Chapter 8Chapter 8
BIGBIGBusiness and CitiesBusiness and Cities
Lesson 1Lesson 1
Timeframe: 1856-1900Timeframe: 1856-1900 Vocabulary: corporation, competition, Vocabulary: corporation, competition,
monopoly, labor union, strikemonopoly, labor union, strike Main Ideas: Inventions changed Main Ideas: Inventions changed
people’s lives. Businesses produced people’s lives. Businesses produced more goods, hired more people, and more goods, hired more people, and earned more money than ever. earned more money than ever. Workers united to improve working Workers united to improve working conditions. conditions.
Inventions of the 1800sInventions of the 1800s
Saved time and money and improved Saved time and money and improved life for many peoplelife for many people
Elijah McCoy-oil cup-kept trains Elijah McCoy-oil cup-kept trains runningrunning
Remington-typewriter-saved time with Remington-typewriter-saved time with letters and reportsletters and reports
Margaret Knight-paper bags-easier to Margaret Knight-paper bags-easier to carry items carry items
Inventions Inventions
Alexander Graham Bell-phone-made Alexander Graham Bell-phone-made communication easier and fastercommunication easier and faster
Thomas Edison-electric light +Thomas Edison-electric light +
clean, safe, and brighter lights kept clean, safe, and brighter lights kept city factories and stores open after city factories and stores open after darkdark
*Business grew and changed with these *Business grew and changed with these inventions. inventions.
Big Business MenBig Business Men
Henry Bessemer-Bessemer process-Henry Bessemer-Bessemer process-made steel in an inexpensive waymade steel in an inexpensive way
Andrew Carnegie-used Bessemer Andrew Carnegie-used Bessemer process to make steel railroads-also process to make steel railroads-also bought other businesses to help his bought other businesses to help his businessbusiness
John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil Company-a corporation Company-a corporation
CorporationCorporation
Other people give money to run Other people give money to run business-called owning “shares” and business-called owning “shares” and corporation pays other people part of corporation pays other people part of their profittheir profit
Raised money by selling shares but Raised money by selling shares but buying shares was riskybuying shares was risky
Competition between companies led Competition between companies led to monopolies-when a company has to monopolies-when a company has no competitionno competition
MonopolyMonopoly
Competition keeps prices low and Competition keeps prices low and quality of items good because people quality of items good because people have a lot of choiceshave a lot of choices
In 1879, 90% of the US oil belonged In 1879, 90% of the US oil belonged to Rockefeller-he had eliminated his to Rockefeller-he had eliminated his competition and became one of the competition and became one of the richest people in the world richest people in the world
PhilanthropistPhilanthropist
Carnegie and Rockefeller gave lots of Carnegie and Rockefeller gave lots of time and money to charitytime and money to charity
Carnegie paid for libraries Carnegie paid for libraries Rockefeller paid for schools, Rockefeller paid for schools,
churches and hospitals churches and hospitals
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Machines made goods at lower pricesMachines made goods at lower prices People bought large amounts of People bought large amounts of
goodsgoods Factories grew larger and more Factories grew larger and more
productiveproductive Many people were hired to work in Many people were hired to work in
the factories the factories
Factory Life Factory Life
Same thing for 10-12 hours a day for Same thing for 10-12 hours a day for 6 days a week6 days a week
Unsafe and dirtyUnsafe and dirty Children (age 10-15) dropped out of Children (age 10-15) dropped out of
school to work and make money school to work and make money Poor paychecksPoor paychecks Fired if you complained Fired if you complained
Labor UnionLabor Union
Workers united to demand better Workers united to demand better working conditions and better payworking conditions and better pay
Knights of Labor-1Knights of Labor-1stst labor union- labor union-worked to make it illegal for children worked to make it illegal for children to work in factoriesto work in factories
Workers used strikes (refusing to Workers used strikes (refusing to work) to get business to make work) to get business to make changeschanges
AFL Samuel Gompers AFL Samuel Gompers
Lesson 2 Lesson 2
Timeframe: 1890-1924Timeframe: 1890-1924 Vocabulary: persecution, ethnic Vocabulary: persecution, ethnic
group, tenementgroup, tenement Main Ideas: Millions of immigrants Main Ideas: Millions of immigrants
moved to the US. Immigrants moved moved to the US. Immigrants moved to large cities and worked in to large cities and worked in factories. factories.
ImmigrationImmigration
Immigrant is a person that leaves their Immigrant is a person that leaves their homeland to live elsewhere-usually to homeland to live elsewhere-usually to make their life bettermake their life better
In 44 years, 25 MILLION immigrants In 44 years, 25 MILLION immigrants came to the United States from all over came to the United States from all over the world. They were looking for work. the world. They were looking for work. Some escaped persecution. Most Some escaped persecution. Most received greater political freedom. received greater political freedom.
Ellis Island Ellis Island
Immigrants from Europe arrived at Immigrants from Europe arrived at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. They Ellis Island in New York Harbor. They had to have plans for a home and had to have plans for a home and work. They also had to pass a work. They also had to pass a medical physical. medical physical.
Almost all European immigrants were Almost all European immigrants were eventually allowed to enter the USeventually allowed to enter the US
Angel Island Angel Island
Immigrants from Asia arrived at Angel Immigrants from Asia arrived at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay, CAIsland in the San Francisco Bay, CA
Faced prejudice Faced prejudice About 25% were forced to return home About 25% were forced to return home
to their original countriesto their original countries U.S. became known as the “melting pot” U.S. became known as the “melting pot”
with many different cultures mixed in it with many different cultures mixed in it
Welcome to the United Welcome to the United StatesStates
Immigrants settled near family or Immigrants settled near family or friends and developed immigrant friends and developed immigrant communities in big citiescommunities in big cities
Ethnic neighborhoods were made up Ethnic neighborhoods were made up of people that practiced the same of people that practiced the same culture and languageculture and language
Living conditions were dangerous Living conditions were dangerous and dirty in tenement housing and dirty in tenement housing
Hard Times Hard Times
Very little payVery little pay Crowded, dirty and unsafe which Crowded, dirty and unsafe which
brought sickness and diseasebrought sickness and disease Prejudice about different culturePrejudice about different culture Prejudice about possibility of loosing Prejudice about possibility of loosing
jobs to immigrants that accept less jobs to immigrants that accept less paypay
Immigration Laws Immigration Laws
1882 Congress limited immigration 1882 Congress limited immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act-kept out with Chinese Exclusion Act-kept out almost all new Asian immigrantsalmost all new Asian immigrants
1920s Congress limited the number 1920s Congress limited the number of European immigrantsof European immigrants
But immigrants brought great ideas But immigrants brought great ideas and inventions to make our country and inventions to make our country uniqueunique
Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty
Gift from France Gift from France Sculpted by Frederic Auguste BartholdiSculpted by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi Symbol of friendship and freedomSymbol of friendship and freedom 151 feet high and 225 tons in the 151 feet high and 225 tons in the
center of NY Harborcenter of NY Harbor Poem by Emma Lazarus engraved on itPoem by Emma Lazarus engraved on it Torch uses 13,000 watts of light Torch uses 13,000 watts of light
symbolizing freedom symbolizing freedom
Lady LibertyLady Liberty
Seven spikes stand for the seven seas Seven spikes stand for the seven seas and seven continents and seven continents
Tablet in her hand is engraved July 4, Tablet in her hand is engraved July 4, 1776 in Roman numberals1776 in Roman numberals
““Give me your tired, your poor, your Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe huddled masses yearning to breathe free”free”
Lesson 3 Lesson 3
Timeframe: 1880-1924Timeframe: 1880-1924 Vocabulary: stockyard, skyscraper, Vocabulary: stockyard, skyscraper,
rapid transit, slum, settlement houserapid transit, slum, settlement house Main Ideas: Cities grew quickly Main Ideas: Cities grew quickly
thanks to technology. Crowded cities thanks to technology. Crowded cities increased problems. increased problems.
Living in the CityLiving in the City
Immigrants moved to cities and Immigrants moved to cities and Americans left the rural farms for the Americans left the rural farms for the city life alsocity life also
Farms used machines instead of peopleFarms used machines instead of people In 1880, 72% US population lived in In 1880, 72% US population lived in
rural America. rural America. In 1920, 49% US population lived in In 1920, 49% US population lived in
rural America.rural America.
Great Locations Great Locations
Chicago grew due to transportation Chicago grew due to transportation routes, natural resources and Lake routes, natural resources and Lake MichiganMichigan
Goods could be shipped or put on a Goods could be shipped or put on a train to deliver all over Americatrain to deliver all over America
Cities with great resources and good Cities with great resources and good transportation became very popular transportation became very popular
City Changes City Changes
Skyscraper-1Skyscraper-1stst one in Chicago in 1885 one in Chicago in 1885 Growth of steel and electricity made Growth of steel and electricity made
it possible to build skyscrapersit possible to build skyscrapers Rapid transit-system of trains to Rapid transit-system of trains to
move people quicklymove people quickly Problems: noisy, slums, unsafe, firesProblems: noisy, slums, unsafe, fires
Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire
Burning oil lamps used in barns and a Burning oil lamps used in barns and a cow knocked it over and most of cow knocked it over and most of town burnedtown burned
No fire escapes on buildings so many No fire escapes on buildings so many people diedpeople died
Laws were changed about building Laws were changed about building materials and fire escapesmaterials and fire escapes
Jane AddamsJane Addams
Opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889Opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889 11stst settlement house ever settlement house ever A settlement house is a community A settlement house is a community
center that helped people get an center that helped people get an education, medical care, and find jobseducation, medical care, and find jobs
Provided day care for kids Provided day care for kids
Steel City Steel City
Pittsburgh was right place due to Pittsburgh was right place due to location, resources and 3 rivers and location, resources and 3 rivers and the railroadthe railroad
Steelers represents the historySteelers represents the history Today steel mills are closed and the Today steel mills are closed and the
city is focusing on “going green” city is focusing on “going green”
Lesson 4Lesson 4
Timeframe: 1900-1920Timeframe: 1900-1920 Vocabulary: progressive, muckrakerVocabulary: progressive, muckraker Main Ideas: Progressives tried to Main Ideas: Progressives tried to
improve life in the US. Women and improve life in the US. Women and African Americans worked hard to African Americans worked hard to gain equal rights. gain equal rights.
Progressives Progressives
Due to young children working in Due to young children working in factories and lots of pollution, factories and lots of pollution, progressives worked hard to make progressives worked hard to make factories cleaner and saferfactories cleaner and safer
Convinced lawmakers to protect Convinced lawmakers to protect workers and keep children from workers and keep children from workingworking
MuckrakerMuckraker
Muck is unpleasant dirtMuck is unpleasant dirt Progressives who wrote about the Progressives who wrote about the
need for change were called need for change were called muckrakersmuckrakers
Upton Sinclair-a muckraker-wrote Upton Sinclair-a muckraker-wrote The Jungle The Jungle about unsafe and dirty about unsafe and dirty meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
President Roosevelt worked with President Roosevelt worked with Congress to pass Pure Food Act and Congress to pass Pure Food Act and Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act
These laws protected the consumer These laws protected the consumer by stating that medicine and foods by stating that medicine and foods had to be made without harmful had to be made without harmful chemicals chemicals
National Parks National Parks
Roosevelt wanted to preserve Roosevelt wanted to preserve wilderness areas wilderness areas
Created Yosemite National ParkCreated Yosemite National Park
Equal Rights: WomenEqual Rights: Women
Discriminated in jobs and educationDiscriminated in jobs and education Carrie Chapman Catt-gave speeches, Carrie Chapman Catt-gave speeches,
wrote letters to law makers and wrote letters to law makers and marched in protest about inequalitymarched in protest about inequality
1919thth Amendment-guaranteed women Amendment-guaranteed women the right to votethe right to vote
Equal Rights: RacialEqual Rights: Racial
Many organizations fought for equal Many organizations fought for equal rights for African, Mexican and Asian rights for African, Mexican and Asian AmericansAmericans
NAACP-African American equalityNAACP-African American equality Leaders: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T Leaders: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T
Washington Washington
Great MigrationGreat Migration
Hate organizations formed to spread Hate organizations formed to spread fear and encourage prejudicesfear and encourage prejudices
Life became very difficult for Life became very difficult for southern African Americanssouthern African Americans
Many moved to the North to get Many moved to the North to get equality in the factories up North equality in the factories up North
Look at map on textbook page 283Look at map on textbook page 283
Review for TestReview for Test
Know vocabulary and important Know vocabulary and important namesnames
Relate inventions and businesses to Relate inventions and businesses to changing American culturechanging American culture
Advantages and disadvantages of city Advantages and disadvantages of city lifelife
Describe women’s suffrageDescribe women’s suffrage Why is US known as a “melting pot” Why is US known as a “melting pot”