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HISTORY
&DEVELOPMENT
OF
SOFTWARES
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DATA COLLECTION, DATA WRITING,
DATA ACTION & ROLE PLAY
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DATA CO-ORDINATION,
COORELATION, PROJECTORING,
SCREENPLAY, ROLE PLAY & SOFTWARE
GENERATION
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PRESENTING, EDITING, ANALYSING,SPL EFFECTS, SUMMARISING
&DIRECTION & ROLE PLAY
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INTRODUCTION
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE, OR JUST
SOFTWARE, IS A COLLECTION OF
COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND RELATEDDATA THAT PROVIDE THE
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TELLING A
COMPUTER WHAT TO DO AND HOWTO DO IT.
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SOFTWARE IS A SET OF :
PROGRAMS
PROCEDURES
ALGORITHMS&
ITS
DOCUMENTATION
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE - SUCH AS WORD PROCESSORS OR
VIDEO GAMES, AND ERP SOFTWARE FOR GROUPS OF USERS.
MIDDLEWARE CONTROLS AND CO-ORDINATES DISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMS.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES DEFINE THE SYNTAX AND
SEMANTICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS. EXAMPLE, MANY MATUREBANKING APPLICATIONS.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE INCLUDES OPERATING SYSTEMS.
TEST WARE IS SOFTWARE FOR TESTING HARDWARE OR A
SOFTWARE PACKAGE.
DEVICE DRIVERS CONTROL PARTS OF COMPUTERS SUCH AS DISKDRIVES, PRINTERS, CD DRIVES, OR COMPUTER MONITORS.
PROGRAMMING TOOLS HELP CONDUCT COMPUTING TASKS IN
ANY CATEGORY LISTED ABOVE.
Examples of computer software include:
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SOFTWARES
OVERVIEW
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The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the
Entscheidungsproblem (Decision problem). The term "software" was
first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.
The term is often used to mean application software. In computer
science and software engineering, software is all information
processed by computer system, programs and data.
The academic fields studying software are computer science andsoftware engineering.
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SOFTWARE WAS BUNDLED WITH THE HARDWARE
BY ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
(OEMS) SUCH AS DATA GENERAL, DIGITAL
EQUIPMENT AND IBM. WHEN A CUSTOMER
BOUGHT A MINICOMPUTER, (AT THAT TIME THE
SMALLEST COMPUTER ON THE MARKET), THE
COMPUTER DID NOT COME WITH PRE-INSTALLEDSOFTWARE, BUT NEEDED TO BE INSTALLED BY
ENGINEERS EMPLOYED BY THE OEM. COMPUTER
HARDWARE COMPANIES NOT ONLY BUNDLED
THEIR SOFTWARE, THEY ALSO PLACED DEMANDS
ON THE LOCATION OF THE HARDWARE IN A
REFRIGERATED SPACE CALLED A COMPUTER
ROOM.
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SOFTWARE GENERATIONS
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FIRST GENERATION
During the 1950's the first computers were
programmed by changing the wires and set tens of
dials and switches. One for every bit sometimes
these settings could be stored on paper tapes that
looked like a ticker tape from the telegraph
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SECOND GENERATION
the first generation "languages" were regarded as
very user unfriendly people set out to look for
something else, faster and easier to understand.
The result was the birth of the second generation
languages (2GL) at the mid of the 1950's
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THIRD GENERATIONAt the end of the 1950's the 'natural language' interpreters
and compilers were made. But it took some time before the
new languages were accepted by enterprises.
About the oldest 3GL is FORTRAN (Formula Translation) which
was developed around 1953 by IBM. This is a language
primarily intended for technical and scientific purposes.
Standardization of FORTRAN started 10 years later, and a
recommendation was finally published by the International
Standardization Organization (ISO) in 1968.
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FOURTH GENERATION
A 4GL is an aid witch the end user or programmer can use
to build an application without using a third generationprogramming language. Therefore knowledge of a
programming language is strictly spoken not needed.
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PRACTICAL DIVIDE
INTO THREE MAJOR
CLASSES:
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SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROVIDES THE BASIC
FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTER USAGE AND HELPSRUN THE COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SYSTEM.
IT INCLUDES A COMBINATION OF THE
FOLLOWING:
DEVICE DRIVERS
OPERATING SYSTEMS
SERVERS
UTILITIESWINDOW SYSTEMS
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PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE USUALLY PROVIDES TOOLS TO
ASSIST A PROGRAMMER IN WRITING COMPUTERPROGRAMS, AND SOFTWARE USING DIFFERENT
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IN A MORE CONVENIENTWAY.
THE TOOLS INCLUDE:
COMPILERS
DEBUGGERSINTERPRETERS
LINKERSTEXT EDITORS
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE IS DEVELOPED TO AID IN ANY TASK THAT BENEFITS FROM COMPUTATION. IT
IS A BROAD CATEGORY, AND ENCOMPASSES SOFTWARE OF MANY KINDS, INCLUDING THE INTERNET
BROWSER BEING USED TO DISPLAY THIS PAGE. THIS CATEGORY INCLUDES:
BUSINESS SOFTWARE
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
DATABASES
DECISION MAKING SOFTWARE
EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
IMAGE EDITING
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATIONMATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
MEDICAL SOFTWARE
MOLECULAR MODELING SOFTWARE
QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS SOFTWARE
SIMULATION SOFTWARE
SPREADSHEETS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS (I.E., THE INTERNET AND EVERYTHING THAT FLOWS ON IT)VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE
VIDEO GAMES
WORD PROCESSING
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WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE?A tool for instructing machines.A notation for algorithms.
A means for communication among programmers.A tool for experimentation.A means for controlling computer-controlledgadgets.A means for controlling computerized devices.A way of expressing relationships among concepts.A means for expressing high-level designs.
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EARLY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Classic C
Simula
Pascal
Algol68
BCPL
Fortran
Lisp
COBOL
Algol60
PL\1
1950s: 1960s: 1970s:
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MODERN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Object Pascal
C++
Java95
C#Ada98
C++98
Java04
C++0x
PythonLisp
Smalltalk
Fortran77
Ada
EiffelSimula67
COBOL89
PHP
C89
PERL
Visual Basic
COBOL04 Javascript
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STRATEGIES OR SOFTWARE TOPICS:
SOFTWARE ARCHIETECTURE (AS OPPOSED TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, ANALOG COMPUTERS &
SUPERCOMPUTERS).
SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION SO THAT THE END USER CAN UNDERSTAND THE PROGRAM.
SOFTWARE LIBRARY INCLUDE COLLECTIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONALITY.
SOFTWARE STANDARD FOR INSTANCE, AN EMAIL SENT FROM A MICROSOFT OUTLOOK SHOULD BEREADABLE FROM YAHOO! MAIL AND VICE VERSA.
EXECUTION (COMPUTING) EACH INSTRUCTION CAUSES THE COMPUTER TO CARRY OUT ANOPERATION .
SOFTWARE QUALITY SOFTWARE QUALITY IS VERY IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY FOR COMMERCIAL ANDSYSTEM SOFTWARE LIKE MICROSOFT OFFICE, MICROSOFT WINDOWS AND LINUX.
SOFTWARE LICENSE THE SOFTWARE'S LICENSE GIVES THE USER THE RIGHT TO USE THE SOFTWARE INTHE LICENSED ENVIRONMENT.
SOFTWARE PATENT AND SOFTWARE PATENT DEBATE MAY NOT BE DUPLICATED BY OTHERS
AND CONSIDERED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT DEPENDING ON THESEVERITY.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING,SOFTWARE ENGINEERING.
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Portability is goodType safety is goodHigh performance is goodAnything that eases debugging is good
Access to system resources is goodStability over decades is goodEase of learning is goodSmall is good
Whatever helps analysis is goodHaving lots of facilities is good
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WHY DO WE DESIGN LANGUAGES & SOFTWARES?
There are many diverse applications areas--
No one language can be the best for everything
Programmers have diverse backgrounds and skills--
No one language can be best for everybody
Problems change--
Over the years, computers are applied in new areas and to newproblems
Computers change--
Over the decades, hardware characteristics and tradeoffs change
Progress happens--
Over the decades, we learn better ways to design and implementlanguages
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REFERENCESREFERENCES^ "WORDREFERENCE.COM: WORDNET 2.0". PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, PRINCETON, NJ.
RETRIEVED 2007-08-19.
^ SOFTWARE..(N.D.). DICTIONARY.COM UNABRIDGED (V 1.1). RETRIEVED 2007-04-13,
FROM DICTIONARY.COM WEBSITE:HTTP://DICTIONARY.REFERENCE.COM/BROWSE/SOFTWARE
^ HALLY, MIKE (2005:79). ELECTRONIC BRAINS/STORIES FROM THE DAWN OF THE
COMPUTER AGE. BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION AND GRANTA BOOKS,
LONDON. ISBN 1-86207-663-4.
^JOHN TUKEY, 85, STATISTICIAN; COINED THE WORD 'SOFTWARE', NEW YORK TIMES,
OBITUARIES, JULY 28, 2000^ TYING ARRANGEMENTS AND THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY: DIGIDYNE CORP. VS. DATA
GENERAL^ "MSDN LIBRARY". RETRIEVED 2010-06-14.
^ V. ENGELHARDT, SEBASTIAN (2008): "THE ECONOMIC PROPERTIES OF SOFTWARE",
JENA ECONOMIC RESEARCH PAPERS, VOLUME 2 (2008), NUMBER 2008-045. (IN ADOBE
PDF FORMAT)^ "WHY OPEN SOURCE IS THE OPTIMUM ECONOMIC PARADIGM FOR SOFTWARE" BY
DAN KAMINSKY 1999
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