CommunityCommunity--Based Air Based Air Monitoring in the South Monitoring in the South
Coast Air BasinCoast Air BasinCoast Air BasinCoast Air Basin
Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.Philip M. Fine, Ph.D.
Atmospheric Measurements ManagerAtmospheric Measurements Manager
South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictSouth Coast Air Quality Management District
NACAA NACAA Fall Fall Membership Membership Meeting Meeting –– Washington, DCWashington, DC
October 18 October 18 -- 20, 201020, 2010
• Permanent, large, fixed sites
• Criteria pollutants
•
Traditional Air MonitoringTraditional Air Monitoring
• Addresses NAAQS
• Meets all CFR minimums and requirements
• Away from sources
• Neighborhood, urban or regional scale
• Addresses local concerns and issues
• Often source-specific
• Micro or middle scale
CommunityCommunity--Based Air Based Air
MonitoringMonitoring
• Micro or middle scale
• Non-regulatory
• Temporary and/or mobile platforms
• Different approaches for different situations
• Enlist the help of citizens
• Risk communication
• Most common citizen complaints
• Odors
• Dust
• Smoke
Examples from South CoastExamples from South Coast
• Smoke
• Examples
• Del Amo Elementary
• Dust from mining or construction
• Hexavalent Chromium from Cement Plants
• Wildfire PM monitoring
• Carson, CA
• Opened 1949
• K through 5
• 2008-09: 462 students
• 47% Hispanic
• 18.8% Filipino• 18.8% Filipino
• 16.5% Black
• 14.5% Pac. Islander
• 1.5% White
• 1.5% Asian
Source: LAUSD Website
Complaints and LettersComplaints and Letters
• Letter from all school staff
Feb. 2006 complaining of poor air quality and health problems
• Frequent odor complaints
between January and May, between January and May, 2006
• “Burnt plastic” “sulfur” “petroleum” “chemical”
• 23 letters from individual staff between May 10 and May 19, 2006
No complaints from the neighborhood around the school
• Given to school staff
• Evacuated Canister for VOCs
• Bag for sulfur compounds
Grab SamplingGrab Sampling
• Bag for sulfur compounds
• Full training provided
• Open/close valve
• Turn a key
• Kept in a central location
Odor Event LogsOdor Event Logs
Additional AQMD VOC Additional AQMD VOC SamplingSampling
• Three days (August, 18, 21, 24, 2006)
• Three 8-hour samples and one 24-hour sample each day
• Results were typical for area
•• Grab samples a better option for fleeting odors
Complete Air Monitoring Complete Air Monitoring Station at Del Station at Del AmoAmo
• Part of larger Port Area Study
• One of 6 sites
• March 2007 – January 2009
• Full criteria pollutants, air toxics and met • Full criteria pollutants, air toxics and met monitoring, plus ultrafines and black carbon
Other Issues at Del Other Issues at Del AmoAmo
• Numerous public meetings led by LAUSD• Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC)
• City of Carson
• Los Angeles County Fire Department
• Los Angeles County Public Health Department
• South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)• South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)
• DTSC soil sampling – solvent migration at
north end of playground
• Very high levels of methane found under black-
top• Abandoned natural gas line not capped properly
• Immediate trenching and soil vapor extraction
Extensive AQMD Compliance Extensive AQMD Compliance ActivitiesActivities
• Respond quickly to complaints (Hot List)
• Tracking of odors to sources when
possiblepossible
• Multiple area sweeps for unpermitted
sources
• Repeated inspections of facilities
• Continued surveillance at school and at
Rainbow Trucking (Oct 2007- Jan 2008)
• Grab samples during odor events
Grab Sample ResultsGrab Sample Results
• Over 90 cans and 3 bags
between 2006 and present,
most by school staff
•• Elevated levels of
hydrocarbons and H2S
• No single consistent pattern
• Nothing above or near acute
exposure limits
EthanolEthanol
• May 8 ,2007 grab sample by staff
• May 9, 2007 meeting, odor meeting, odor occurred, grab sample also showed Ethanol, MEK
• All below acute limits
• Uses a TNMHC Analyzer
• Triggers a grab sample when TNMHC exceeds a threshold
• Combine with detailed
Automatic Grab Sampler SystemAutomatic Grab Sampler System
• Combine with detailed wind direction data
Total NMOC
0.020.040.060.080.0
100.0120.0
140.0160.0180.0
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4/30/2009
E4280 5:53
53468 5:58
4/30/09_5:53am_5:58am
Fre
quency
count
(#)
Total NMOC
E4280: 748 ppbC HC
E53468: 2180 ppbC HC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4/2
9/2
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2:3
34
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9/2
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3:3
14
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0:0
04
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09
0:2
84
/30
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09
0:5
74
/30
/20
09
1:2
64
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/20
09
1:5
54
/30
/20
09
2:2
44
/30
/20
09
2:5
24
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/20
09
3:2
14
/30
/20
09
3:5
04
/30
/20
09
4:1
94
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/20
09
4:4
84
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/20
09
5:1
64
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/20
09
5:4
54
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6:1
44
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6:4
34
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24
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04
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94
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84
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74
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64
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21
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22
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NM
HC
(pp
m)
04/30/09 5:53_5:58
WS = 3.7 mph; WD = 61.2 deg
WS = 3.1 mph; WD = 50 deg 0
5
10
15
20
250
7.522.5
37.5
52.5
67.5
82.5
97.5
112.5
127.5
142.5157.5
172.5187.5202.5
217.5
232.5
247.5
262.5
277.5
292.5
307.5
322.5
337.5352.5
4/30/09 1:00 to 7:00 (WS > 1 MPH)
Fre
quency
count
(#)
Classroom Filtration Pilot StudyClassroom Filtration Pilot Study
• Test high efficiency filtration techniques to reduce indoor exposure
• Three classrooms at Del Amo selected for Pilot
• Testing in April 2008
•• Excellent results for PM, ultrafine and black carbon
Black Carbon Removal Efficiency
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Rem
oval E
ffic
iency
Black Carbon Without
Black Carbon With Filter
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Room 6: Stand-alone Unit Room 7: New Supply Register Room 8: Upgraded PanelFilter
Rem
oval E
ffic
iency
Current StatusCurrent Status
• 36 automatic grab samples
• Patterns in chemical signature vs. wind
direction are emergingdirection are emerging
• Points to multiple sources of odors
• Complaint frequency has significantly
diminished
• All classrooms now have high
efficiency filtration
Dust Complaints
• In the South Coast Basin• Multiple open-pit aggregate mines
• Construction sites
• Concrete batch plants
•• Other industrial sources
• Glass deposition plates• 1-week deployment
• At citizen’s residence
• Inexpensive sampling and microscopic analysis
• Allows for chemical analysis if warranted
• Not quantitative, not for PM2.5
Typical Deposition
Typical Deposition
Hexavalent Chromium from Cement Plants
• Slightly elevated hexavalent chromium levels found 4 km from cement plants in regional air toxics study (2004-2006)
Hexavalent ChromiumHexavalent Chromium
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Anaheim Burbank Central LA Compton Fontana Huntington
Park
North Long
Beach
Pico Rivera Rubidoux Wilmington Average Rubidoux
Filter Blank
ng/m3 MATES II AQMD Lab data MATES III Year 1 MATES III Year 2
Community-Based Deposition Plate Deployment
• Glass plates placed at residences to collect falling particles
• A good survey tool for covering a wide area
• Not used for determining true atmospheric • Not used for determining true atmospheric concentrations
• Three rounds of deployment in the area
• Jan, Feb, Mar
• All three rounds showed higher hexavalentchromium content of deposited particles near Riverside Cement
TXI
Riverside
Cr6 Deposition Plate Results - Round 3Highest MiddleLowest
Riverside
Cement
Fingerprinting
•• Microscopically examined gray clinker fine dust and Microscopically examined gray clinker fine dust and particles on the deposition platesparticles on the deposition plates
Gray Clinker Fine DustGray Clinker Fine DustDeposition Plate Adjacent to Deposition Plate Adjacent to
Riverside CementRiverside Cement
More FingerprintingMore Fingerprinting•• XX--Ray Diffraction Ray Diffraction
(XRD) to (XRD) to measure measure chemical chemical composition and composition and crystal structurecrystal structure
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
160000
114-08 Fleetwood
121-08 Plumbers Union
118-08 Rubidoux Station
116-08 Wilson residence
calcium
hydroxide
calcium
silicates
Distant
Plates
Calcium
Hydroxide
Nearcrystal structurecrystal structure
•• Calcium Calcium hydroxide a hydroxide a marker for fine marker for fine clinker dustclinker dust
•• Found on Found on deposition plates deposition plates nearer facilitynearer facility
36-0432 (D) - Gypsum - CaS
33-1161 (*) - Quartz, syn - S
04-0733 (I) - Portlandite, syn
42-0551 (*) - Calcium Silica
13-0272 (N) - Calcium Magnesium
05-0586 (I) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3
Operations: Y Scale Add 9500.000
0808109-025 - File: 0808109-025
Operations: Y Scale Mul 0.542 | Y
0807302-004 - File: 0807302-004
Operations: Y Scale Add -45750.0
Glass plate 114-08 - File: Glass pl
Operations: Y Scale Add 11000.00
Glass plate 120-08 - File: Glass pl
Operations: Y Scale Add 10500.00
Glass plate 118-08 - File: Glass pl
Operations: Y Scale Add 10000.00
Glass plate 116-08 - File: Glass pl
Operations: Y Scale Add 10500.00
Glass plate 121-08 - File: Glass pl
Operations: Y Scale Add 6416.667 | Y Scale Add -93750.023 | Y Scale Add 13750.003 | Y Scale Add 30875.006 | Y Scale Add 50000.000 | Backgro
0808109-001 - File: 0808109-001
Operations: Y Scale Add 9166.667 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add 6666.667 | Y Scale Add -27916.672 | Y Scale Ad
0808109-021 - File: 0808109-021
Operations: Y Scale Add -1833.333 | Y Scale Add 10500.003 | Y Scale Add 1666.667 | Y Scale Add 13333.336 | Y Scale Add 10000.000 | Y Scale
0808109-019 - File: 0808109-019
Operations: Y Scale Add 7333.333 | Y Scale Add -1458.333 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add -67500.000 | Y Scale A
0808109-015 - File: 0808109-015
Operations: Y Scale Add 8250.000 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add -2500.000 | Y Scale Add -78125.000 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale A
0808109-013 - File: 0808109-013
Operations: Y Scale Add 9625.000 | Y Scale Add -1458.333 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 4375.000 | Y Scale Add -55416.676 | Y Scale A
0808109-007 - File: 0808109-007
Operations: Y Scale Add 8708.333 | Y Scale Add 1250.000 | Y Scale Add 1666.667 | Y Scale Add 10000.000 | Y Scale Add -14166.670 | Y Scale A
0808109-006 - File: 0808109-006
Operations: Y Scale Add 8250.000 | Y Scale Add -1458.333 | Y Scale Add 3958.333 | Y Scale Add 6666.667 | Y Scale Add -41666.676 | Y Scale A
0808109-023 - File: 0808109-023
Lin
(C
ou
nts
)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
2-Theta - Scale
9 10 20 30 40
120-08 Aramark
(025) Bay J T-II clinker sub-surface
(019) Bay G Block clinker surface
(006) Bay A T-II clinker sub-surface
(021) Bay H T-II clinker surface
(023) Bay I T-II clinker surface
(007) Bay B T-II clinker surface
(015) Bay E Scrap clinker,soil,cement surface
(013) Bay E Dirt and scrap surface
(001) Spillage from Kiln #1
LN 0807302-004 Gray cement
Fine
Clinker Dusts
NearPlates
TXI Riverside Cement
• Established multi-site Cr6+ sampling network
• Other violations identified leading to $1 million settlement agreement including million settlement agreement including mitigation measures
• Amended AQMD Rule 1156
• Requires facilities to conduct fence-line Cr6+ sampling and report results to AQMD
• Other housekeeping measures
AQMD Wildfire Response
• Mobile Continuous Monitors
• Fills gaps in PM network according to fire and smoke locationslocations
• 1-hour data comparable to fixed site monitors
• Rapidly and easily deployable units
• Self-contained power and telemetry
Met One E-BAM
Station Fire (2009)
Monitoring Data: Station Fire
700
800
900
1000
Concentration (µg m
-3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
PM2.5Concentration
La Canada (1)
La Canada (2)
Los Angeles
Dodger Stadium
Burbank
Rose Bowl
Federal Standard
• Incorporates data from station and mobile monitors
Interactive Air Quality Map
monitors
• More responsive hourly PM data rather than moving 24-hour averages
• Color-coded to Air Quality Index
Risk Communication ChallengesRisk Communication Challenges
• Odors
• Not necessarily toxic, possible physical response
• Nose might be more sensitive than • Nose might be more sensitive than instruments
• Different sensitivities, chemical mixtures
• Putting results in context
• Compare to ambient averages or other locations
• Compare to acute and chronic limits