Black line shows the annual figure
Red line shows the trend over the full 33 years
Blue lines show the varying rate of the trend over 10 year periods
CO2 CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT MAUNA LOA TO 2007 WITH PROJECTED INCREASE TO 2020 USING ANNUAL
GROWTH RATE OF 1.95 PPM/YR
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
CO
2 (P
PM
)
1970 – 1979: 1.3 ppm/y
1980 – 1989: 1.6 ppm/y
1990 – 1999: 1.5 ppm/y
2000 – 2007: 2.0 ppm/y
2007: 2.2 ppm/y
Year 2007 Atmospheric CO2 concentration: ≈ 383 ppm
37% above pre-industrial
Data Source: Pieter Tans and Thomas Conway, NOAA/ESRL
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
15 LARGEST CO2 EMITTING STATES - 2007 DATA
STATE MWHR ACCUM. TOTAL TONS CO2 ACCUM. TOTAL
TX 321 x 106 321 x 106 262 x 106 262 x 106
OH 143 x 106 464 x 106 138 x 106 400 x 106
FL 162 x 106 626 x 106 134 x 106 535 x 106
IN 133 x 106 759 x 106 132 x 106 667 x 106
PA 133 x 106 992 x 106 123 x 106 790 x 106
IL 106 x 106 1.098 x 106 109 x 106 899 x 106
KY 96 x 106 1,194 x 106 102 x 106 1,001 x 106
GA 110 x 106 1,304 x 106 101 x 106 1,102 x 106
AL 106 x 106 1,410 x 106 95 x 106 1,197 x 106
WV 96 x 106 1,506 x 106 91 x 106 1,287 x 106
MO 82 x 106 1,588 x 106 80 x 106 1,367 x 106
MI 71 x 106 1,659 x 106 79 x 106 1,446 x 106
NC 71 x 106 1,730 x 106 78 x 106 1,524 x 106
AZ 84 x 106 1,814 x 106 66 x 106 1,590 x 106
TN 64 x 106 1,878 x 106 64 x 106 1,651 x 106
NAT. TOTAL 4.025 x 109 46% 2.5 x 109 66%
Volume of 15 States’ CO2
Liquid phase:
Liquid density (at -20 °C (or -4 °F) and 19.7 bar) : 1032 kg/m3
0.348 Cubic Miles
Gaseous phase:
Gas density (1.013 bar and 15 °C (59 °F)) : 1.87 kg/m3
192 Cubic Miles
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
MASSACHUSETTS ET AL. v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
No. 05–1120. Argued November 29, 2006—Decided April 2, 2007
“EPA does not dispute the existence of a causal connection between man-made greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. At a minimum, therefore, EPA’s refusal to regulate such emissions “contributes” to Massachusetts’ injuries.”
“§202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles in the event that it forms a “judgment” that such emissions contribute to climate change. We have little trouble concluding that it does. “
“EPA has offered no reasoned explanation for its refusal to decide whether greenhouse gases cause or contribute to climate change. Its action was therefore “arbitrary, capricious, . . . or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
WORLD OIL PRODUCTION AND DEMAND 2004-2007
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
2004 2005 2006 2007
TOTAL WORLD OIL SUPPLY MMBPDTOTAL WORLD OIL DEMAND MMBPD
2004 2005 2006 2007
Oil Supply
OECD
United States 8.70 8.32 8.33 8.46
Other OECD 14.11 13.56 13.26 13.00
Total OECD 22.81 21.88 21.59 21.46
Non-OECD
OPEC 34.45 36.09 35.83 35.42
Former U.S.S.R. 11.34 11.77 12.15 12.60
Other Non-OECD 14.50 14.84 14.97 14.96
Total Non-OECD 60.29 62.70 62.96 62.98
Total World Supply 83.10 84.58 84.54 84.44
Petroleum (Oil) Demand
OECD
United States 20.73 20.80 20.69 20.68
Other OECD 28.70 29.03 28.89 28.46
Total OECD 49.44 49.83 49.57 49.14
Non-OECD
China 6.44 6.72 7.20 7.58
Former U.S.S.R. 4.04 4.07 4.21 4.28
Other Non-OECD 22.49 23.20 23.97 24.75
Total Non-OECD 32.97 33.99 35.37 36.60
Total World Demand 82.41 83.82 84.95 85.75
Candidate nuclear heat sources:Candidate nuclear heat sources: Advanced Light Water Reactors
- Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) - Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (APWR) - Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR)
Advanced Liquid-metal-Cooled Reactors - Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) - Pb/Pb-Bi Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)
Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors - Advanced Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (AGMHR)
- Pebble bed Modular Helium Reactor (PB HTGR) - Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) - Gas Fast Reactor (GFR)
Advanced High-Temp. Reactor (AHTR)
Reactor Technology Candidates for HReactor Technology Candidates for H2 2 ProductionProduction
Reactor Technology Toutlet (oC) ηth (%)
Super Critical Water Reactor 400 - 600 47 - 51
Advanced High Temp Reactor 750 - 1000 NE
Supercritical CO2 Cycle 650 - 750 38 - 45
Helium Gas Cooled Reactor 850 - 950 45 - 48
Advanced Light Water Reactor 285 - 320 32 - 34
Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003
Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of Comparison of thermal-to-hydrogen efficiencies of HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature HTSE and SI processes as a function of temperature
Yildiz & Kazimi, MIT-NES-TR-001, Sept. 2003
T outlet (oC)
Vattenfall’s 30 MW Oxy-combustion Test Facility at Vattenfall’s 30 MW Oxy-combustion Test Facility at the Schwarze Pumpe Power Plant in Germanythe Schwarze Pumpe Power Plant in Germany
REVERSE WATER GAS SHIFTREVERSE WATER GAS SHIFT
COCO2 2 + H+ H22 = CO + H = CO + H22OO
We know the chemistry.We know the chemistry.
At proposed throughput rate, mechanics At proposed throughput rate, mechanics and economics are unknown.and economics are unknown.
From Veld to FactoryFrom Veld to Factory
The location of Sasol’s huge new factory, Secunda
Sasol Synfuels complex, Units 2 & 3 – Secunda South Africa
2007 Production: approx. 160,000 bbl/day
Progress Energy’s Crystal River FL PlantProgress Energy’s Crystal River FL Plant2442 MW Coal; 890 MW Nuclear2442 MW Coal; 890 MW Nuclear
Unit 1: 440 MW Coal-fired (on line 1966)Unit 1: 440 MW Coal-fired (on line 1966)
“I believe that water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it, used singly or together, will furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light, of an intensity of which coal is not capable.” Jules Verne, The Mysterious Island (1874)