Climate responsive Climate responsive Architecture in BrazilArchitecture in Brazil – –
examples from Curitiba examples from Curitiba Masterproject „Tropical Wood Architecture – Case Study Brazil“
Prof. Dr. Eduardo KrügerGastwissenschaftler Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) – Fachbereich
Bayphysik und technischer Ausbau (fbta)Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba PR, Brazil
BIOCLIMATIC APPROACHBIOCLIMATIC APPROACH
Bioclimatic zoning in BrazilBioclimatic zoning in Brazil
Zoneamento Bioclimático Original NBR 15220 – Desempenho Térmico de Edificações Habitacionais Unifamiliares de Interesse Social (ABNT, 2005) [terceira parte da norma: primeira versão do Zoneamento Bioclimático Brasileiro]
Methods used for the first version of Methods used for the first version of the Brazilian Bioclimatic Zoningthe Brazilian Bioclimatic Zoning
• Mahoney Tables
• Givoni’s Building Bioclimatic Chart (BBC)
Mahoney TablesMahoney TablesMethod proposed in 1970 by Carl Mahoney (AA School, London)
for bioclimatic design
• Gathering and organizing climate data (climate normals)• Analysis of data in a set of Tables• General recommendations for building design
Mahoney TablesMahoney TablesWikipedia:
The tables use readily available climate data and simple calculations to give design guidelines, in a manner similar to a spreadsheet, as opposed to detailed thermal analysis or simulation. There are six tables; four are used for entering climatic data, for comparison with the requirements for thermal comfort; and two for reading off appropriate design criteria. A rough outline of the table usage is:
Air Temperatures. The max, min, and mean temperatures for each month are entered into this table. Humidity, Precipitation, and Wind. The max, min, and mean figures for each month are entered into this table,
and the conditions for each month classified into a humidity group. Comparison of Comfort Conditions and Climate. The desired max/min temperatures are entered, and compared
to the climatic values from table 1. A note is made if the conditions create heat stress or cold stress (i.e. the building will be too hot or cold).
Indicators (of humid or arid conditions). Rules are provided for combining the stress (table 3) and humidity groups (table 2) to check a box classifying the humidity and aridity for each month. For each of six possible indicators, the number of months where that indicator was checked are added up, giving a yearly total.
Schematic Design Recommendations. The yearly totals in table 4 correspond to rows in this table, listing schematic design recommendations, e.g. 'buildings oriented on east-west axis to reduce sun exposure', 'medium sized openings, 20%-40% of wall area'.
Design Development Recommendations. Again the yearly totals from table 4 are used to read off recommendations, e.g. 'roofs should be high-mass and well insulated'.
Mahoney TablesMahoney Tables
Givoni’s BBC Givoni’s BBC
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TRY data plotted against BBC – Analysis Bio software
BBC for selected locations in Brazil, ordered by latitude – BBC for selected locations in Brazil, ordered by latitude – predicted HEAT, COMFORT and COLDpredicted HEAT, COMFORT and COLD
BBC for selected locations in Brazil, ordered by latitude – BBC for selected locations in Brazil, ordered by latitude – recommended strategiesrecommended strategies
DESIGN GUIDELINES
Bioclimatic zoning in BrazilBioclimatic zoning in Brazil
PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONEVALUATION
Curitiba locationCuritiba location
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• Curitiba is a city of 1.8 million inhabitants in Southern Brazil, at 25°25’ S, 49°16’ W and 934m altitude, in a region of temperate oceanic climate (Cfb), typically with dry winter and wet summers
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About CuritibaAbout Curitiba
• Widely regarded as a laboratory for innovation in urban design and urban management, Curitiba became known as an “ecological city” in the early 1990s
• The city has a long history in Brazilian urban planning
About CuritibaAbout Curitiba
BIOCLIMATIC ZONE 1BIOCLIMATIC ZONE 1Design guidelines (for social housing)
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of occupied low-
cost houses in Curitiba
• Technological Village of Curitiba, 120 houses, 100 of them occupied, 20 show-rooms, different building systems
• Thermal monitoring Ta and RH with data-loggers in winter 2000 and in summer 2000/2001
• Results interpreted relative to buildings’ characteristics
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of occupied low-
cost houses
DescriptionConcrete panelsWood panels Wood panels Mineralized wood boards Polystyrene plastered boards Earth cement bricks Hardwood boards Masonry, insulated Lightweight concrete panelsFiber cement panels Concrete panels with inner air layerConcrete boardsConcrete panels with inner air layerConcrete panels with polystyrene inner layerCeramic hollow blocks Concrete hollow blocksConcrete boardsConcrete panels
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of occupied low-
cost houses (WINTER)
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of
occupied low-cost houses (SUMMER)
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of
occupied low-cost houses (WINTER-SUMMER / Comfort)
Thermal PerformanceThermal PerformanceEliane Dumke’s study on thermal performance of
occupied low-cost houses HOW DID THE WOOD HOUSES PERFORM???Empresa/Estado Parede Cobertura
2 Battistella/SC Painéis de madeira com revestimento acrílico. Forro de madeira, câmara de ar com ventilação e telhas de fibrocimento.
3 Kürten/PR Painéis de madeira de pinus. Forro de madeira e telha cerâmica.7 Todeschini//MS Kit pré-fabricado de madeira de lei. Forro de madeira e telha cerâmica.
How to improve???How to improve???
Low-cost, recycled Low-cost, recycled materials, reusematerials, reuse
THERMAL MASS: USE OF THERMAL MASS: USE OF CONCRETE RUBBLECONCRETE RUBBLE
Marcio Komeno’s study on the use of rubble to increase thermal mass in Brasilia (UNB)
TC1 – hollow concrete blocksTC2 – concrete blocks with rubbleTC3 – concrete blocks with rubble and plaster
BIOCLIMATIC ZONE 4BIOCLIMATIC ZONE 4Design guidelines (for social housing)
USE OF CONCRETE RUBBLEUSE OF CONCRETE RUBBLEMarcio Komeno’s study on the use of rubble to increase thermal
mass in Brasilia (UNB)
IMPROVING ROOF’S INSULATION: IMPROVING ROOF’S INSULATION: USE OF TETRAPAKUSE OF TETRAPAK
Graziela Suetake´s study on the use of Tetrapak sheets as low-e material in roofs in Curitiba
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Test-cells concrete blocks, light concrete blocks, ceramic – 1m³ internal volume
USE OF TETRAPAKUSE OF TETRAPAKGraziela Suetake´s study on the use of Tetrapak sheets as
low-e material in roofs
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INCREASING WALLS’ INSULATION: INCREASING WALLS’ INSULATION: USE OF PET BOTTLESUSE OF PET BOTTLES
Study on the use of PET bottles as a hollow part of insulated concrete blocks (‘ISOPET’) in Curitiba
Thermal performance analysis of a building prototype - in winter / summer
SALAA: 11,52m²A: 2,40m²
BWC
HALLA: 1,42m²
A: 5,12m²CHURRASQ.
A: 24,50 m²PLANTA
PROJEÇÃO COBERTURA
Pt. 10 Pt. 1 Pt. 3 Pt. 8
Pt. 4; Pt. 5; Pt. 6
Pt. 7 Pt. 9
Pt. 2
SENSORES
INCREASING WALLS’ INSULATION: INCREASING WALLS’ INSULATION: USE OF PET BOTTLESUSE OF PET BOTTLES
Study on the use of PET bottles as a hollow part of insulated concrete blocks (‘ISOPET’) in Curitiba
Monitoring and use of predictive formulas
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Tmin,ext Tméd,ext Tmax,ext Tméd,intTemperatura mínima interna Tmin, int=0,857*GTmin+0,816*(Tmin-GTmin)+0,288*(Tavg(n-1)-Tmin)+3,55 Eq.2
Temperatura média interna Tavg, int=0,851*GTavg+0,602*(Tavg-GTavg)+3,55 Eq.3
Temperatura máxima interna
Tmax, int=0,802*GTmax+0,738*(Tmax-GTmax)+3,55 Eq.4
USE OF PET BOTTLESUSE OF PET BOTTLESStudy on the use of PET bottles as a hollow part of
insulated concrete blocks (‘ISOPET’) in Curitiba
Measurements and predictions for other climatic regions in Brazil – classified according to IPT´s rating scheme
IPT-inverno Critérios IPT-verão Critérios
Cidade A B C Cidade A B C
Fortaleza 365 0 0 Brasília 365 0 0
São Luís 365 0 0 Fortaleza 365 0 0
Natal 365 0 0 São Luís 365 0 0
Recife 365 0 0 Natal 365 0 0
Vitória 362 3 0 Vitória 365 0 0
Maringá 311 49 5 Recife 365 0 0
Florianópolis 290 67 8 Maringá 364 1 0
Brasília 269 95 1 Florianópolis 359 6 0
São Paulo 209 155 1 São Paulo 349 16 0
Porto Alegre 201 133 31 Porto Alegre 332 33 0
Curitiba 119 185 61 Curitiba 314 49 2
How to improve???How to improve???
Passive techniquesPassive techniques
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
Measurements and predictions for other climatic regions in southern Brazil – degree-days approach
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
Experimental configurations
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
Measurements and predictions for other climatic regions in southern Brazil – degree-days approach, for different modes of operation of the openings
Graphs show normalized data for winter-spring (left) and summer periods (right)
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
TROMBE WALL STUDYTROMBE WALL STUDYEimi Suzuki’s study
Measurements and performance predictions for other climatic regions in southern Brazil – degree-days approach, for different modes of operation of the openings relative to a base case without the system
Graph shows % reduction in cooling and heating degree days (two months in winter and summer)
Evaporative Cooling System Evaporative Cooling System ‘‘Vivienda Bioclimática Prototipo’ Vivienda Bioclimática Prototipo’ (VBP-1) – ongoing collaboration with Eduardo Gonzalez(VBP-1) – ongoing collaboration with Eduardo Gonzalez
A Vivienda Bioclimática Prototipo (VBP-1)
C Sistema de “cobertura-tanque de água” sobre os dormitórios
B Planta da Vivienda VBP-1
D Esquema do SPREI
VBP-1 in MaracaiboVBP-1 in Maracaibo
Diagrama PsicrométricoPb: 101.325 kPa. Altitud: 0 mZona de Confort y Estrategias
de Diseño.
Eduardo González, Abril 2006.
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Maracaibo, VenezuelaMaracaibo, Venezuela
•Lat: 10° 34’ N•Long: 71°44’ W•Alt: 66 msnm •Temperature (avg): 27.6 °C •Rel. Humid.: 76%•Daily temp. swing: 8°C•Precipitation 450~500 mm•Solar global radiation, avg per day: 4.2 kWh/m²
Maracaibo – hot humid conditionsMaracaibo – hot humid conditions
TBH 24ºC
TBH 26ºC
Monitoring the systemMonitoring the system
• De fevereiro a maioDe fevereiro a maio - Tmax em torno de 30 °C e Tmin redor de 25,5 °C . Oscilação diurna ≈ 4,5 °C. Dados para geração dos modelos.
• De maio a setembroDe maio a setembro - Tmax em torno de 33 ºC e Tmin redor de 27 ºC. Oscilação diurna ≈ 6,0 °C. Dados para validação dos modelos.
• Um clima muito difícil para a implementação de resfriamento evaporativo.
Fev 10 – Maio 12 Maio 13 – Sep 17
Pond = 3.67 + 0.6449*WBT + 0.3261*Tavg - 0.0638*Swing - 1.68*Water - 0.5*Fans (1)
SB_Max = -0.15 + 0.1333*Tavg + 0.6477*Pond + 0.2312*RnAvg + 0.1985*Swing +0.8*Use
SB_Avg = -1.0 + 0.1568*Tavg + 0.5925*Pond + 0.2899*RnAvg + 0.0406*Swing + 0.7*Use
SB_Min = 1+ 0.5414*Pond + 0.3298*RnAvg+0.0932*Tmin - 0.0668*Tdrop + 0.41*Use
(2)
(3)
(4)
NB_Max = -1.8 + 0.1616*Tavg + 0.5455*Pond + 0.3732*RnAvg + 0.113*Swing
NB_Avg = -2.3 + 0.1744*Tavg + 0.5319*Pond + 0.381*RnAvg + 0.0011*Swing
NB_Min = 1+ 0.5414*Pond + 0.3298*RnAvg+0.0932*Tmin - 0.0668*Tdrop
(5)
( 6)
(7)
Generating predictive formulas for the system – Generating predictive formulas for the system – collaboration with Baruch Givonicollaboration with Baruch Givoni
WBT = Temperatura de bulbo úmidoTavg = Temperatura média diária externa Tmin = Temperatura mínima diária externaRnAvg = Temperatura média ext de 10 dias anterioresSwing = Amplitude da temperatura diária (Tmax-Tmin) Pond = Temperatura da água no sistema teto-reservatório (Eq.1)Tdrop = Tmax(n-1) -Tmin – Diferença de temperatura entre máxima do dia anterior e mínima do dia atualUse = (uso do dormitório sul): 1 = com uso; 0 = sem uso
Fans = 0 = extrator desligado 1 = Uso de extrator de 8" 2 = Uso de extrator de 8" e Uso de extrator de 14" Water = 0 = sem água no sistema cobertura-tanque de água 1 = com água no sistema cobertura-tanque de água
Climate: Maracaibo
+ Usage
Timax = GTm + DelT + k(Tm-GTm)Tim = GTm + DelT …..Timin = GTmin + ….
+Climates: 1, 2, 3,….. 411.
Using the formulas for predicting thermal Using the formulas for predicting thermal performanceperformance
Outdoor heat discomfort in BrazilOutdoor heat discomfort in Brazil
Cooling degree-days for the upper limit of the adaptive comfort range
Temperature drop in the two bedrooms (North Bedroom empty, South Bedroom occupied)
Applicability of the systemApplicability of the system
Percentage reduction of cooling degree-days
Applicability of the systemApplicability of the system
How was the How was the vernacular vernacular
approach???approach???
Vernacular indigenous Vernacular indigenous architecturearchitecture
Buried structures (estruturas subterrâneas) from the Itarare tradition – study on the indigenous use of soil thermal mass
Current state and planned roof construction for indoor thermal monitoring – WORK IN PROGRESS …
Vernacular indigenous Vernacular indigenous architecturearchitecture
Current study at KITCurrent study at KITLinkage to other aspects of climate Linkage to other aspects of climate
responsiveness:responsiveness:
•Daylight / solar gains (particularly for Curitiba)Daylight / solar gains (particularly for Curitiba)
•Climate responsive urban planningClimate responsive urban planning
Field study on daylight effects on users Field study on daylight effects on users and outdoor thermal comfort versus and outdoor thermal comfort versus
long- and short-term acclimatization at long- and short-term acclimatization at the climate chamber LOBSTER the climate chamber LOBSTER
Prof. Dr. Eduardo L. KrügerProf. Dr. Eduardo L. Krüger
PhD Student Cintia TamuraPhD Student Cintia Tamura
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPRUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR
Curitiba. Paraná, Brazil Curitiba. Paraná, Brazil
[email protected]@utfpr.edu.br
Research Methods - Daylight study
Research Methods - Daylight study
• Research purpose: explore the relationship between the availability of daylight resulting from solar orientation of openings in buildings, i.e. solar access and impacts on non-visual health of adult humans.
• Theoretical background: daylight importance for circadian cycle (Kueller 2002, Stephen 2004, Webb 2006); lack of daylight / permanence during long periods in indoor spaces with artificial lighting can deregulate biological cycles and alter occupant’s behavior and performance as well (Anderson at al. 2009, Bellia et al.2011, Bará & Compostela 2014).
Fig. 1: Variation of daylight´s wavelength along the day, and wavelenght´s values of some lamps. Source: adapted from Hecht (2012)
Research Methods - Daylight study
• Hypothesis: Different amounts of daylight provided by solar orientation or the complete absence of daylight will bring impacts to non-visual health and behavior of adult humans (Boyce 2004, Mead 2008, Teft 2012, Sanassi 2014, Boubekri 2008, Martau 2010).
• Method: In the present study, the impacts of opening orientation and availability of daylight will be correlated to conditions of circadian cycle for the same subjects in different seasons of the year.
– Measurements will be done during three seasons of the year (winter, spring and summer) in LOBSTER. Biological indicators of sleep/wake, activity patterns and stress levels will be objectively measured as well as psychological indicators involving mood, anxiety, stress levels, SAD affects, sleep quality index.
Research Methods - Daylight study
• Experimental plan with configurations
Subjects A,B Subjects A,B
OFFICE 1
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
No daylight (shutters down)
Daylight max (south-facing)
Daylight min (north-facing)
No daylight(shutters down)
Subjects E,F Subjects E,F
OFFICE 2Daylight max (south-facing)
No daylight (shutters down)
No daylight(shutters down)
Daylight min (north-facing)
Sample:16 Participants (ideally) with use of LOBSTER of one whole month
[16 X 4 (days) X 3 (seasons)= 192 sessions]
8 participants (minimum) with two-week use of LOBSTER [8 X 4 (days) X 3 (seasons)= 96 sessions]
Research Methods - Acclimatization study
Research Methods - Acclimatization study
• Research purpose: evaluation of short and long-term acclimatization effects on a subject’s thermal sensation and perception.
• Theoretical background: stepping from thermal homogeneity to the outdoors should create immediate responses that could diminish with time of exposure – Alliesthesia concept (Cabanac 1971, Parkinson et al. 2012, De Dear …), once the subject was for a long time within a thermally static environment, „with no opportunity for the body to interpret the ‘usefulness’ of a stimulus for thermoregulation“, there is a greater chance that he will more effectively experience thermal pleasure / unpleasure.
Research Methods - Acclimatization study
• Hypotheses’ summary
HYPOTHESIS TEST REFERENCESalliesthesia hypothesis
Testing whether filling out questionnaires after a longer time of exposure outside will give: 1) more reliable correlations to predicted outdoor comfort indices; 2) higher consistency of data in respect of measured variables. Comparisons in this case could be made to outdoor data collected in previous studies (Brazil, Scotland).
Cabanac, 1971; Parkinson et al., 2012; De Dear …
psychological adaptation
Testing whether differing views of the outdoor setting in the chamber might have an influence over the subject’s thermal response
Nikolopoulou & Steemers, 2003
long-term or seasonal acclimatization
Testing whether subjective and objective responses to outdoor conditions are correlated to seasonal factors
ASHRAE Standard 55; Pearlmutter et al., 2014
Research Methods - Acclimatization study
• METHOD Short term: acclimatization effects from a sudden transition from
controlled indoor conditions to the outdoor space in three time lapses: immediately, after 15 min and after 30 min in the outdoor space around LOBSTER (after the 5-h period inside the chamber)
Long term: seasonal effects of thermal preference outdoors, with same individuals taking part of the study repeatedly in different seasons of the year
Analysis : comparison of responses in different time lapses and for different
conditions (Table) to objective indices, such as UTCI [collaboration with UTCI-developers at IfADo]
consistency tests (statistically)
Research Methods - Acclimatization study
• METHOD
Conditions Monitored Controlled Conditions (Indoors) with PMV=0 for all data series,
which will involve constant thermal conditions throughout the day (in combination with the DAYLIGHTING STUDY)
Varying Conditions (Outdoors): natural exposure, survey questionnaires, light walking condition, standardized clothing
Variables of Interest Outdoor microclimatic conditions next to the subject (IfADo portable
equipment), body surface temperature Thermal comfort questionnaire surveys, including thermal
perception and thermal preference
Vielen Dank für Ihre Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!Aufmerksamkeit!
Contact : [email protected] : [email protected]