7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
1/25
Chapter 18
Changing Trends
in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
2/25
What is urbanisation?
Process whereby the proportion of people living in
urban areas increases
Urbanisation in developed countries
76% of the population live in urban areas
Began in the 19th century
Result of industrialisation and steady economic growth
Urbanisation in developing countries !% of the population live in urban areas
"tarted after 19# when the $nformation &ge' began
ndustrialisation and economic growth have not (ept up
with urbanisation) resulting in many urban problems
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
3/25
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
Percentage of urban population in the world
0 2,000km
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
4/25
actors that in!luence urbanisation
Push factors encourage people to leave a certain place
Pull factors attract people to move to a particular place
t is a result of both push and pull factors that rural
people are migrating to urban areas
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
5/25
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
"ull !actors o! cities "ush !actors o! ruralareas
More jobs Fewer jobs
Higher-paying jobs Lower-paying jobs
More job security Less job security
More retirement benefits (e.g. pensions) Less retirement benefits
More housing Less housing
Better housing Poorer housing
More educationa opportunities Fewer educationa opportunities
Better heath care ser!ices Poorer heath care ser!ices
Better infrastructure Poorer infrastructureMore accessibe Less accessibe
Better recreation faciities Poorer recreation faciities
Better sporting faciities Poorer sporting faciities
More entertainment Less entertainment
More !ariety of food (restaurants) Less !ariety of food
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
6/25
Urbanisation in the Caribbean
&bout two*thirds of the countries in the +aribbean have
more than #!% of the population living in urban areas
,he percentage of urban population is pro-ected to
increase to .% by /!0!
Reasons for the increase
12 "ura-urban migration
#. $atura increase in urban popuation
%. Migration from other countries in the &aribbean
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
7/25
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
Countr#$ urban
populationCountr#
$ urbanpopulation
'nguia *amaica +#
'ntigua %, Martiniue +
Bahamas / Montserrat %
Barbados + $etherands 'nties 0
Bei1e $.'. Puerto "ico 2&ayman 3sands 4t. 5itts %%
&uba ,0 4t. Lucia %
6ominica , 4t 7incent ++
6ominican "epubic 02 4uriname ,2
8renada % 9rinidad : 9obago ,2
8uadeoupe 9ur;s 2+
8uyana %0
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
8/25
Rural*urban migration started in the early /!th century
,he push and pull factors include
= Mechanisation on farms has caused increased rura
unempoyment
= Limited agricutura and to support the growing popuation
= Lac; of socia amenities in rura areas
= 6e!eopment of transport infrastructure has made urban areasmore accessibe
= More and better-paying jobs in urban areas
People from some countries in the +aribbean have also
migrated to the urban areas of other countries in theregion in search of more -ob opportunities
,his has contributed to growth in the urban population
of the destination countries
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
9/25
"opulation gro%th in "ort o! &pain
Port of "pain is the capital) main port) and commercial
and ban(ing centre of ,rinidad
t has a municipal population of 9)!!! 3/!!1 census4)
with a population density of about 0)6#! persons per (m/
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
'ear
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
10/25
,he municipal population e5panded between 19!1 and
196!) when it reached a pea( of almost 9)!!!
&fter 196!) the population declined as people movedout to the suburbs in the north) west and northeast of
the city) outside the municipal boundary
,his was because land in and around the central
business district became too e5pensive for manypeople
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
11/25
(ene!its o! urbanisation in "ort o! &pain
,he city has become a ma-or growth pole of ,rinidad
and ,obago) contributing to the country's overall
economic development
t has developed into an important port and a dynamic
centre for industrialisation and financial services
ost of the government offices are also located in the
city
ts population en-oys higher incomes and generally
better living conditions than those of the smaller towns
and the rural areas
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
12/25
"roblems o! urbanisation in "ort o! &pain n certain parts of the city)
suatting have developed
8 a result of rising
unemployment and the
lac( of cheap housing
&ssociated socialproblems include higher
crime rates
,he volume of human and motor traffic has grown much
faster than the transport system can support) resulting in
problems such as traffic congestion
&ir) land and noise pollution may cause health problems for
the people living and wor(ing in the city
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
13/25
&evere !looding in ")& on *ovember 18, 2008
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
,his was the worst ever recorded in the capital
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
14/25
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
Wa#s o! controlling urbanisation in the
Caribbean
. 6e!eop the rura areas
,he government could improve the road lin(s between the rural
areas and the urban areas
,his would facilitate the transportation of agricultural products
to the urban ports for e5port) thereby enhancing the profitabilityof farming and raising rural incomes
,he government could also develop social amenities to
improve the uality of life in the rural areas
#. >stabish new centres of growth ,his would redistribute the population away from the traditional
centres of growth
2g2 :uyana has developed secondary towns in the interior
regions through the building of factories) housing) etc
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
15/25
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
%. ?ffer incenti!es
,a5 incentives can be offered to encourage the development
of industries in the rural areas ,his would provide employment opportunities for the rural
population
2. 3mpose tra!e restrictions
,he government can ma(e it more difficult for foreigners to
migrate into the country through visa reuirements
+. 3ncrease the pace of urban renewa
Rebuilding in the city can be sped up to (eep pace with thegrowth in the urban population
n Port of "pain) familiar buildings are being torn down to
ma(e way for new structures such as multi*storey buildings
to house shopping malls and government offices
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
16/25
+igration
ovement of people from one place to another
,emporary migration is movement that occurs on a
seasonal or daily basis
Permanent migration involves a change of residence
nternal migration
ovement of people within a country
ncludes rural*urban migration and seasonal migration
;oes not affect the total population of the country) but
changes the distribution of the population
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
17/25
Rural*urban migration
+ommon in developing countries
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
18/25
"easonal migration
=ften for agricultural reasons
2g2 people moving to an area temporarily to wor( as
e5tra labour during harvest time
nternational migration
ovement of people across international boundaries &ffects the total population of a country
any people move voluntarily) i2e2 of their own free will
>hen people are forced to move due to social) political
or economic factors) it is called involuntary migration
2g2 prolonged droughts in "ahel) &frica) had forced
millions to flee thiopia to avoid starvation
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
19/25
mmigration in the Caribbean
?rom outside the +aribbean
n the middle of the 19th century) people from +hina)
ndia and ndonesia migrated to the +aribbean to wor(
on the sugar cane and banana plantations
,hey later became citi@ens of the destination country
?rom within the +aribbean
n the early /!th century) Puerto Ricans migrated to the
;ominican Republic) +uba and the
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
20/25
-migration in the Caribbean
,he main destinations of
+aribbean migrants have
been the
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
21/25
nternal migration in the Caribbean
,he most common form is rural*urban migration
,he push and pull factors are similar to those in most
other countries
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
22/25
+igration in .u#ana n the 19th century) migrants came from
&frica) ndia and +hina to wor( on thesugar cane plantations
Between 1.0 and 1917) about /!)!!!
uns(illed males from ndia aged /! to /#
years old migrated to :uyana
,hese migrants eventually became citi@ens
and started families in :uyana) accounting
for some #!% of the country's population
today
n the mid*/!th century) emigration started
to e5ceed immigration) resulting in negative
net migration migration increased sharply in the 19.!s)
with 1!)!!! to 0!)!!! emigrants each year
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
"estination countries of emigrants from #u$ana
0 2,000km
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
23/25
+auses of emigration
.!% of the country is forested and sparsely populated
ac( of good -obs and opportunities for socialadvancement
Cigh levels of unemployment and under*employment
&griculture) which contributes more than #!% of the
:;P) is the main employer Datural ha@ards such as floods are a constant threat to
the agricultural sector
ittle potential for the development of sun) sea andsand tourism
Bau5ite) gold and diamonds are the most importantminerals to be mined
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
24/25
mpact of emigration on the country
"ignificant $brain drain'
7!% of the emigrants are highly*educated and s(illed
middle*class professionals such as doctors) engineers)
teachers and nurses
oss of s(illed wor(ers who are necessary for the
economic development of the country
"tagnation of economic development
Rise in unemployment and fall in foreign investments
due to the stagnant economy
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation
7/25/2019 Chapter_18 Trends in Urbanization
25/25
,he future
,he economy is showing signs of rebounding
:rowth has been based on the e5pansion of the
agricultural and mining sectors
+ontributing factors include a more realistic e5change
rate) fairly low inflation) and the continued support of
international organisations
,he rate of negative net migration is decreasing
Degative net migration in /!!6 was less than *. per
1)!!! persons) compared to a high of *1026 per 1)!!!
persons in 199!
Chapter 18: Changing Trends in Urbanisation