermen will be willing to agree to, for
example, aiming to hold the number of fishing boats at present levels and so forth.
The local fisheries councils that are currently being primed under government support are gaining
attention as potential bridges for linking fishing on the ground with administration, however, upon
surveying current status, it was found that they are merely receptacles for top-down measures, and it is
clear that the government plays the central role in their affairs.
Summing up, the thinking and approach of the Government of Senegal seem extremely idiosyncratic
judging from the experience of the Study Team (Asian resource management based on fishermen’s
initiative); however, the effects of historical social conditions and geographical proximity to Europe
must also be taken into account. In Senegal, where fisheries is based on artisanal fishing, it is not
considered desirable to promote top-down resource management, however, there is no background for
immediately receiving Asian style bottom-up resource management. In view of this current situation,
it will be necessary to clarify the merits and demerits of both approaches by generating results through
the Japanese project, while at the same time monitoring the progress of projects by the Senegalese
government.
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6.5 Approach of Major Donors and NGOs
Ever since commencing fisheries cooperation to Senegal in the 1980s, France has provided support for
infrastructure development geared to modernizing fisheries, construction of industrial fishing boats
and export of fisheries products. In recent years, however, it has dispatched two advisors and provided
cooperation for the Conseil National Consultative des Pêches Maritimes, the conseils locaux de pêche
artisanale, and concessions. When asked about the features of French assistance, the French advisors
raised the following kinds of points: (1) France supports to global standard according to the requests of
the Government of Senegal; (2) global standard refers to democratizing fisheries and creating a civic
society while at the same time retaining the principle of resource management by the government, as
is the case in European and American countries; (3) For this reason, it has established conseils locaux
de pêche artisanale and launched discussions between the government and fishermen; (4) fishermen’s
organizations are made up of representatives selected by election; and (5) it is testing the validity of
this kind of European-American style of resource management in Senegal. The Study Team repeatedly
asked, (1) Wouldn’t local initiative do more to promote the democratization of resource management;
(2) Isn’t the fisheries law in Senegal hindering decentralization (loose resource management according
to local conditions and state of stocks); and (3) Is European-American style resource management
being introduced upon surveying the differences in fisheries between Europe and America and
Senegal (see Table 6-2)? However, no clear answers were forthcoming. However, as can be seen in its
support for the NGO promoting AMP, France holds the viewpoint that approaches on the ground level
are important for resource management.
Table 6-2 Differences in Fisheries Between Europe/America and Senegal
Europe/America SenegalMain fishery Industrial fishery Artisanal fisheryNumber of fishermen Few ManyTypes of fisheries Few ManyTarget species Single species Multiple speciesLanding sites Few ManyFisheries products distribution routes Simple ComplicatedAwareness of fishermen Subordinate Independent
* The features of Japanese fisheries are similar to those of Senegal.
The focus of keen attention by fisheries officials at present is the World Bank’s Integrated
management of Marine and Coastal Resource (GIRMaC), which was started in June 2005. The
Government of Senegal is hoping that GIRMaC will lead to reform of fisheries on the ground as well
as provide a guide for compilation of national fisheries policy. GIRMaC is separated into the fisheries
and the environmental fields. In the fisheries field, it plans to introduce participatory resource
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management in model districts, to support improvement in the household budget of fishing villages,
and to conduct fisheries stock assessment. According to the Project Concept Document (2003),
GIRMaC aims for a fishery that is balanced with conservation of the natural environment, with the
Ministry of Environment acting as the responsible agency. Accordingly, it is forecast that this project
will lean towards the environment. In the environmental field, the project aims to realize conservation
of ecosystems in order to sustain biological diversity, however, for example, concerning the problem
of rare marine wildlife such as sea turtles being caught in fishery operations, since it would be
impossible from the character of fisheries to eliminate such mis-catching completely, extreme
arguments calling for the complete prohibition of catching would threaten the very survival of
fisheries. Under the political pressure of fisheries stakeholders in Senegal, it will be interesting to see
how GIRMaC deals with the seemingly contradictory issues of environment and fisheries.
The approaches to resource management being promoted by the Government of Senegal and European
and American donors are completely opposite (see Table 4-3 in Chapter 4 Resource Management).
Whereas the government approach stresses “management of Senegalese stocks by Senegal for
Senegal,” the latter approach is based on the premise that, “resource management will never work so
long as the state takes responsibility for fisheries.” NGO activities cover a wide spectrum including
technical dissemination to fishermen, support for organizational strengthening for community-based
fisheries management, setting of AMP, microfinance, and ecotourism; moreover, NGOs have also
participated in policy making through presenting action plans at international conferences and taking
part in government advisory committees, etc.
Regarding the way in which donors and NGOs should support resource management in Senegal, it has
been confirmed that the Senegalese government has the following opinions:
(1) Varied approaches should be pursued in a wide range of fields, for example, artisanal fisheries as
well as industrial fisheries, pelagic stocks as well as demersal stocks, and government-led
management versus autonomous management, etc.
(2) Since there is no immediate solution to resource management issues in Senegal, donors should
not deal with different problems to begin with, but rather should try different approaches to the
same problems; and
(3) If these different approaches can be skillfully balanced and assistance coordinated, not only will
each donor’s assistance be effective, but also Senegalese needs will be satisfied and it will be
possible to compile comprehensive resource management plans.
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6.6 Japan’s Approach and Pilot Projects
As described above, various donors including United Nations agencies, international financial
institutions, developed countries and NGOs, etc. are involved in resource management in Senegal.
However, since many of these donors tend to implement top-down management, it should be possible
to implement demarcation if Japan conducts bottom-up management (community-based fisheries
management) (see Table 6-3). Bottom-up management refers to resource management where activities
that can be implemented by fishermen are left to the fishermen while the role of government is kept to
a minimum. Resource management is not forced on fishermen by the government or donors; rather, it
has to be implemented under the autonomous initiative of fishermen.
Table 6-3 Comparison of the Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches in
Fisheries Resource Management
Top-down Management Bottom-up ManagementInitiative Government FishermenRules Uniform across the nation Various according to local characteristicsCost High LowAdopted areas Europe and America AsiaApplicable fisheries Industrial fishery Artisanal fishery
Concerning the reasons why the Study Team recommended bottom-up management, it felt that the
experience of Kayar should be utilized, and believed that Japan’s experiences should also be referred
to. Japan attempted to introduce top-down resource management based on the European and American
model during the Meiji Era (1868~1912), however, because fishing ground disputes and over fishing
broke out all over the country, it later switched to bottom-up management and succeeded in managing
artisanal fisheries. Fisheries in Japan and Senegal are similar in terms of many points including the
following: (1) the artisanal fishery is the main type of fishing and there are numerous types of fishery;
(2) there is a long coastline dotted with numerous fishing villages comprising a wide variety of fishing
conditions; (3) in addition to fish, various marine products including mollusks and crustaceans can be
caught; (4) marine products are the main source of animal protein for citizens, and domestic marketing
routes for caught products are complicated; and (5) strong community awareness within fishing
villages makes it difficult to implement resource management based on law. Resource management
experts point out that such conditions are conditions for the introduction of bottom-up management;
moreover, it is widely recognized that the introduction of top-down management is difficult in fiscally
challenged developing countries. Accordingly, the Japanese side opted for bottom-up management,
however, in line with international cooperation philosophy, rather than simply transferring Japanese
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experience and technology, it is necessary to conform or successively deploy such experience and
technology in line with the climate, society and economy of Senegal.
Figure 6-2 shows the strategy for resource management that is considered by the Study Team. When
planning and executing resource management, priority is given to the experiential know-how and
technology of fishermen, however, government assistance is borrowed regarding scientific survey,
setting of ordinances and others areas that cannot be handled by fishermen alone. Resource
management is started in each fishing village; these activities are widened to local areas, and finally
they are disseminated over the whole country. When doing this, policy for the expansion of bottom-up
management is needed, and in order to restore fisheries stocks, the government must control industrial
fisheries too.
Figure 6-2 Resource management Strategy Envisaged by the Study Team
Thus, the pilot project was commenced upon obtaining consent from the Government of Senegal for
the Japanese approach. Eight factors were used as criteria for selecting the project sites: (1) awareness
of fishermen to resource management; (2) solidarity of existing fishermen’s organizations; (3) ratio of
local fishermen to migratory fishermen; (4) ratio of stationary stocks such as shellfish, etc. to
migratory stocks such as fish, etc.; (5) scale of village; (6) dissemination of the resource management
model to surrounding fishing villages; (7) existence of other projects; and (8) distance from Dakar. As
a result of assessing 25 fishing villages from Saint Louis in the north to Ziguinchor in the south,
Participation of local residents Participation of the government
Empirical knowledge and the skillsof fishermen
Fishermen-based fisheriesmanagement
Participation of other fishingvillages
Recovery of fishery resources
Scientific informationFisheries ordinance
Policy of expandingfishermen-based
fisheries management
Control of industrialfisheries
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Nianing in the middle of Senegal and Yenne located close to Dakar were selected as the project sites
(see Table 5-1 in Chapter 5 Pilot Project). In bottom-up resource management, since it was necessary
to visit the same fishing village on numerous occasions to talk with fishermen, a long time was
required in starting up projects and conducting follow-up. Moreover, since it was considered important
to implement comprehensive resource management by combining multiple activities in each fishing
village, the number of project sites was kept to an absolute minimum.
Participatory workshops (participated in by fishermen) for determining the contents of the projectwere implemented in the following order: Recognition of current conditions (Step 1) → Analysis of
problems (Step 2) → Project planning (Step 3) → Organizational setup for resource management
(Step 4) → Role of the Government of Senegal (Step 5). In the workshops, opinions and questions
were aired concerning the peculiar traditions and culture of villages, experience-based know-how of
fishery stocks, economy and poverty conditions in villages, and market needs, etc. Joint understanding
that “Resource management may be approached providing that problems of fishery household
economy are cleared” was reached, and it was decided to adopt a two-pronged approach in the project,
i.e. implement resource management via closed seasons, etc. with economic activities such as joint
shipping, etc. Moreover, the administrative side should be involved in resource management through
establishing ordinances and so on. Since the objective of this project is to construct a model of co-
management by fishermen and government, discussions covered activities by fishermen and the
government too. Figure 6-3 shows the activity flow of the pilot project.
With the sudden change in approach from top-down to bottom-up resource management, there was
some confusion at the start of the Japanese project, however, thanks to the efforts of the fishermen
(communities) and government, almost 100% of fishing boats respected the no-fishing regulations.
Moreover, autonomous resource management activities by the fishermen also came to be observed in
nearby fishing villages (Pointe Sarene, Mballing). The practice of resource management by multiple
fishing villages is a revolutionary development for Senegal.
The comprehensive approach to artisanal fisheries resource management that incorporates the
Japanese position of laying emphasis on decision-making by fishermen together with measures to fight
poverty will be of reference when planning resource management in the future. Accordingly, the
Government of Senegal will need to widely introduce this case to people in the fishing industry.
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Figure 6-3 Activity Flow of the Pilot Project
Fishing Villages Survey
Selection of Pilot Project Sites
Workshop (Analysis of Problems)
Facilitation
Formulation of FisheriesManagement Plan
Formulation of GovernmentSupport Plan
Closed Season for Octopus andCymbiumOctopus Spawning PotsReleasing of Baby CymbiumDecrease of Gillnet NumberDevelopment of Domestic Market ofOctopus and CymbiumConversion of Abandoned Shells toAnimal Feed
• Provision of Information onthe Spawning Season ofOctopus and Cymbium
• Administrative ProcedureRequired for FisheriesManagement
Technical AdviceEquipment Supply
Actions of Fishermen Actions ofthe Government of Senegal
Project Activities
Fisheries Managementby Fishermen
Fisheries Managementby the Government
Project Purpose(Co-Management)
Planning
Monitoring & Evaluation
Implementation
Extension of Community-Based Co-Management to Other Fishing Villages Overall Goal
StrategyFisheries Management Committee Working Group
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6.7 Main Points in Preparation of the Resource management Plan
This section proposes the direction and basic viewpoint of resource management and the priority
issues that should be tackled by the Government of Senegal based on the experience of Japan’s pilot
project. Before entering into the main subject matter, the problems of resource management in Senegal
and experiences gained in the pilot project are summarized below.
The problems confronting Senegal are a common tragedy in artisanal fisheries (since anybody can
freely enter the fisheries sector, common stocks are over-fished) and have largely been caused by the
top-down resource management setup led by the government. The government has compiled and
demanded adherence to top-down resource management rules that ignore differences between fishing
villages. However, because fishermen did not participate in this policy, the law only had minimal
effectiveness. The sea remained open to anyone who wanted to fish, and fisheries stocks were
consequently reduced. As a result, fisheries fell into decline, a new poverty class was born and this led
to the further exhaustion of fisheries stocks.
Placing priority on this problem, the pilot project implemented by Japan proposed co-management by
fishermen and government as the solution. The main point stressed at this time was that fishermen and
fishing communities are the leading players in resource management while the government only plays
a supporting role. This participatory approach has so far bore fruit and the pilot project has succeeded
in encouraging fishermen to comply with resource management rules and helping them to diversify
income sources apart from fisheries. On the other hand, due to the heavy emphasis placed on fisheries
activities in the field, the pilot project was inadequate in terms of providing support for resource
management systems and policy.
The experience of the pilot project is limited to only a very minor experience in a restricted area, and it
would be dangerous to extend this to resource management plans targeting the whole country without
conducting activities in areas of differing conditions first. However, it is thought that the thinking and
direction of resource management proposed in this section equally applies to all districts in the
country.
Attention also needs to be directed towards who will prepare the resource management plan. As a
result of the pilot project and so on, it has been shown that, in order to give actual effectiveness to
resource management plans, it is important for fishermen themselves (not the government or donors)
to play the central role in compiling and implementing plans (resource management determined top-
down by the government and donors is not accepted by fishermen). For this reason, this section
discusses important points to consider in plan compilation, rather than the contents of the plan.
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Moreover, concerning industrial fisheries, from the viewpoint of resource management it is essential
to unravel the complexly intertwined problems of politics and economy in Senegal. Although the
scope of the Study did not extend to this area, a simple questionnaire targeting fisheries corporations
was implemented and the findings are indicated in Chapter 7 for reference.
6.7.1 Basic Thinking of the Resource management Plan
The basic thinking of the Study Team regarding the resource management plan is described below in
terms of 5W1H (why, what, who, when, where and how).
Why is a resource management plan necessary?
• Fisheries resources in Senegal are declining at an increasing pace and if present unregulated fishing
operations are continued as they are, stock will be exhausted in the not so distant future. Therefore,
it is necessary to review the present state of fisheries and for fishermen and administration to join in
promoting planned fisheries while there is still time. Rather than an impossible and selfish plan, it is
important to examine a plan that is both economically and technically feasible.
• In Senegal, biological data on fisheries stocks are scarce. Persons related to fisheries do not have
sufficient awareness of fisheries management. Whenever the government proposes resource
management, the fishermen voice opposition. Fisheries administration also has limited functions.
There are so many problems that people often say that they don’t know where to begin. Although it
is not easy to provide a clear answer to such questions, it is possible to indicate a number of
directions based on reference to the experiences of pilot projects and overseas countries.
What should the resource management plan target?
• It is important to turn the focus to artisanal fisheries. Even though artisanal fisheries account for
80% of the fisheries production in Senegal, resource management has been neglected in this area.
• It is appropriate for resource management plans to target fisheries resources that are prone to over-
exploitation due to high market prices, i.e. cephalopods (in particular, octopuses), shellfish,
crustaceans and demersal fish. Concerning pelagic fish, since sophisticated and wide area
management is required, it is essential to approach this via the FAO and local fisheries agencies.
• In addition to fisheries stocks, the project also focuses on the people who are engaged in fisheries
and examines the socioeconomic aspects of resource management. In order to maintain and restore
fisheries stocks, fisheries regulations are essential, however, the problem is that fishery household
economy cannot be sustained if fisheries are rested (or catch sizes are reduced). Care shall be
exercised to ensure that the plan does not disregard people at the expense of fish.
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Who will implement resource management?
• Rather then having the government or donors unilaterally compiling resource management plans, it
is important for fisheries stakeholders to jointly prepare plans in joint discussions.
• The ideal form of artisanal fisheries resource management is bottom-up rather than top-down.
Fishermen should be allowed to implement what they can, while the role of administration should be
kept to a minimum. In the pilot project, the fishermen compiled and executed a code of conduct of
resource management. The role of administration was limited to providing scientific information as
the basis for resource management and establishing ordinances. In Senegal, it seems that the roles
are reversed between fishermen and administration, and this appears to be the greatest factor
impeding resource management. Even looking at the experience of foreign countries, cases where
governments or donors have taken the initiative in resource management have generally ended in
failure. It is important to encourage fishermen to take the initiative from the analysis of current
fisheries conditions and formulation of plans. By reviewing the roles and responsibilities of
fishermen and administration in resource management, this will lead to review of fisheries policy in
Senegal.
When will resource management be implemented?
• Compared to Asia (the Philippines and Thailand), resource management in Senegal is 20 years
behind, so fisheries stocks are in an extremely bad state. Reasons for the inability to conduct
resource management are not limited to fisheries problems, but extend to the sense of values of the
Senegalese people as well as political, economic and social factors. Since it is impossible to deal
with all problems simultaneously, measures should first be implemented from the areas where they
are possible.
• When conducting resource management, the ideal thing is to receive support from the government
and donors, however, support is not an essential requirement. Kayar was able to start autonomous
resource management without receiving aid from the government or donors. Nianing and Yenne are
striving to implement resource management while keeping initial cost and running costs to a
minimum. If such cases are referred to, it should be possible to commence resource management
immediately.
Where will resource management be implemented?
• Past experience has clearly shown that it is difficult to implement resource management that is based
on national uniform rules (since this meets with resistance from fishermen). Even if it takes some
time, it is important to start resource management in each village, to expand these activities to local
areas, and finally to deploy them to the whole country. First of all, it is desirable to find fishing
villages where it is easy to implement resource management. The following criteria are used for
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selection: awareness of resource management is high; solidarity of fishermen’s organizations is
good; ratio of local fishermen is high; ratio of fixed stocks is high; village scale is compact; fishing
villages possessing similar conditions are located nearby; access from government agencies is
convenient; markets are close, and so on. Since fisheries conditions differ in each village, success of
resource management in one village does not mean that it can be applied to others. It is necessary to
build case studies according to each type of fishing village.
How will resource management be implemented?
• Generally speaking, it is desirable to conduct resource management on species that have been
confirmed to be in decline as a result of stock assessment. Stock assessments are frequently based on
catch information in industrial fisheries and data from the research vessel, and findings are used in
industrial fisheries management can also be useful in artisanal fisheries management. This project
targeted artisanal fisheries. In the third year of the project, restrictions were placed on the number of
bottom gillnets targeting Solea seneglensis since stocks of this species had been shown to be in
decline as a result of stock assessment. However, this does not mean that stock assessment is always
required for resource management. In artisanal fishing villages, there is frequently no scientific data
and catch statistics are insufficient. Even so, resource management has to be implemented because
fish stocks are dwindling. Sensory awareness among fishermen that “fish are dwindling and
becoming smaller” is needed and effective information for conducting artisanal fisheries
management. Moreover, the experiential know-how of fishermen concerning the ecology and habits
of fish is also useful (this is ideal if combined with scientific information, but it is unrealistic in
developing countries). In the Japanese pilot project, resource management was commenced with
good results without even conducting stock assessment and gauging the size of catches. This type of
approach is referred to as a retrospective approach.
• Table 6-4 shows the impact that stock assessment has on resource management in the industrial
fishery and artisanal fishery according to administration and fishing villages. Stock assessment
affects decision-making by administration on resource management (especially in the industrial
fishery), however, it has little impact on actual resource management activities in fishing villages.
Table 6-4 Impact of Stock Assessment on Resource Management
Administration Fishing VillagesIndustrial fishery ◎ △
Artisanal fishery 〇 ×
• The win-win approach to managing stocks and alleviating poverty is effective. Since setting closed
seasons and closed areas, etc. leads to a fall in fishing incomes in the short term, fishermen do not
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readily accept projects comprising only these management techniques. In order to resolve this
problem, it is important to diversify sources of income for fishermen. Particularly in an LDC (least
developed country) such as Senegal, since resource management only becomes possible when
economic relief is provided to people living in poverty, it is desirable that economic support based
on the needs of fishermen be provided to target villages in the project. Not only does economic
support hold the key to securing the participation of fishermen in the project, but also it is vital for
ensuring the sustainability of resource management activities.
6.7.2 The Vision of Resource management in the Plan
(1) Positive participation of fishermen and indirect support by administration in resource
management
In addition to promoting resource management based on the initiative and autonomy of
fishermen, administration shall provide scientific information, establish ordinances and take other
indirect support measures to assist the effective implementation of autonomous management.
Moreover, while demonstrating the policy direction of “from the state to the regions” and “from
top-down to bottom-up,” administration will execute policies that are closely linked to
fishermen’s needs and local conditions.
(2) Resource management starting from easy things first and moving onto the difficult later
Since resource management has only just begun in Senegal, resource management here shall start
from easy activities and gradually move on to more difficult contents. Steps shall be advanced
from fixed stocks to migratory stocks, from small villages to large villages, and from local
fishermen to migratory fishermen.
(3) Combination of resource management with poverty alleviation based on a comprehensive
approach
Rather than limiting activities simply to artisanal fisheries resource management, attention will
also be turned to problems of poverty in fishing communities and economic measures aimed at
improving resident lifestyles will be implemented. Comprehensive measures such as linkage with
local corporations and tourism and cross-sector measures such as conversion to agriculture and
livestock, which are effective for limiting the catch effort, will be implemented.
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6.7.3 Target Scope of the Plan
Judging from the current state of resource management in Senegal and the capacity of the government,
it is more realistic to implement a plan targeting priority areas rather than a comprehensive program.
The resource management issues and areas that Senegal needs to give priority attention to are as
follows.
(1) Target the artisanal fishery, which accounts for approximately 80% of overall catches in Senegal.
There is no doubt that the artisanal fishery has had a major impact on the decrease in fishery
stocks, so it is imperative that work is started on resource management in this sector.
(2) The project shall target cephalopods, shellfish, crustaceans and demersal fish that are in danger of
depletion because of over-exploitation.
Because cephalopods, shellfish, crustaceans and demersal fish do not migrate much, they can be
easily targeted in resource management and fetch high market prices. Accordingly, there is a high
need for resource management regarding these species.
(3) Target areas where resource management has gained a foothold (Kayar, Nianing, Bamboung and
environs).
If there are villages nearby with a past record of resource management, local cooperation and
joint activities can be anticipated and it is possible to effectively promote resource management.
(4) Follow the example set by community based co-management that has been implemented by
Japan.
Since all the successful examples of resource management in Senegal have been based on local
communities, the know-how gained should be utilized in order to develop more effective
approaches.
(5) Implement the registration of artisanal fishing boats, for which Switzerland has decided to give
support.
Because the registration of fishing boats (gauging the actual state of fisheries) is a basic
requirement for resource management, this should be implemented at an early stage in
cooperation with multiple donors.
(6) Initiate local fisheries councils and start their full-scale activities as local service agencies.
In addition to utilizing local fisheries councils and reflecting the needs of fisheries on the ground
into administration, conducting administrative support for fisheries is an important issue from the
viewpoint of resource management.
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(7) Based on fisheries reforms in the field, compile co-management policy in line with actual
conditions in local areas.
In order to escape from a long era of centralization and promote community-based resource
management, it is necessary for the role of government and contents of policies to change.
Figure 6-4 summarizes these priority issues and the respective areas of responsibility of the Senegalese
government and donors. While the Senegalese side (government, communities and NGOs) conducts
the activities that it has the capacity to conduct, Japan focuses on its strengths (community based sock
management) and European and American donors focus on their specialty of policy support. In this
way, it is important to lend strategic technical support in the areas of finance and technology.
Figure 6-4 Issues in Artisanal Fisheries Joint Management and Current and
Future Potential Areas of Donor Support
Community Organizing
Management Plan
Self Management
Income Diversification
・Japan, GIRMaC, NGOs
Fishing Communities The Government
Community-Based Fisheries Co-Management
Legal Support・Local GovernmentParticipatory Research・CRODT, University, NGOsFishing Boat Registration・Switzerland, Spain, GIRMaCLocal Council・DPM, France
Fisheries Co-Management Policy・Central Government, EU, FAO
Recommendation
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6.7.4 Plan Period
The implementation period shall be from 3 years to 10 years, during which time the plan shall aim to
achieve the objectives described in 6.7.5.
6.7.5 Example Plan Objectives
Current Situation
• The three villages of Nianing, Pointe-Sarene and Mballing in Mbour area conduct resource
management of octopus, cymbium and sole.
• In the above three villages, the income of citizens is boosted through activities such as joint
shipping, refueling services and poultry farming, etc.
• Since the scale of resource management is small and it is still early days, fisheries stocks have
not yet been restored.
• Registration of artisanal fishing boats is not properly carried out.
• Local fisheries councils exist, but they do not function.
• National policy for expanding joint shipping is not established.
Objectives from 3 to 5 years
• To promote collaboration with neighboring villages (including Ngaparou - a GIRMaC project
site) that share stocks and fishing grounds and expand the scale of resource management by 2
or 3 times (6 to 9 villages) over the present scale.
• To improve the quality of caught products; at least promote a campaign of catching fewer fish
and selling at higher prices.
• To have fishermen keenly realize that fisheries stocks are recovering and express the desire to
continue resource management.
• To have local fisheries councils act as bridges linking fisheries in the field with
administration.
• To have the government establish a policy for expanding co-management.
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Objectives after 10 years
• To have Mbour become the center of resource management in Senegal.
• To realize autonomous and vigorous resource management activities in other areas such as
around Kayar, Dakar and Saloum Delta, etc.
• To limit the reduction in demersal fish stocks and realize a trend of recovery in some species.
• To realize the decentralization of fisheries administration and establishment of co-
management setups according to each area.
Table 6-5 shows the plan for the first five years. Working towards the target of spreading community-
based co-management widely to fishermen and local areas, if communities and government can fulfill
their respective roles, support be obtained from donors, and appropriate resources be invested at
proper times as shown in this chart, it may be possible to realize systemized co-management in five
years.
Community activities are divided into the four headings of community organization, preparation of the
resource management plan, implementation of autonomous management, and diversification of
income sources. In order for these activities to succeed, the communities, government and donors need
to cooperate in devising and implementing effective ideas for resource management and alternative
income. For this reason, JICA is planning to dispatch a number of Japanese Overseas Cooperation
Volunteers to Mbour, which it considers to be an important center of co-management in Senegal.
Moreover, JICA has started examination into the comprehensive promotion of fishing villages based
on collaboration with the World Bank (GIRMaC).
Government support is divided into six areas, i.e. legal support, citizen participatory research,
development of facilitators, registration of artisanal fishing boats, establishment and operation of local
councils, and formulation of co-management policy. This represents a major challenge for the
government, which has sparse experience of resource management, however, it is something the
government has to undertake. Projects by the World Bank and European and American donors are
steadily moving in this direction. In order to comprehensively realize community-based co-
management, in addition to the independent efforts of Senegal, it will be effective to combine
government approaches by European and American donors with community approaches by Japan.
Table 6-5 Issues Facing Resource management in Artisanal Fisheries and Investment Plan for 2006-2010
Project Sites: Kayar, Nianing, Bamboung and their neighboring villages (including Ngaparou)
Time Table by Year Budget (Unit: 1000 US dollars)Programs, Strategies &Activities Indicator/Output Responsible
AgenciesPossible Funding
Agencies 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Community-Based FisheriesCo-ManagementStrategy 1 Activities bycommunities
a. Community organizing Fisheries managementcommittee
FC JOCV, GIRMaC × 100
b. Preparation of fisheriesmanagement plan
Fisheries managementplan
FC JOCV, GIRMaC × 100
c. Implementation of selfmanagement
Number offishermen participated
FC JOCV, GIRMaC × × × × 400 400 400 400
d. Income diversification Change in income offishermen
FC JOCV, GIRMaC × × × × 400 400 400 400
Strategy 2 Support by thegovernment
a. Legal support Fisheries ordinance LG × × × × × 50 50 50 50 50
b. Participatory research Scientific data CRODT GIRMaC × × × 200 200 200
c. Training of facilitators Qualified facilitators LG, CG × × × × NA NA NA NA
d. Fishing boat registration Boat registrationsheet
LG, CG Switzerland,Spain, GIRMaC
× × × × × NA NA NA NA NA
e. Establishment of localcouncil
Local council LG, CG France × × × NA NA NA
f. Policy-making onfisheries co-management
Fisheries co-management policy
CG EU, FAO × × NA NA
FC (Fishing Communities), LG (Local Government), CG (Central Government), JOCV (Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers), NA (No Data Available)
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6.7.6 Necessary Approaches for the Attainment of Objectives
This section discusses the approaches that are needed in order to realize community -based co-
management. There is no one recipe for success in resource management; rather, residents,
administration and experts must devise approaches that are effective within their respective
circumstances. Below is described the experience of Nianing. This is a case study of participatory
resource management and improvement in household income, however, this is by no means the perfect
scenario and still leaves room for improvement and modification. Having said that, this case study
may be use for reference.
Phase 1: Preparation
<Target period 3~6 months>
• Observation of pioneering areas (Kayar, Bamboung)
• Survey of fishing villages
• Selection of project target villages
• Reporting to government and establishment of a support committee
• Kickoff workshop
• Launching of a residents’ organization
• Compilation of the resource management plan
• Examination of alternative income earning methods
• Formation of consensus in public assemblies
Phase 2: Implementation
<Target period: 1~2 years>
• Enlightenment and information provision to residents
• Supply of necessary equipment for the project
• Preparation of an ordinance by the local government
• Biological survey with resident participation
• Market development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc.
• Implementation and monitoring of resource management
• Implementation of public information activities via mass media and implementation of observation
tours
• Proposal of policies from fisheries in the field
Phase 3: Self-sustenance
<After project completion>
• Project assessment and examination of the possibility and contents of future approaches
• Promotion of economic activities and linkage with local communities
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• Dissemination of resource management to other villages
• Establishment and running of local fisheries organizations
• Assessment of the effectiveness of resource management
The Study Team believes that building on approaches one at a time can raise the awareness of
resource management among citizens and administration and thereby lead to community based co-
management.
Looking back on the experience of Nianing, three approaches were particularly important, i.e. the
kickoff workshop, the enlightenment of and provision of information to residents, and the market
development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc. The kickoff workshop was carried out
over two days: on day one, there was a lecture regarding the experience of Kayar and the market for
fisheries products, a report of the results of the fishing village survey, and analysis of problems in the
village, and day 2 comprised examination of the framework of the resource management plan and
discussions on how to form residents’ organizations and administrative support measures. This
workshop was important in terms of the fact that residents were able to view resource management as
an accessible problem and something that they should solve themselves, and the fact that an action
plan compiled based on residents’ initiative was approved by the government.
Enlightenment and information provision to residents was conducted in order to sustain the residents’
interest in the project and guide them towards resource management. In addition to education on
resource management, residents were informed of purchase prices by fisheries companies, explanation
was given concerning uses of the profits obtained from joint shipping, and opportunities were
provided for women and children to conduct activities. These activities were effective to some extent,
however, there was room for improvement in terms of the low frequency of public assemblies and
opaqueness of operations of the resource management committee.
One of the reasons for the participation of residents in resource management was that the market
development and sales promotion of fisheries products, etc. was a success (joint shipping to fisheries
companies was profitable and raised the income of fishermen). Since economic activities such as these
are one of the conditions necessary for sustaining resource management, this highlights the absolute
importance of promoting collaboration with the local community including fisheries companies.
6.7.7 Roles of Administration, Fishermen and Facilitators in Resource management
Co-management is thought to be suited to artisanal fisheries resource management. In this approach,
administration and fishermen promote resource management based on the division of responsibilities.
In line with bottom-up thinking rather than the conventional top-down approach, administration hands
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the initiative for resource management to fishermen and provides advice and support at appropriate
times. Moreover, in order to effectively promote resource management under the initiative of
fishermen, the role of facilitators is also important. The roles of each party are described below.
(1) Role of central government
The central government is actively involved in promoting resource management aimed at
realizing sustainable fisheries. It implements measures to ensure that resource management by
local governments and fishermen rooted in local communities is effectively carried out,
encourages fisheries groups and fisheries corporations to cooperate with resource management,
and conducts enlightenment activities for citizens to encourage the effective utilization of stocks.
In cases where a wide area approach crossing over local boundaries or coordination with
corporate fisheries is required in order to manage, for example, migratory fish stocks, the central
government should strive to promote such measures.
In the case of resource management that targets migratory fishermen, since the limits of local
activities are exceeded, it is possible that support will be needed from the central government.
The government should also cooperate with fisheries research agencies and universities that run
fisheries-related courses in order to enhance scientific know-how that provides the basis for
resource management.
(2) Role of local governments
As decentralization progresses, it is expected that the role of local governments will grow in
future. In order to develop consensus among related persons in resource management, it is
necessary to delegate authority to local administration so that it can provide rapid and accurate
administrative services.
In addition to conventional duties such as management of fisheries statistics, coordination of
fisheries and guidance to fishing villages, local governments will in future also be required to
educate and disseminate resource management and take necessary legal measures to aid resource
management.
(3) Role of fishermen
Fishermen, who are the parties most immediately concerned with fisheries, play the central role
in resource management. It is necessary for fishermen to set rules for the autonomous
management of local fisheries stocks, and to devise unique and organized approaches to resource
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management. Moreover, it is desirable for fishermen to proactively engage in economic activities
aimed at supplementing income reductions resulting from resource management.
(4) Role of facilitators
In order to promote the participation of residents in resource management, an effective method is
to utilize facilitators who can encourage fishermen to have more autonomy. In foreign countries,
NGOs frequently fill this role, however, in Japanese projects, Fenagie-Peche has been utilized in
the past. It may also be a good idea to employ fishermen who have experience of resource
management. In order to widely disseminate resource management to fishermen, since it is
urgently necessary to develop facilitators, we propose that a project be launched in cooperation
with other donors for this purpose.
Facilitators seek the opinions of fishermen from the resource management planning stage, reflect
these in action plans and support the implementation of plans. In the execution stage, facilitators
provide technical advice and support the resolution of problems through everyday contact with
fishermen.
6.7.8 Artisanal Fisheries Resource management Methods
Five methods of resource management that are considered to be technically, economically and
institutionally feasible in the present Senegal are proposed below.
Even without experience of resource management, these methods can be implemented providing that
fishermen have the willingness and the government cooperates. Moreover, these methods include
contents that were also implemented in the Japanese pilot project. Various other methods are available
in resource management, however, methods that would be difficult for Senegalese fishermen, methods
that would entail a burden on the government, and methods that cost too much time and money are not
indicated.
(1) Protect spawning parent fish
One of the reasons behind the depletion of demersal fish resources is thought to be the over-
exploitation of spawning parent fish. Taking the example of the octopus, it is guessed that
spawning parent octopuses account for a majority of the octopuses that are caught because the
fishing season (August-September) coincides with the spawning season. In order to restore
stocks, it is effective to leave the spawning parent octopuses alone so that new reserves can
regenerate in the following year. It is desirable to implement the following steps in order to
protect spawning fish:
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• Setting of closed seasons,
• Setting of protective zones, and
• Creation of spawning grounds
Regarding the effects of resource management, it is hoped that spawning quantities will increase
and that stocks of reproduced demersal fish will be boosted.
(2) Protect small-size fish
Not only do small-size fish have low commercial value, but also descendants cannot be passed on
to future generations if these fish are caught. It is more beneficial economically speaking to catch
fish after they have grown to adult size. One means of protecting small-size fish is to expand the
mesh size of nets, however, purchasing nets represents a major outlay for poor fishermen. The
following are recommended as simple and cost-free methods:
• “4-No’s” movement (No catching, No selling, No buying, No eating)
• Releasing small-size fish, and
• Prohibiting the landing and sale of small-size fish
Another effective method that requires a little more time and effort is:
• Setting protective zones
Regarding the effect of resource management, there is a greater chance of adult fish stocks
increasing in the near future if there are more small-size fish. Moreover, by catching fish after
they reach adult size, higher prices and income can be obtained per fish.
(3) Reduce the size of catches.
The reduction in fisheries stocks has come about because catches have exceeded stock
reproduction. Methods of reducing catches comprise entry regulations designed to limit fishing
gear, fishing seasons and fishing grounds, and exit regulations designed to limit landed quantities.
In Senegal, since it is extremely difficult to monitor landed quantities at more than 100 fishing
villages, it is desirable to adopt the former approach. Specific measures are as follows:
• Limiting the number of fishing nets
• Shortening fishing times
• Setting no-fishing days
• Adopting a system of rotating operation
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It is anticipated that such measures will enable stocks to be regenerated and to move towards
recovery. Moreover, because situations of bumper catches but low incomes can be prevented,
household economy will be stabilized and plant investment will also fall.
(4) Sell fish at high prices.
When fish prices are low, fishermen have little choice but to secure income by catching large
quantities, which of course leads to the depletion of stocks. If small catches can be given added
value and sold at higher prices, the household economy of fishermen will become stabilized.
Effective measures for stabilizing and raising the price of fish are as follows:
• Modification of operating methods (for example, preventing bruising of fish by improving fish
gear)
• Improvement in fish freshness and quality (for example, use of ice and fish boxes)
• Modification of landing times (for example, tailoring to market demand)
• Planned shipping (for example, fixing of sale prices to fisheries companies)
In the Japanese pilot project, the following kinds of effects were recognized: Increase in resident
incomes as a result of joint shipping; improvement in resource management awareness of
residents; release from the harsh labor of shellfish processing, and so forth.
(5) Implement economic activities other than fishing.
In Senegal, there is too much catch effort in comparison to the size of fisheries stocks.
Accordingly, it is necessary to examine ways of reducing the catch effort through providing
fishermen with new economic activities in addition to fisheries. In Southeast Asia, efforts to
conduct aquaculture and ecotourism have been started, however, such approaches require a lot of
time before they can produce returns. Economic activities that are considered to be effective in
Senegal are as follows:
• Poultry farming,
• Cattle and sheep rearing,
• Manufacture and sale of maize (sweet corn flour) and other farm products,
• Development of construction materials, etc. made from abandoned shells,
• Small grocery stores for local residents, and
• Running of restaurant and hotel businesses
If alternative economic activities can generate enough income to compensate fisheries, fishermen
can get to grips with resource management more quickly.
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There are other various technologies and ideas, however, in view of the short history of resource
management in Senegal, it is unlikely that advanced techniques of the type implemented in Japan,
for example, territorial use rights in fisheries and fish stock enhancement, would prove
successful. There is no need to copy Japanese fisheries cooperative associations. It is desirable to
introduce reasonable technology in line with the level of progress in Senegal.
6.7.9 Important Points to consider when Conducting Resource management
Important points to consider when conducting artisanal fisheries resource management are as follows.
Fishermen play the central role in compiling resource management plans
Whereas the government and donors determined resource management in the past, from now on
fishermen will determine plans in the field. This is because the autonomy of fishermen more than
anything else is key to the success of resource management. It is the role of fishermen not only to
compile resource management plans, but also to execute them and assess their results. Fishermen have
a lot of knowledge about fisheries resources and know what needs to be done to protect them. They
also think about methods for protecting their own livelihoods. The role of government and donors
should be to offer rearguard support that enables resource management to be appropriately and
smoothly implemented.
Government and donors must not determine the contents of projects.
Fishermen anywhere resist government orders not to fish, but they abide by rules that they discuss and
decide by themselves. Accordingly, in the Japanese project, fishermen have been encouraged to
participate and the project has been designed based on their experience and ideas. The fishermen
thought of the octopus and cymbium closed seasons and they complied with these almost perfectly.
Projects that are based on the know-how and technology of fishermen encounter less resistance from
fishermen and have a better chance of shifting to resource management and becoming established over
the long term. In contrast, top-down projects not only fail to secure the consent of fishermen, but they
risk incurring opposition.
Compile budgets that can be used according to the discretion of fishermen
Since numerous factors cannot be gauged unless fishermen-led resource management is put into actual
practice, flexible budgets that can be used according to discretion on the ground should be compiled.
In villages where there is high awareness of resource management, there is little need for an
enlightenment and education budget. Meanwhile, resource management that requires surveillance
(marine protection zones and artificial fish reefs) incurs high activity expenses. Some villages require
budget for scientific survey, whereas other don’t. Concerning fisheries equipment, it is sometimes
possible to obtain support from local fisheries companies. Accordingly, conditions in new villages are
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an unknown quantity and it is impossible to compile accurate budgets. It is proposed that the case of
Japan be referred to as a rough guide to the necessary budget for a pilot project. In the case of Nianing,the project cost excluding personnel expenses and vehicle expenses was approximately US$ 50,000
over two years.
Encourage fishermen to have autonomy
In conventional projects, fishermen have often had low awareness of involvement in resource
management and have tended to rely too much on aid. This kind of problem is apt to occur when
fishermen are left on the periphery of projects while the government and donors take the technical and
financial initiative for project implementation. The following are important points in resolving such
issues: (1) encouraging fishermen to be positive and autonomous through frequently visiting villages,
having repeated discussions with them and taking their ideas onboard; (2) fully utilizing local sources
(equipment, materials, surplus manpower, etc.) and maximizing performance of fishing village
communities; (3) providing economic incentives (lifestyle support, etc.) to fishermen and removing
impediments to resource management; (4) making fishermen the central players in project public
information activities and media reporting; and (5) entrusting the monitoring and assessment of
projects to fishermen.
Organization is a means, not the end.
There are numerous fisheries organizations in Senegal, but many of these are not functioning. There
seems to be a belief that organizations should be formed before thinking about the method of resource
management, however, the opposite is true. The Study Team believes that building organizations is the
second step after first determining the policy of resource management activities. People gather around
activities based on village needs, communication is born, and organizations are formed. Organizations
are formed and improved as they conduct activities. In Nianing, the fishermen organized in order to
get the government to recognize their autonomous no-fishing activities. It was also necessary for them
to organize in order to conduct the joint shipping of catches. Organizations are means for achieving
objectives, and they shouldn’t be mistakenly regarded as the goal.
Securing of democratic operation and transparency of resource management committees
When advancing resource management, resource management committees composed of residents have
an important part to play. Committee officers need to have a future vision of the village as well as
leadership qualities, while the trust of residents is essential for actually executing resource
management. It is important to hold repeated public assemblies in order to provide project information
and display transparency in committee operations (especially the accounts). If committees can undergo
periodic renewal (adopting as many women as possible to officer positions) and evolve into
organizations that can be participated in by more residents, it will be possible to ensure the
sustainability of resource management.
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Start from income generating activities
If household economy goes into the red as a result of resource management, it is only a matter of time
before fishermen revert to old fishing practices and resource management projects end in failure. It is
important to begin with income generating activities (carrot) to ensure that households do not go into
the red, and follow these up with resource management activities (stock). If the order of these
measures is mistaken, fishermen will feel no incentive to participate in resource management and will
not pay attention to projects. In the pilot project, income generating activities such as joint shipping,
poultry farming and sale of fishing boat fuel were implemented simultaneously with the imposition of
closed seasons and fishing gear regulations. Economic activities are necessary not only to sustain the
livelihood of fishermen but also to generate funds to cover resource management costs and
organizational operation.
Distribution improvement is effective for resource management
Rather than conducting poultry farming and ecotourism, which take some time in order to generate
income, it is better to improve distribution or implement other measures which generate immediate
income, thereby enabling fishermen to engage in resource management more quickly.
Distribution improvement is closely linked to resource management. In Senegal, because
middlepersons dominate the distribution sector, a buyers’ market is formed and fish prices are forced
down. As a result, fishermen have little choice but to catch more fish in order to secure income, and
this leads to the depletion of stocks. If there were greater emphasis on quality and fishermen caught
smaller quantities for sale at higher prices, resource management and fishermen’s livelihoods would
be compatible. In fishing villages, there are large post-harvest losses because of rough handling,
however, because there are numerous fisheries companies that seek high quality fish, there is potential
for resource management combined with distribution improvement measures to spread throughout
Senegal.
Conduct scientific surveys with fishermen
Although fishermen have a strong interest in the life history and behavior of caught fish species, they
tend to be distrustful of scientists and frequently reject approaches from researchers. In the pilot
project, scientists and fishermen conducted joint biological surveys in order to clarify spawning
seasons and provide the basis for setting the closed seasons. Moreover, under support from scientists,
the fishermen conducted underwater surveys of released cymbium markers and octopus spawning
pots. If scientific surveys are implemented within fishing villages, fishermen can be expected to
recognize the results.
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6.7.10 Policy Recommendations concerning Resource management
The major policy recommendations concerning resource management in Senegal are as follows.
Recommendation 1. Review centralized resource management and promote decentralized,
participatory resource management.
Centralized resource management entails problems in that the wishes of fishermen are not reflected,
flexible management suited to each area cannot be conducted, and management costs are high. For this
reason, it is necessary to delegate resource management authority to local areas and fishermen on the
ground, and to systemize this. From the viewpoint of making local communities the leading players
and putting the government in a supporting role, it is important to limit government involvement and
convert to resource management that makes use of the autonomy of local areas and citizens.
Recommendation 2. Construct resource management models for each type of fishing village.
Since each fishing village in Senegal has different features with differing surrounding environments
and awareness among local residents, it is difficult to implement uniform resource management.
Rather, it is necessary to adopt a bottom-up approach according to conditions in each fishing village.
Since it is impossible to implement resource management in all fishing villages from the start, villages
should be classified into different types (for example, villages with a high ratio of locally born
fishermen, villages with a high ratio of migratory fishermen, villages with a mix of local and
migratory fishermen, etc.), pilot projects conducted in representative villages of each type, and models
of resource management constructed for each. The government should strive to spread bottom-up
resource management and establish policies and systems for providing incidental support for this.
Recommendation 3. Introduce systems to give preferential treatment to fishing villages and fishermen
that take a positive stance towards resource management.
If fish are the assets of a country, all fishermen must cooperate in order to catch them. However, in
Senegal there exists a feeling of unfairness that some fishermen conduct resource management while
others don’t. In order to resolve this, it is proposed that systems be introduced to give preferential
treatment to fishing villages and fishermen that take a positive stance towards resource management.
Possible measures would be to give preferential sale rights to catches intended for fisheries companies,
to give priority to the construction of fishing village infrastructure, to apply fisheries equipment and
gasoline tax exemptions to deserving fishermen and fishing villages only, and so on. Through doing
this, it is anticipated that resource management would catch on very quickly.
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Recommendation 4. Bolster links between residents, corporations, administration and research in
resource management.
In order to effectively implement resource management, it is necessary for residents, corporations,
administration and research circles to clarify their roles and deepen collaboration. Residents should
plan and execute resource management. Corporations should, for example, purchase high quality
catches at high prices in order to give economic backing to fishermen. Administration should establish
legislation for resource management and provide institutional support. Research should provide
necessary scientific information to help residents carry out resource management, and it should also
assess the effects of resource management. If any one of these roles is not fulfilled, it is thought that
resource management will not be successful.
Recommendation 5. Reflect the experiences of Asia, where fisheries conditions are similar to those in
Senegal, in policy.
Asian experiences that can be applied to Senegal are bottom-up resource management, community
organization, micro credit, dissemination of fisheries improvement, formation of fishing grounds,
aquaculture and general coastal management including measures against poverty. Moreover,
decentralization of fisheries administration has been gaining pace in Asia in recent years, and systems
and policies concerning community-led resource management and co-management between
government and fishermen have been established. There is great significance in Senegal making use of
these experiences in Asia.
CHAPTER 7
INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES SURVEY
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CHAPTER 7INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES SURVEY
A written questionnaire survey and hearing survey were carried out with respect to fisheries
companies, and the results are summarized below. The numbers of surveyed companies in each
category were as follows:
Coastal demersal fishery(fish and cephalopod trawl) : 3 companies
Coastal demersal fishery (prawn trawl) : 1 company
Coastal pelagic fishery (purse seine fishing) : 1 company
Tuna canning : 2 companies
Fish meal manufacturing : 2 companies
7.1 Current Status of Fisheries Corporations
Many of the fisheries companies that conduct fishery operations own processing plants within their
own or group factories, and they produce frozen fillet products, canned tuna and sardines and fish
meal, etc. for export to mainly Europe, etc. Since fisheries corporations would make little profit or
even record losses if they sold the products they caught with their fishing boats without any
processing, they tend to attach added value to raw materials in order to secure profits.
Since processing plants cannot conduct stable production solely by processing catches from own
company’s boats, they purchase raw materials from artisanal fishermen both directly and indirectly.
For example, A Co. produces primary processed products such as fillets, etc. and it purchases 2,400
tons of fish from artisanal fishermen per year (1,500 tons/year of halibut, 400 tons/year of prawns,
plus other species). Another company, B Co., purchases approximately 80% of raw materials for its
processing plant from artisanal purse seine net fishermen. In this way, each company must exist in
harmony with artisanal fisheries in order to sustain their business.
For various reasons, and following a spate of corporate bankruptcies in 1997~1998, financial
institutions are unwilling to lend money in general. For this reason, plant investment in companies is
sluggish and many corporations hope that the Senegalese government will take measures such as
guaranteeing loans from financial institutions. Furthermore, since cash is frequently required to
purchase raw materials for processing, processing companies holding temporary stocks of canned
products have trouble buying raw materials and consequently face reduced operating rates.
Accordingly, corporations also desire policies enabling them to borrow funds in excess of their credit
lines.
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7.2 Current Status of Fishing Boats Owned by Fisheries Corporations
Many fishing boats are old and are becoming fairly deteriorated, however, plant investment for
building new boats is not really taking place. Moreover, according to the results of the questionnaire,
since there appear to be some fishing boats that have extremely high fuel consumption in relation to
main engine output, it is inferred that the deterioration of main engines is the cause of reduced
combustion efficiency. It is guessed that investment levels are also low with respect to equipment
other than fishing boat hulls.
Moreover, regarding fishing boat personnel expenses, these greatly vary depending on the type of
fishing method, scale of fishing gear and type of catches. Since the cost per person is too great
between boats, i.e. it ranges from 7,500 Fcfa to 40,000 Fcfa, it is thought that the boats showing high
personnel expenses have also included indirect personnel expenses or made mistakes when filling out
the questionnaire sheet. The upper limit on personnel expenses is considered to be 25,000 Fcfa on
average.
Concerning prawn fishing boats, annual operating days tend to be relatively short. In fishing boats that
use other fishing methods, there are some boats that are at sea (outward and inward trips) for more
than 300 days and, on boats that do not adopt a crew shift system, it is thought that working conditions
are extremely harsh.
7.3 Preferential Measures for Fisheries Corporations
An industrial tax free zone (Zone Franche Industrielle) was established in Dakar with the objectives of
promoting exports, employment and industrialization based on Ordinance (LOI) No. 74-06 of April 2,
1974. The zone was expanded in 1991; and then fisheries corporations were also designated as tax-free
centers (Point Franc) based on Ordinance No. 95-34 on December 29, 1995. According to this,
fisheries corporations were granted exemption from tariffs and taxes on capital, equipment and
materials. Moreover, a similar policy has been adopted with respect to artisanal fisheries so that taxes
are exempted from purchases of small-size fishing boats, outboard engines, fishing gear and fuel, etc.
Moreover, according to Ordinance No. 91-30 of April 3, 1991, fisheries products exporters in Senegal
were granted exemption from value added tax on fisheries products, export declaration tax, stamp duty
and export license duty, etc. However, since rising operating tax (Patente) is pressurizing the business
of fisheries corporations to no small extent, there are voices that say corporate operations would cease
to be feasible if the said preferential measures did not exist.
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In addition to the above preferential measures, the Government of Senegal invested in the
management rebuilding (51% controlling share) of a canning company that fell into an operating crisis
in 1998. However, because this meant that the company in question received preferential measures on
both purchasing of raw materials and sale of products, other corporations have expressed
dissatisfaction over partiality.
7.4 Need for Stock Management (Fisheries Regulations)
Almost all fisheries corporations recognize that fisheries stocks in waters off Senegal are in decline.
Corporations are also aware of the need for fisheries regulations in order to protect stocks, however,
they basically desire regulations by means of the following three methods, which have no direct
impact on maintenance of their own business operations.
(1) Regulation of fisheries activities by foreign fishing boats
Most fisheries corporations believe that the fishing fees paid to the Senegalese government by
fishing boats of EU countries are not directly connected to construction of fisheries infrastructure
or expansion of credit lines to fisheries operators in Senegal. Moreover, from the viewpoint of
protecting domestic fisheries, corporations also desire the strengthening of regulations on the
number of foreign fishing boats as well as the operating periods and catch sizes of foreign fishing
boats.
(2) Prohibiting the issue of new licenses in the industrial fishery
If more fishing licenses than the present number of fishing boats in the domestic fishery are
issued, since catch pressure will increase and fisheries stocks will be further reduced, many
people are calling for the prohibition of new fishing licenses.
(3) Introduction of an artisanal fishing boat registration system and regulation on the number of
fishing boats
Industrial fishing boats are given permission to operate beyond six miles from the coast.
However, as engines used by artisanal fishermen have increased in power, the range of activities
of artisanal fishermen has widened and there is greater competition for offshore fishing grounds.
Accordingly, more and more disputes are arising from fishing gear accidents, etc. Some corporate
fishers express concern over the fact that unemployed people are easily able to start artisanal
fishing without holding any firm concept of fisheries stock management. Therefore, some
corporations are calling for the introduction of an artisanal fishing boat registration system to
limit new entrants, the implementation of reeducation in fisheries activities for artisanal
7 - 4
fishermen, and the regulation of artisanal fishing boats in order to assist coastal fisheries stock
management.
Having said that, the vast majority of those asked basically desire the balanced coexistence of
corporate fisheries with artisanal fisheries.
7.5 Setting of Closed Seasons
For two months in October and November 2003, a closedclosed season was set and executed with
respect to fishing activities by industrial trawlers. Moreover, a similar closedclosed period was also set
in 2004.
Corporations possessing trawlers have strived to minimize the business impact of the closed season by
using this time to carry out periodic maintenance and repairs to their trawlers. Moreover, at plants that
process fillet products from demersal fish, etc., since it has become difficult to procure raw materials
from own trawlers, there is a growing trend towards sustaining plant operations through purchasing
raw materials from artisanal fishermen. However, procured quantities of raw materials are still down
and some plant workers are expressing dissatisfaction that some processing plant operators are being
temporarily laid off.
According to the questionnaire responses, many of the fish species observed in the waters off Senegal
are not unique to this country but rather migrate from waters off neighboring Mauritania, Gambia and
Guinea Bissau, etc. and are regarded as the common property of each country. It is also recognized
that catching too many fish in the spawning season leads to the reduction of fisheries stocks. Within
such an environment, it is thought that the spawning season of each species differs in each country,
although the scientific basis for this is unclear. Accordingly, even if Senegal does set closed seasons
independently, if the closed seasons of other countries are different, it is pointed out that fishermen
will migrate over national borders and continue fisheries activities anyway. Moreover, if closed
seasons are set in a joint effort taking into account spawning seasons in other countries, if spawning
seasons are not slightly different between countries, closed seasons covering all spawning time would
need to be set and this would threaten the survival of fishermen.
In view of these points, if new closed seasons are to be set, in addition to implementing and
announcing spawning seasons and specific surveys based on a scientific basis, it is desirable to
compile fisheries regulations that do not put an excessive burden on fishermen.
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7.6 Regulation of Total Catch Sizes
Questionnaire responses pointed towards the possibility of setting a total allowable catch (TAC) and
prohibiting fishing once this limit is reached. However, since there is currently no consistency on
fisheries statistics gathering methods, functions for rapidly processing catch sizes by species are
undeveloped, and means of information communication for consolidating landing data are not in
place, implementation of such an approach is unfeasible.
Corporations realizing that the catching capacity of their own fishing boat fleets is inferior to that of
other corporations fear that they would be unable to survive competition under the TAC system. In
order not to lose out in fishing competition, it is necessary to carry out plant investment and there are
strong hopes that the government will guarantee new loans for this purpose. If such loan guarantees
are not forthcoming, because corporations will find it difficult to stay in business, they are thinking of
requesting government compensation for the scrapping of deteriorated fishing boats and shutdown of
land facilities, etc.
There is concern that excessive plant investment will pressurize business management, however, no
responses concerning this point were given in the questionnaire survey.
7.7 Regulation of the Number of Fishing Boats
The aforementioned “regulation on new issue of fishing licenses” is based on recognizing the renewal
and continuation of existing fishing licenses and includes the aspect of maintaining the present number
of fishing boats. In the case where stricter regulations entailing reduction in the number of fishing
boats were implemented, since it would be difficult for some corporations to stay in business, some
voices say that additional problems would arise regarding the provision of government security for
reduced (scrapped) boats and welfare for laid-off crewmembers.
7.8 Fisheries Monitoring and Supervisory Agency
Regarding the DPSP, which is the fisheries monitoring and supervising agency, many observers say
that rather than punishing fishermen who violate regulations, it should first advertise fisheries
regulatory information and provide specific advice and guidance to fishermen.
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7.9 Fisheries Policy Formulating Agency
Regarding the DPM, which is the fisheries policymaking agency, there are calls for the strengthening
of links with regional offices as well as reinforcement of dialog with fishermen in the fisheries policy
formulation stage.
7.10 Future Fisheries Stock Assessment and Stock Management
The fisheries stock assessment and management policies that are anticipated by fisheries corporations
can be summarized as follows.
(1) Implementation of appropriate stock assessment
Implement stock assessment surveys and present the actual state of stock volumes based on
scientific data.
(2) Disclosure of the results of stock assessment
Publicly disclose stock assessment data and present past and future trends in stock volumes
according to each fish species.
(3) Prior explanation of fair sock management and methods for realizing it
Based on the premise of coexistence between industrial fisheries and artisanal fisheries, present
an overall view of stock management in which the industrial fishery alone does not suffer, and
conduct prior explanations to ensure that fishermen can understand individual methods of stock
management.
(4) Implementation of appropriate stock management and monitoring activities
When implementing stock management, disclose the specific contents of fisheries regulations and
provide advice and guidance to ensure that there are no fishermen who violate regulations.
(5) Continuation of stock assessment activities and disclosure of results following the
implementation of stock management
While implementing stock management, continually implement stock volume assessment surveys
within the monitoring of stock fluctuations and periodically disclose whether or not stocks are
recovering.