Welcomein the World of
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
PresentationTopics
Computer Architecture History
Single CPU Design GPU Design Memory Architecture Communications
Architecture
HISTORY!!!One of the first computing devices to come about was . .
The ABACUS!
• Completed:1946
• Programmed: plug board and switches
• Speed:5,000 operations per second
• Input/output: cards, lights, switches, plugs
• Floor space:1,000 square feet
The ENIAC : 1946
The EDSAC(1949)
• EDSAC
• Technology: vacuum tubes
The UNIVAC I(1951)
• Speed:1,905 operations per second
• Input/output: magnetic tape, printer
• Memory size:1,000 12-digit words in delay lines
• Memory type: delay Memory:1K words
First practical stored-program computer
• Technology: serial vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape
• Floor space:943 cubic feet
• Cost: F.O.B. factory $750,000+
Progression of The Architecture
• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950
• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964
• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971
• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present
Current CPU Architecture
•Basic CPU Overview
• Single Bus
• Example of Triple
• Bus Architecture
Intel Pentium 1 Chip with MMX
Motherboards / Chipsets / Sockets
•Chipset
In charge of:
•Memory Controller
•EIDE Controller
•PCI Bridge
•Real Time Clock
•DMA Controller
•IRDA Controller
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Secondary Cache
•Low-Power CMOS SRAM
Intel DX4 – 100 MHz processor & Motherboard
Pentium 4 Architecture
Main Memory
Memory Hierarchy
processor processor processor1 2 3
Shared Memory
Network
Cache Cache Cache Memory 1 Memory 2 Memory 3
Read Operation•On a read the CPU will first try to find the data in the cache, if it is not there the cache will get updated from the main memory and then return the data to the CPU.
Write Operation• On a write the CPU will write the information
into the cache and the main memory.
VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
32 bit bus Found mostly on 486 machines Relied on the 486 processor to function People started to switch to the PCI bus
because of this Otherwise known as VLB
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
Very old technology Bus speed 8mhz Speed of 42.4 Mb/s maximum Very few ISA ports are found in
modern machines.
MCA - Micro Channel Bus
IBM’s attempt to compete with the ISA bus 32 bit bus Automatically configured cards (Like Plug and
Play) Not compatible with ISA
PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect
Speeds up to 960 Mb/s Bus speed of 33mhz 16-bit architecture Developed by Intel in 1993 Synchronous or Asynchronous PCI popularized Plug and Play Runs at half of the system bus speed
PCI – X Up to 133 MHz bus speed 64-bit bandwidth 1GB/sec throughput Backwards compatible with all PCI Primarily developed for increased I/O
demands of technologies such as Fiber Channel, Gigabit Ethernet and Ultra3 SCSI.
AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port
Essentially a high speed PCI Port Capable of running at 4 times PCI
bus speed. (133mhz) Used for High speed 3D graphics
cards Considered a port not a bus
Only two devices involved Is not expandable
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
Tons of other names: ATA, ATA/ATAPI, EIDE, ATA-2, Fast ATA, ATA-3, Ultra ATA, Ultra DMA
Good performance at a cheap cost
Most widely used interface for hard disks
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface “skuzzy”
Capable of handling internal/external peripherals
Speed anywhere from 80 – 640 Mb/s
Many types of SCSI
Serial Port Uses DB9 or DB25
connector Adheres to RS-232c
spec Capable of speeds up to
115kb/sec
USB 1.0
hot plug-and-play Full speed USB devices signal at 12Mb/s Low speed devices use a 1.5Mb/s sub
channel. Up to 127 devices chained together
2.0 data rate of 480 mega bits per second
USB On-The-Go For portable devices. Limited host capability to communicate with
selected other USB peripherals A small USB connector to fit the mobile form
factor
PS/2 Port
Mini Din Plug with 6 pins Mouse port and keyboard port Developed by IBM
Parallel port i.e. “printer port” Old type Two “new” types ECP (extended capabilities port)
and EPP (enhanced parallel port) Ten times faster than old parallel
port Capable of bi-directional
communication.
Game Port Uses a db15 port Used for joystick connection to the
computer
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