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Page 1: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Page 2: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Skeletal Cartilages

Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed

Contains no blood vessels or nerves Surrounded by the perichondrium

(dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

Three types – hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Page 3: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

Only contains fine collagen fibers Is the most abundant skeletal

cartilage Includes these types:

Articular – covers the ends of long bones

Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum

Respiratory – makes up larynx, reinforces air passages

Nasal – supports the nose

Page 4: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Elastic Cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Page 5: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Fibrocartilage

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

Found where there is heavy pressure and stretch

Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs

Page 6: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.
Page 7: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Growth of Cartilage

Appositional “growth from outside” - cells in the perichondrium secrete

matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Interstitial “growth from inside” – lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the

cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Calcification of cartilage occurs During normal bone growth During old age

Page 8: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Classification of Bones 206 bones of the body are divided into two

groups:

1. Axial skeleton “long axis of the body”

- bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib

cage - mostly involved in protecting,

supporting or carrying other body parts

Page 9: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

2. Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs

& girdles (shoulder and hip) - primarily for locomotion

Page 10: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Page 11: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Classification of Bones: By Shape Long bones –

longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus)

Page 12: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Short Bones -cube shaped

bones of the ankle and wrist

Sesamoid Bone - special type of

short bone - bones that form

within tendons (patella)

Page 13: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Flat Bones - thin, flattened

and a bit curved (sternum and most skull bones)

Page 14: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Irregular Bones - bones with

complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones)

Page 15: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Functions of Bones

Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs

Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Movement – provide levers for muscles

Page 16: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Functions of Bones cont….

Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

Page 17: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Bone Structure Bones are considered organs b/c

they are made up of many types of tissues:

* mostly osseous tissue * nervous tissue in their nerves * cartilage in their articular

cartilages * fibrous connective tissues lining

cavities * muscle and epithelial in their

blood vessels

Page 18: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Bone Structure

Gross Anatomy of a Bone

A. Bone Markings - Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve

as: Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and

tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Named in different ways:

Page 19: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

1. projections (bulges) - grow outward from the surface - those that are sites of muscle and ligament

attachment include: Tuberosity – rounded projection Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface Line – narrow ridge of bonee – sharp, projection Process – any bony prominence Tubercle – small rounded projection or process Epichondyle – raised area on or above a condyle Spine – sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Page 20: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

- Projections that help to form joints include:

Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle – rounded articular projection Ramus – armlike bar of bone

Page 21: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

2. Depressions and openings - serve as a passage for nerves and blood vessels - include the following: meatus – canal like passageway Sinus – cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane Fossa – shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articluar

surface Groove – furrow Fissure – narrow, slitlike opening Foramen – round or oval opening through a

bone

Page 22: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Gross Anatomy cont….B. Bone Textures 1. Compact bone – dense outer layer/

looks smooth and homogeneous

2. Spongy bone – composed of small, needlelike

pieces of bone called trabeculae and lots of

open space

Page 23: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.
Page 24: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

C. Structure of a Long Bone

Long bones consist of a: - diaphysis - epiphysis

Diaphysis - Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones - Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity - Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

Page 25: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Epiphyses - expanded ends of long bones - exterior is compact bone, and the

interior is spong bone - joint surface is covered with articular

(hyaline) cartilage - e piphyseal line separates the

diaphysis from the epiphyses

Page 26: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Structure of a Long Bone

Page 27: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

D. Bone Membranes

1. Periosteum - double-layered protective membrane covering the diaphysis

- outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective

tissue

- inner osteogenic layer is composed of

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Page 28: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

-Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood,

and lymphatic vessels, which enter the

bone via nutrient foramina

- Secured to underlying bone by hundreds of

connective tissue fibers called Sharpey’s

fibers

2. Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal

surfaces of bone

Page 29: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.
Page 30: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

E. Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones Thin plates of periosteum-covered

compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside

Have no diaphysis or epiphyses Contain bone marrow between the

trabeculae

Page 31: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Microscopic Anatomy of a Bone

Four major cell types found in bone tissue:1. osteogenic “osteoprogenitor cells”

2. osteoblasts: bone forming cells 3. osteocytes: mature bone cells 4. osteoclasts: large cells that

reabsorb or break down

bone matrix

(Organic components of Bone)

Page 32: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Inorganic Components of Bone Include:

Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts Sixty-five percent of bone by mass Mainly calcium phosphates Responsible for bone hardness and its

resistance to compression

Page 33: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Compact Bone Anatomy A. Osteon (Haversian System):

structural unit of

compact bone

Page 34: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

Osteon Structure includes:

Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

Haversian, or central canal – central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Page 35: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

B. Osteocytes – mature bone cellsC. Lacunae – small cavities in bone that

contain osteocytes

D. Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect

lacunae to each other and the

central canal

Page 36: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.
Page 37: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.
Page 38: Chapter #6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Skeletal Cartilages  Found in adults where flexible skeletal tissue is needed  Contains no blood vessels or.

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