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COLOUR BLINDNESS
Skill labFakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
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Color blindness or color visiondeficiency is the inability toperceive differences between some
of the colors that others can
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normal
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protanope
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deuteranope
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tritanope
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Total colour-blindness
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retina
Normally, there are three kinds
ofcones (each one sensitive to aspecific range of wavelengths):
"red" cones (64%)
"green" cones (32%)"blue" cones (2%)
The normal human retina contains two kinds of light sensitivecells: the rod cel ls (active only in low l ight) and the conecel ls (active in normal dayl ight and responsible forcolor perception).
The different kinds of inherited color blindness result frompartial or complete loss of function of one or more of thedifferent cone systems.
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Blue conesabsent incentralfovea
Red, greenand blue conesensitivity vs.wavelength
curves
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CAUSES
GENETIC : sex-linked recessive / X-Linked
mutations from at least 19different chromosomes and 56different genes
Inherited color blindness congenital, non congenital (conedystrophy)
Others : trauma, radiation, maculardegeneration
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Females
X
N
X
N
=
Normal
XN
Xn
=
Carrier
Xn
Xn
=
affected
Males
XN
Y =
Normal
Xn
Y =
affected
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BUTA WARNA
BUTA WARNATOTAL
BUTA WARNAPARSIAL
Monochromacy
Rod monochromacy,
Cone monochromacy
Achromatopsia
Rod monochromacy,
Color Agnosia
cerebral Achromatopsi
Dichromacy
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Tritanopia
Anomalous trichromacy
Protanomaly
Deuteranomaly
Tritanomaly
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EPIDEMIOLOGIColor Deficiency Males Females
Protanopia 1% 0.01%Deuteranopia 1% 0.01%
Protanomaly 1% 0.01%
Deuteranomaly 5% 0.4%Overall (red-
green)8% 0.5%
Tritanopia 0.008% 0.008%
Tritanomaly Rare Rare
Rod
monochromatism
Rare Rare
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Monochromacy
is the condition of possessing only a single channel forconveying information about color. Monochromatspossess a complete inability to distinguish any colorsand perceive only variations in brightness.
Rod monochromacy, frequently called achromatopsia,where the retina contains no cone cells, so that in additionto the absence of color discrimination, vision in lights ofnormal intensity is difficult.
Cone monochromacy is the condition ofhaving bothrods and cones, but only a single kind of cone. A conemonochromat can have good pattern vision at normaldaylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish
hues.
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protanopia, deuteranopia,protanomaly, and deuteranomaly
SEX-LINKED
have difficulty with discriminatingred and green hues.
Red-green colorblindness
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PROTANOPIA (dichromacy)
1% of males
(no red cones; only green andblue)
unable to distinguish between colorsin the green-yellow-red section of thespectrum
the brightness of red, orange, andyellow is much reduced compared tonormal.
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17
B RG
437 nm
533 nm
Protan Dichromat(no red cones; only green and blue)
1% ofMales
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18
B G
437 nm
533 nm
Protan Dichromat(no red cones; only green and blue)
1% of Males (there is no redcurve)
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Protanomaly
Protanomaly (1% of males, 0.01% offemales)
Having a mutated form of the long-wavelength (red) pigment
whose peak sensitivity is at a shorterwavelength than in the normal retina,
less sensitive to red light than normal.
reds to reduce in intensity to the pointwhere they can be mistaken for black. Both protanomaly and deuteranomaly
are carried on the X chromosome.
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20
B RG
437 nm
533 nm
Protanomalous(red shifted toward green)
1% ofMales
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Deuteranopia(dichromacy)
1% of males
no green cones; only red andblue
unable to distinguish between colorsin the green-yellow-red section of thespectrum.
The deuteranope suffers the samehue discrimination problems as theprotanope
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24
B RG
437 nm 564 nm
Deutan Dichromat(no green cones; only red and blue)
1% ofMales
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25
B R
437 nm 564 nm
Deutan Dichromat(no green cones; only red and blue)
1% of Males (there is nogreen curve)
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Deuteranomaly
most common - 6% of males, 0.4% of females Having a mutated form of the medium-wavelength
(green) pigment. The medium-wavelength pigment is shifted towards the red
end of the spectrum resulting in a reduction in sensitivity tothe green area of the spectrum.
Unlike protanomaly the intensity of colors is unchanged The deuteranomalous person is considered "green weak".
For example, in the evening, dark green cars appear to beblack to Deuteranomalous people.
Similar to the protanomates, deuteranomates are poor at
discriminating small differences in hues in the red,orange, yellow, green region of the spectrum. One very important difference between deuteranomalous
individuals and protanomalous individuals isdeuteranomalous individuals do nothave the loss of"brightness" problem.
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27
B RG
437 nm 564 nm
Deuteranomaly(green shifted toward red)
5% ofMales
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Blue-yellow colorblindness
Those with tritanopia and tritanomaly have difficultywith discriminating blue and yellow hues.
Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short-wavelength sensitive cone system (whose absorptionspectrum peaks in the bluish-violet) is called tritanopiaor, loosely, blue-yellow color blindness. The tritanopes
neutral point occurs near a yellowish 570 nm; green isperceived at shorter wavelengths and red at longerwavelengths.
Mutation of the short-wavelength sensitive cones is calledtritanomaly.
Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females. Jeremy H. Nathans (with the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute) proved that the genecoding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7, which isshared equally by males and females.
Therefore it is not sex-linked. Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this
gene.[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute8/2/2019 Colour Blindness Drka
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The Series of PlatesDesign as aTest for Colour-Blindness
By
SHINOBU ISHIHARA M.D., Dr. Med. Sc.
Emeritus Professor of Ophtalmology, Tokyo University,
Member of the Japan Academy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness