8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
1/39
BEAUGRANDE
COHERENCE
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
2/39
COHESION /COHERENCE
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
3/39
I had a cup of tea. I got up. I woke up.
He found her an efficient typist.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
4/39
The purchasing power of the proposed fifteen
hundred shop outlets would have meant
excellent price reductions to customers
across Britain and the United States. Theflagship, Harrods, had never been integrated
with the rest and would emerge to retain its
particular character and choice.
Its offen written, as a handy journalists tag,
that I suffered from obsession to controlthe
splendid Knightsbridge store.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
5/39
1500
.
.
...
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
6/39
KEYWORDS
COHERENCE SENSE CONTINUITY OF SENSES CONCEPTS (PRIMARY SECONDARY)
RELATIONS KNOWLEDGE SPACE KNOWLEDGE : DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL. SEMANTIC/EPISODIC MEMORY
GLO
BAL PATTERNS:F
RAMES / SCH
EMAS/SCRIPTS / PLANS SPREADING ACTIVATION INHERITANCE INFERENCE
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
7/39
Textual world
Backgroundknowledge
Worldknowledge
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
8/39
COHERENCE:TEXT MODEL
BACKGROUND - COMMONSENSEKNOWLEDGE
WO
RLD
TOP DOWN BOTTOM UP
REPRESENTED KNOWLEDGE
TEXTUAL WORLD
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
9/39
COHERENCE
The ways in which components of the
textual world -configurations of conceptsand relations- which underlie the surface
text are mutually accessible and relevant.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
10/39
COHERENCE
The outcome of actualizing meanings in
order to make sense
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
11/39
MEANINGS - SENSE
MEANING -VIRTUAL
potential of a language expression for
conveying meaning)
SENSE AC
TUALKnowledge actually conveyed by
expressions
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
12/39
SENSE CONTINUITY
SENSE
TEXT
Textual
world
Senseless TEXT: no continuity of senses
Continuity of senses
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
13/39
CONCEPTS -DEFINITION
A configuration of knowledge (a cognitive
content) that can be recovered or activated with
more or less consistency and unity.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
14/39
CONCEPTS -FUZZINESS
Concepts are adaptable to differentenvironments and are fuzzy as regardstheir components and boundaries
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
15/39
CONCEPTS -DECOMPOSITION
1. Essential components (DETERMINATE
KNOWLEDGE)2. Non-essential components (true for most
but not all instances (TYPICAL
KNOWLEDGE)
3. Unstable/variable components
(ACCIDENTAL KNOWLEDGE)
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
16/39
CONCEPTSDECOMPOSITION
1. All humans are mortal2. Humans usually live in communities
3. Some humans happend to appear
blond
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
17/39
CONCEPTSBUILDING THE TEXTUAL WORLD
PROCEDURAL SEMANTICS
NOT: How can concepts be decomposed?BUT: How are expressions assigned
conceptual senses?
H
ow are senses put together intolarger configurations of a textualworld?
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
18/39
CONCEPTSBUILDING THE TEXTUAL WORLD
The content of a concept (the sense of anexpression) in a text is an ordered set ofhypotheses about accessing and activatingcognitive elements within a current pattern.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
19/39
TEXTUAL PROCESSINGPROCEDURES
SPREADING ACTIVATION INHERITANCE
INFERENCE
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
20/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
When some item of knowledge is activated,other items closely associated with it in
mental storage also become active
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
21/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
PRODUCTION RECEPTION
OUTWARD INWARD
From concepts/relations From expressions
To preferred expressions To concepts
(associations/predictions/hypotheses/mental images)
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
22/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
Control center
Paths
(spreading
Routes)
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
23/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
Spreading activation
Utlization of knowledge
(Declarative/procedural
Episodic semantic memory)
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
24/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE: Stored factualknowledge about the organization of events and situations inreal-world
PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE: stored facts orbeliefs in formats intended for specific use (know how)
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
25/39
SPREADING ACTIVATION
EPISODIC MEMORY: storage of specificincidents in ones own experience
CONCEPTUAL MEMORY: systemizedknowledge about the world
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
26/39
GLOBAL PATTERNS
TOP DOWN PERSPECTIVEKNOWLEDGE PATERNS
GLO
BAL PATTERNS
FRAMES SCHEMAS PLANS SCRIPTS
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
27/39
GLOBAL PATTERNS
Frames: contain commonsense knowledgeabout some central concepts.
eg. house, marriage,
SCHEMAS: global patterns of events andstates in ordered sequences linked by time
proximity and causality.
eg. How to build a house, marriage ceremony
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
28/39
GLOBAL PATTERNS
PLANS: global patterns of events and statesleading up to an intended goal
SCRIPTS: stabilized called-up plans veryfrequently to specify the roles of participantsand their actions
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
29/39
GLOBAL PATTERNS
FRAMES: How a topic might be developed in atext
SCH
EMAS:H
ow an event will progress in asequence
PLANS: How text users or characters in textualworlds will pursue their goals
SCRIPTS: how situations are set up so thatcertain texts can be presented at the opportunemoment.
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
30/39
INHERITANCE
ECONOMY
A chicken is an animal A chicken is a bird
A robin is a bird
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
31/39
INHERITANCE
The transfer of knowledge among items ofthe same or similar types
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
32/39
INHERITANCE
Mammals/animals
Elephants do not play piano Napoleon was a human being, he
presumably had toes
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
33/39
INHERITANCE
TYPES1. An instance inherits all the
characteristics of its class unlessexpressely cancelled
2. Subclass inherits from superclass onlythose characteristics that the narrowerspecification of the subclasses allows
3. Entities can inherit from those withwhich they stand in analogy
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
34/39
INHERITANCE
TYPES
1. Napoleon had toes2. Ostriches / birds
3. Human mind / computer
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
35/39
INFERENCE
Supplying reasonable concepts andrelations to fill in a gap or discontinuity ina textual world
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
36/39
COHERENCE MODEL
BUILDING THE TEXTUAL WORLD
COHERENCE is envisioned as theoutcome of combining CONCEPTS andRELATIONS into a network composed ofKNOWLEDGE SPACES centred around
main TOPICS
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
37/39
CONCEPTS
PRIMARY CONCEPTS
OBJECTS SITUATIONS
EVENTS
ACTIONS
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
38/39
CONCEPTS
SECONDARY CONCEPTS
DEF
INING EVENTS, AC
TIO
NS, AO
BJEC
TS ANDSITUATIONS (state, agent, affected, relation, attribute, location,time, motion, instrument, form, part, substance, )
DEFINING HUMAN EXPERIENCE (reason, purpose,apperception, cognition, emotion, volition, )
DEFINING CLASS INCLUSION (instance, specification,superclass, metaclass, )
DEFINING RELATIONS (initiation, termination, entry exit,proximity, )
8/8/2019 Coherence Beau Grande
39/39
RELATIONS
STATE OF
AGENT OF
AFF
EC
TED RELATIO
NOF
ATTRIBUTE OF
LOCATION OF
TIME OF
MOTION OF
INSTRUMENTOF