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Cold War Review Guide
APUSH Review Guide for the Cold War timed writing quiz (photo on last page is Public Domain, from Wiki Commons, political cartoon at Right, pictured JFK and Khrushchev, is located at talkandroid.com)
This guide aims to aid student study and review of the Cold War. The information covers several chapters. Significant content review may also
be found in the last few reading guides, mainly going back to WWII. For the timed writing quiz, please note, no guides or notes may be used,
however this review guide can earn up to 10 bonus points (timeline review portion).
Learning Goals: Analyze the causes and effects of the Cold War. Evaluate the effectiveness of Presidential and Congressional actions in “fighting” this Cold War. A note about the Cold War and the AP exam The Cold War ended with the destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991. In the last decade, essay prompts regarding Cold War themes have been increasing. Below are previous prompts that include such themes. One strategy for studying this theme is to simply pre-write for select prompts. 1972 FRQ Discuss the changing attitudes of historians towards the origins of the Cold War. 1984 FRQ Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.
Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman’s foreign policy. 1992 FRQ In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following
Churchill’s speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question. 1996 FRQ Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade following the Second World War. Yalta Conference; Communist Revolution in China; Korean War; McCarthyism 1997 FRQ How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War? 1999 FRQ Assess the success of the United States policy of containment in Asia between 1945 and 1975. 2001 DBQ What were the Cold War fears of the American people in the aftermath of the Second World War? How successfully did the administration of
President Dwight D. Eisenhower address these fears? Use the documents and your knowledge of the years 1948-1961 to construct your response. 2002 FRQ Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following shaped American politics after the Second World War.
Anticommunism in the 1940’s and 1950’s; The women’s liberation movement in the 1960’s; The “silent majority” in the 1970’s
2004 FRQ Analyze the successes and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment as it developed in TWO of the following regions of the world during the period 1945 to 1975. East and Southeast Asia; Europe; Latin America; Middle East
2006 DBQ Analyze developments from 1941 to 1949 that increased suspicions and tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. 2008 DBQ Analyze the ways in which the Vietnam War heightened social, political, and economic tensions in the United States. Focus your answer on the
period 1964 to 1975.
2009 FRQ Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans’ confidence in both.
2010 FRQ Analyze the effects of the Vietnam War on TWO of the following in the United States in the period from 1961 to 1975. The presidency;
The population between 18 and 35 years old; Cold War diplomacy 2011 DBQ Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s
administration responded to them. 2012 FRQ Compare and contrast the Cold War foreign policies of TWO of the following presidents. Harry Truman (1945–1953); Dwight Eisenhower (1953–
1961); Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
2 Cold War Review Timeline Complete the timeline by adding definitions and noting historical significance of each item. Consider the past prompts regarding Cold War when analyzing each item. There are more significant events than the ones listed here, but this will provide a sturdy backbone to your review.
1914: -WWI began in Europe 1917: -Russian Czar removed, new government flirted with Capitalism,
USSR pulled out of WWI -U.S. entered WWI
1919: -Lenin lead Bolshevik Revolution with violent implementation of Marxist ideology of communism. -First Red Scare in the U.S.; Palmer Raids
1920 -Wilson urged U.S. to participate in the League of Nations and a young Winston Churchill warned world of the dangers to world peace but isolationism dominated both nations until WWII -Lenin and Stalin determined to prevent the west from destroying their communist dream What role did industrialization around the world during the 19th century play in the coming Cold War? What role did WWI play in the coming Cold War?
1922 -USSR established 1920s -U.S. provided famine relief to USSR but did not recognize their government 1933 -FDR formally recognized the USSR, diplomatic relations began
3 1941 -US enters WWII and extended support to USSR via Lend Lease -US and USSR became allies 1942 -Manhattan Project began 1943 -Teheran Conference 1945 -Yalta Conference
-Potsdam Conference
1945 -U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-United Nations established, both USSR and US are members with veto power -WWII ends
What role did WWII play in the coming Cold War?
1946 - "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." –Churchill
1946 -USSR broke agreement to pull out of Iran, Truman protested and Stalin backed down How did this event in Iran compare to events in Eastern Europe in 1945?
4 1947 …and the Cold War “officially” began
-Kennan’s Containment -Truman Doctrine
-Marshall Plan -National Security Act
-HUAC begins investigating “reds” Second Red Scare
1948 -Berlin Blockade by Stalin and Berlin Airlift by Truman -Israel established and officially recognized by the U.S. -Voice of America began broadcasts behind the Iron Curtain -Draft reinstated -Alger Hiss case 1949 -Berlin Airlift ended -USSR had atomic bomb -Mao Zedong and the communists defeated Jiang Jeishi and the Nationalists in China -North Atlantic Treaty Organization established (NATO)
5 1950 -McCarthyism began… -McCarran Internal Security Bill passed over Truman’s veto -Korean War began 1951 -Truman fired MacArthur -Rosenbergs convicted 1952 -US had hydrogen bomb
-Dwight Eisenhower elected president Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Truman’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War? 1953 -Ike takes office and Korean War ends; New Look foreign policy The Cold War, following the end of the Korean War in 1953 and the continued division at the 38th parallel, continued until 1989 when the Berlin Wall came down and 1991 when the Soviet Union broke up. The policy of containment continued, although presidents and Congress varied strategies. The determination of America to weaken or halt the spread of communism led to un-democratic acts in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The greatest conflict of the Cold War was… then… America sacrificing democracy for democracy. As you review post Korean War events, keep this complexity in mind.
6 1953 CIA inspired coup in Iran
1954 France lost Vietnam
Army-McCarthy hearings
SEATO formed
CIA sponsored coup in Guatemala
1955 Geneva Summit
Warsaw Pact
1956 Soviets crush Hungarian revolt
Suez Crisis
Eisenhower reelected
1957 Eisenhower Doctrine
Soviets launch Sputnik
NASA established
1958 Second Berlin Crisis
U.S. troops sent to Lebanon
1959 Fidel Castro/Cuban Revolution
Kitchen Debate
1960 U-2 spy plane incident …Khrushchev calls off Paris Summit after spy plane shot down;
this following USSR rejection of “Open Skies”
JFK elected
OPEC formed
7 Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Eisenhower’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?
1961 JFK entered office; Flexible Response foreign policy
Continued Berlin crisis , reignited from 1958
Berlin Wall constructed
Bay of Pigs
JFK sent military advisors to South Vietnam
1962 Cuban missile crisis
1963 Anti-Diem coup in Vietnam
JFK assassinated and LBJ takes over Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Kennedy’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies.
1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1965 U.S. troops occupy Dominican Republic
8 1967 Six Day War
1968 Vietnam War escalates
Tet Offensive
Nixon elected
Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Johnson’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?
1969 U.S. astronauts land on the moon
Nixon entered office
1970 Nixon ordered invasion of Cambodia
1971 Pentagon Papers published
1972 Nixon visits China and USSR ABM and SALT I treaties ratified
Nixon re-elected
Munich massacre (summer Olympics)
1973 Vietnam cease-fire/Armistice
War Powers Act
Arab-Israeli War & Arab oil embargo
9
1974 Nixon resigned; Ford took over
First OPEC price increase … quadrupled price after ending embargo
Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Nixon’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?
1975 Helsinki Accords
South Vietnam falls to the Northern communists …official end of this proxy war
1976 Carter elected president
Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Ford’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies.
1977 Carter entered office
1978 Camp David Accords
1979 Iranian Revolution and Iranian hostage crises
SALT II agreements signed (but never ratified by the Senate)
USSR invaded Afghanistan … became the Soviet’s “Vietnam”
1980 U.S. boycotted Olympics in Moscow
Reagan elected
10 1981 Hostages released from Iran … same day Reagan took oath of office
Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Carter’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extend were Middle Eastern events connected to Cold War?
Solidarity movement in Poland
U.S. began aid to anti-leftist forces in Central America
1983 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
U.S. marines killed in Lebanon
U.S. invaded Grenada
1984 Reagan re-elected
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in USSR
First Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Geneva)
1986 Second Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Reykjavik, Iceland)
Reagan backed Aquino in Philippines
Iran-Contra revealed
11 1987 U.S. Naval escorts begin in Persian Gulf
Third Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Washington DC) …INF Treaty signed
Reagan tells Gorbachev… “tear down this wall”
1988 Fourth Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Moscow)
George H. W. Bush elected
1989 George H.W. Bush took office Chinese government suppressed pro-democracy demonstrations… Tiananmen Square
Eastern Europe breaks away from USSR
Berlin Wall comes down
1990 East and West Germany re-unite
Iraq invades Kuwait
1991 Persian Gulf War
Gorbachev resigns
Yeltsin leads Russia and USSR breaks up
Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Reagan’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extend were Middle Eastern events connected to Cold War?
Vice President George H. W. Bush,
President Ronald Reagan,
& Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev
12 Terms/Names for quick (or notecard) review…
Key People (not in chronological order) Main Events (not in chronological order)
A. Mitchell Palmer Woodrow Wilson
Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin
Franklin Roosevelt
Senator McCarthy Alger Hiss
Whitaker Chambers The Rosenbergs
George Kennan Ho Chi Minh
Kim Il Sung Mao Zedong
Jiang Jeshi Mikhail Gorbachev
Nikita Kruschev Fidel Castro
Cold War Presidents & their policies
Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson,
Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan
Secretaries of State… especially Marshall,
Dulles, Kissinger
Bolshevik Revolution League of Nations
WWII Conferences
Marshall Plan Hollywood Ten J. Edgar Hoover
Atomic weapons Point Four Program 38th
parallel
McCarthyism 17th
parallel
Truman Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine DMZ
Reagan Doctrine Iron Curtain eastern bloc
Flexible Response Containment Berlin Airlift
MAD; mutually assured destruction HUAC
SDI; Strategic Defense Initiative Domino Theory
SALT I and SALT II Arms Race Sputnik
Man on the Moon Korean War NASA
Second Red Scare; red hunt; McCarthyism Brinkmanship
Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Tet Offensive My Lai Massacre
Cuban Missile Crisis Bay of Pigs Détente
Russian invasion of Afghanistan Watergate
Camp David Accords Iran Hostage Crisis post war Japan
Iran Contra Affair War Powers Act Nuremburg trials
Chinese Revolution Military spending post WWII
Significance of oil production and oil dependence Taiwan
Arab-Israeli Conflict Guatemala intervention
Military Industrial Complex United Nations CIA
perestroika glasnost Berlin Wall
National Defense Education Act New Look
Khmer Rouge Hungarian revolt SOLIDARITY
Iranian Coup and Revolution
Presidential elections: 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976,
1980, 1984
Also…. Pretty good review available at http://www.shmoop.com/causes-of-cold-war/