Chapter Three:
Socialization
Chapter Three:
Socialization
Socialization2
Chapter Chapter OverviewOverview
What is Human
Nature?
Socialization into the
Self, Mind, and
Emotions
Socialization into
Gender
What is Human
Nature?
Socialization into the
Self, Mind, and
Emotions
Socialization into
Gender
Agents of
Socialization
Resocialization
Are We Prisoners
of Socialization?
Agents of
Socialization
Resocialization
Are We Prisoners
of Socialization?
Socialization
Nature
Heredity
Inborn
Genetic code for behavior
Nurture
Social environment
Social interaction
Behaviors are learned
What is Human What is Human Nature?Nature?
Controversy surrounding this question Heredity or Environment? Identical Twins
Adriana and Tamara Jack and Oskar
Controversy surrounding this question Heredity or Environment? Identical Twins
Adriana and Tamara Jack and Oskar
Socialization
What is Human Nature?
Feral ChildrenC
hildren found in the wildernessW
ild untamed“
The Wild Boy of Aveyron, France” 1798Isolated
ChildrenW
hat happens to a child who has had no contact with the outside world or no social interaction with others? Language is not natural and can only be learned and the child will be unable to speak.
Anna was found in early 1940’s locked in the attic
Genie 13 year old girl (CA, 1970)
Isabelle discovered in Ohio in 1938
Socialization
What is Human Nature?I
nstitutionalized Children1
930’s Research on Orphanages Children had no close bonds with caretakers Low IQs It was believed that children were born mentally retarded
Skeels & Dye (psychologists) believed there are social causes that led to mental retardation Social environment of babies was very poor The absence of stimulating social interaction was the problem,
not some biological incapacity on the part of the children Use Experimental Design to test theory
Socialization
What is Human Nature?
Experimental Group
13 infant whose mental retardation was very obvious and no one wanted to adopt them.
2 ½ years later Gained an average of 28 IQ points
20 years later
Control Group
12 infants remained in the orphanage
These children were also retarded, but they were considered to have higher intelligence
2 ½ years later Lost 30 IQ points
20 years later
Skeels & Dye Experiment
Socialization
In Sum…
...Society Makes Us Human
7
High intelligence depends on early, close relations with other humans
Social skills, behavior, relationships all define who we are
SOCIALIZATION
A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes,
values, beliefs and norms of our culture and develop a sense of
self.
Socialization
1.Imagination of our appearance to others.
2.Imagination of their judgment of that appearance.• We interpret their reactions
3.Development of feelings about and responses to their judgment.• We develop a self-concept
Socialization
C
hildren go through three stages in the development of the selfT
he process by which children learn to take the role of the other To put oneself in someone else’s shoes—to understand how someone else feels
and thinks and to anticipate how they person will act
S
ignificant Others Individuals who significantly influence their lives such as parents or siblings.
G
eneralized Others Our perception of how people in general think of us
9
Mead and Role Taking Mead and Role Taking (Socialization Process)(Socialization Process)
Socialization
Under age 3Under age 3Under age 3Under age 3
Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6Age 3 to 6
After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7After age 6 or 7
Socialization
Development of Reasoning—Piaget
Children go through a natural process as they learn how to reasonPiaget’s Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor From birth to about age 2
2. Preoperational Age
2 to 7 3. Concrete Operational Age
7 to 12 4. Formal Operational After the age
12
Socialization
Development of the Personality—Freud
Personality consist of three elements
1.Each child is born with id• Inborn drives that cause us to see self-gratification
2.Superego• Represents our conscious, the internalized norms and values or
our social groups.
3.Ego Attempts to balance the inborn drives, needs, or desires of the id
and the demands of the superego. The struggle between the Id and SuperegoThe struggle between the Id and Superego The struggle between the Id and SuperegoThe struggle between the Id and Superego
Socialization
Major Agents of Socialization
Every society has institutionalized ways of carrying out the process of socialization
Those groups and institutions that both informally an formally take on the task of socialization
Socialization
Socialization
G
ender Messages in the Family
T
he Peer Group
G
ender Messages in the Mass Media Television and Movies
Video Games 15
Gender Gender MessagesMessages
Socialization
S
ociologists Do Not Think SoS
ocialization is Powerful, but the Self is
DynamicI
ndividuals Are Actively Involved in the
Construction of the Self
16
Are We Prisoners of Are We Prisoners of Socialization?Socialization?