Chapter 7: Consonantal Gestures
Place
Purpose
Review English CategoriesLook at Other Place and Manner Possibilities - Examples in Other Languages
Look at Common Disordered Categories
Place
Need to Specify Passive articulator Active articulator
Most Non-English Sounds
Similar PlacesDifferent Manner
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental
4. Alveolar
5. Retroflex
6. Palato-Alveolar
7. Palatal
8. Velar
9. Uvular
10. Pharyngeal
11. Epiglottal
Bilabials
English: Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides
Other languages Fricatives
Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/
Linguo-labials - tongue + lip
LABIAL
Labiodental
English: FricativesMany languages have fricatives, affricates German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/
No phonemic Stops or Nasals Acoustic similarity to bilabials
Many allophonic nasals E.g., “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/
“emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/
LABIAL
Interdental/Dental
English: FricativesOther Languages: Stops Nasals
CORONAL
Alveolar
English: Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants
Other Languages: Affricates
E.g., German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/ Nonphonemic in English
E.g., eats /its/
CORONAL
Retroflex
English: Liquids
Other Languages: Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives
E.g., Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/
Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue)
CORONAL
Part of Tongue Used
Apical - Tongue TipLaminal - Tongue BladeDorsal - Back of Tongue
CORONAL
Alveolar and Palatal
English: Fricatives
Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip
near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside)Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-
alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)
CORONAL
Palatal
English: Fricatives, Liquids, Glides
Other Languages Stops, Fricatives, Nasal
Laminal vs. DorsalPhonemic vs. Allophonic Uses
CORONAL
Velar
English Stops, Nasals
Fricatives Spanish German
DORSAL
Uvular
Back of tongue to uvulaNot in American EnglishFricatives French
Trill German /R/
Nasals Iniktitut /N/
Stop Iniktitut /q, G/
DORSAL
Epiglottis
Epiglottis to back wall of pharynxRareFricativesPhonemic contrast between pharyngeal & epiglottal place extremely rare. Acoustic similarity
DORSAL
See Agul
Pharyngeal
Root of tongue to back wall of pharynxFricatives
DORSAL
Manner
Stops
Summary Table 7.5, p. 168.
Know how each is produced
Nasals
In many languagesPrimarily Voiced, some voiceless.
Fricatives
Largest varietyClassification Tongue grooved or flat
not bilabial Sibilants and Non-sibilants
Auditory distinction Sibilants have greater acoustic energy Different means of obstruction
Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the left)
Trill
Tip of tongue set in motion by airUvular, Alveolar, Bilabial
Tap/FlapTap Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/
Flap One articulator being thrown against another.
Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolarOften grouped, terminology used interchangeably.E.g., “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)
Affricates
Phonemic – DurationTypes Alveopalatal Alveolar Labial Ejectives Possible
Lateral vs. Central / Approximants (liquids & glides)
Lateral Air passes out sides
Central Air passes out center Alveolar vs. Velar
Place & Manner Differences in Disordered Speech
Lateralization
Primarily Stops Fricatives
Speech with a Cleft Palate
Cleft in hard/soft palate Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle
Inadequate closure/obstruction of airStructurally unable to produce certain soundsAttempt to keep same manner with different place May result in Nasal Fricatives Glottal Stops Pharyngeal Fricatives
What you know about consonants:
1. Airstream Mechanism2. Airstream Direction3. Glottis State4. Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some)5. Primary Place of Articulation6. Manner of Articulation7. Centrality8. Nasality
Airstream Mechanism
1. Pulmonic2. Glottalic3. Velaric
Airstream Direction
1. Egressive2. Ingressive
Glottis State
1. Voiced2. Voiceless3. Murmured4. Laryngealized5. Closed
Part of Tongue Involved
1. Apical2. Laminal3. Neither
Primary Place of Articulation
1. Bilabial2. Labiodental3. Dental4. Alveolar5. Retroflex6. Alveopalatal7. Palato-alveolar8. Palatal9. Velar10. Uvular11. Pharyngeal12. (Labial-Velar)
Manner of Articulation
1. Stop2. Fricative3. Approximant4. Trill5. Flap6. Tap7. Affricate
Centrality
1. Central2. Lateral
Nasality
1. Oral2. Nasal
Practice – match the transcription with the sound
1
2
3
4
5
a
b
c
d
e
Practice – match the transcription with the sound
1
2
3
4
5
a
b
c
d
e
Difficult Fricative
Practice1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Difficult Fricative
Practice1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j