V O L U M E 2 : A P P E N D I C E S
APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT
1. Acronyms 2. Glossary of Coastal Terms Regulatory Framework 3. Existing Regulations for the Indian Coastal Zone 4. Strategic Planning of Coastal Zone and Shoreline in India Coastal Systems 5. Indian Coastal Scientific Literature and Institutions 6. Coastal Processes Interventions for Coastal Practitioners 7. Design of Sand-based Climate Resilient Solutions for
Coastal Protection 8. Seawalls- their Limitations in Climate Change Scenario 9. Groyne Design under Climate Change 10. Offshore Reefs, Breakwaters and Islands- Design
Considerations for Climate Resilient Coastal Protection
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDICES TO THE MAIN DOCUMENT
Project Planning 11. Data Collection and Modeling for Coastal Protection 12. Environmental Impact Assessment of Coastal
Protection 13. Climate Change Projections for Indian coast 14. Using the WRIS Database for Climate Resilient
Coastal Protection and Management 15. Economics and Life-cycle Costing for Coastal
Protection Schemes 16. Island Case Studies 17. Calculating the Minimum Floor Level 18. Training Module for Climate Resilient Coastal
Protection and Management
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Regulatory Framework
APPENDIX 3 EXISTING REGULATIONS FOR THE INDIAN
COASTAL ZONE
• Environment Protection Act 1986
• Coastal Regulation Zone Notification – 2011
• Island Regulation Notification – 2011
• Environment Impact Assessment Notification - 2006
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 4: STRATEGIC PLANNING OF COASTAL ZONE AND SHORELINE IN INDIA
• Environmental Guidelines for Develop-ment of Beaches
• CRZ Notification
• EIA Notification
• Guidelines / Manuals for Coastal Protection
• Draft National Strategy for Coastal Protection
• Shoreline Management Plans (SMP)
The existing regulations provide a good basis for developing guidelines for climate change resilience.
Understanding effectiveness of each of the coastal protection measure is a must.
New guidelines to accommodate climate change impacts need to be followed.
There is a need to make some amendments in the existing CRZ and other regulatory regimes in India.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Coastal Systems
APPENDIX 5 : COASTAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN INDIA
Coastal Scientific Research in the following fields reviewed and key gaps identified providing a research direction for the future.
A. Coastal Processes – Waves, Tides, Currents, Cyclones and Storm Surge
B. Coastal Processes – Sediment and Shoreline Dynamics
C. Coastal Ecological Processes
D. Coastal Processes- Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
E. Coastal Protection – Hard Options
F. Coastal Protection –Soft Options
G. Coastal Management
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 6 : COASTAL PROCESSES
• How are waves generated?
• Where do waves in India come from?
• How are tides generated?
• How are currents generated?
• Climate change and extreme events
• Tsunami
• Beach responses
• Sediment cell and Sediment pie
• Stable (“Happy”) vs. Unstable (“Hungry”) Beach
• Over-topping
• Design water level
• Coastal Processes in Climate Change Scenario
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Interventions for
Coastal Practitioners
1. Dune Care: nurturing existing or artificial sand dunes, focussing on methods to enhance the dunes
2. Nourishment: Introduction of new sand to the beach system
3. By-passing: Sand trapped near a structure or river is moved past the blockage
4. Back-passing: Sand which travels along a beach is moved back to its starting point
APPENDIX 7 : SAND-BASED SOLUTIONS
FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 8 : SEAWALLS- THEIR LIMITATIONS IN CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO
• Engineering Design of Seawalls
• Effectiveness and Impacts of Seawalls in India
• Limits to Adaptation for Seawalls
• Case Studies
• Discussion
CASE STUDIES
• D1 Visakhapatnam
• D2 Puducherry
• D3 Digha, West Bengal
• D4 Valiathura, Kerala
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 9 : GROYNE DESIGN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
• General Theory
• Computer Modelling of Groynes
• Case Studies
• When and Where Should Groynes be Used
• Designing a Groyne Field
• Conclusions
Case Studies
Groyne Pairs at Puducherry
Groynes North of Chennai Port, Tamil Nadu
Groin Pair at Panathura coast, Thiruvananthapuram
Groyne, Gold Coast, Australia
Groyne field, Bournemouth, England
Low-Crested Groynes, Point Lonsdale, Victoria, Australia
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 10 : OFFSHORE REEFS, BREAKWATERS AND ISLANDS- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CC SCENARIO
• Theory of Offshore Reefs
• Salients in the Tropics
• Case Studies
Gold Coast, Australia
Borth, Wales, United Kingdom
Kovalam, Kerala
• Discussion
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Project Planning
APPENDIX 11 : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING
Discusses the requirements for Data Collection and Modelling for planning and implementing coastal protection measures.
Important parameters: • Bathymetry • Wind • Sea Level • Hydrodynamics • Sediment Dynamics • Beach Morphology • Grain Size • River Flow • Water quality parameters
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELEINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 11 (contd..) : DATA COLLECTION AND MODELLING
The Power of Models
• Modelling provides a vehicle by which coastal engineers can illustrate complex interactions, test theories and project future situations and outcomes.
• Capable of reproducing all relevant coastal physical processes.
• Rapid growth in the quality and ability of models
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 12 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF COASTAL PROTECTION
The EIA Process
• Project Proposal, Scoping and Consideration of Alternatives
• Impact Prediction and Assessment of Alternatives
• The EIA Report
Structure of EIA Report • Introduction • Project description • Description of environment • Anticipated environmental
impacts & mitigation measures • Analysis of alternatives • Environmental
monitoringprogram • Additional studies • Project benefits • Environmental Cost - Benefit
analysis • EMP • Summary & Conclusion
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 13 : CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR INDIAN COAST
• Climate & Climate Change • Climate Change Studies by
Indian Institutes • Climate Change Projections o Cyclonic Storms o Storm Surges o Storm Surge Projections o Waves o Wave Projections o Sea Level Rise o Sea Level Trends o Sea Level Projections
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Proposed Data Presentation in India-WRIS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
SLR trend from historic data
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
SLR Proje-ction 2100
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
Significant wave height projections 2050 & 2100
APPENDIX 14: USING THE WRIS DATABASE
• India-WRIS • CRCPMP Data
Development o IIT Bombay o IIT Delhi o NIO, Goa o IITM, Pune o Climsystems, NZ
• Quality Assurance Process
• Coastal Data Proposed to Port in WRIS as Part of the CRCPMP
• Data Format in WRIS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 15 : ECONOMICS AND LIFE-CYCLE COSTING FOR COASTAL PROTECTION SCHEMES
• Cost Benefit Analysis • Assessing Costs • Assessing Benefits • Assessing When Benefits
Occur • Probability Matrix • Economic Analysis
Template • Not Quantified Costs and
Benefits • Methods of Valuing
Economic Environmental Values
Methodology Discount rate
Comment
Nourishment 1% Longlived, beneficial for full sediment cell
Offshore reefs
3% Widen beach; sediment stored in the salient
Offshore breakwaters
5% Requires more maintenance
Low-crested groynes
8% Can only slow sediment losses
Groynes 10% Needs maintenance, impact on downstream beaches
Seawalls 20% Beach is lost. Long term costs are high
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 16 : ISLAND CASE STUDIES
Lakshadweep islands • Coastal Erosion and
Protection • Understanding the
Islands • Kavaratti Island • Shore Protection and
sand sources Andaman and Nicobar Islands Conclusions
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 17 : CALCULATING THE MINIMUM FLOOR LEVEL
• Introduction
• Physical Environment
• Finding the Minimum Floor Level
• Description and Equations for Finding MFL
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
APPENDIX 18 : TRAINING MODULE FOR CLIMATE RSILIENT COASTAL PROTECTION &
MANAGEMENT
• Introduction
• Schedule and Outline of Instruction Material
• Brief Outline of Instruction Material
• Feedback and Evaluation
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GUIDELINES FOR COASTAL PROTECTION