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Concrete Structure Pathology
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Introduction
Building pathology embraces a holistic approach to the repair of buildings
and structures. This involves a detailed understanding of how the
structure is built, the materials of which it is constructed, how it has been
used, how it has performed over time, and all the factors that have
affected its current condition
How is the
built Process
MaterialPerformance
History of
Building
Building
Perfomance
Envirotment of
Structure
Best Repair
Method
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Material Of Concrete
Concrete are created from several material which is Cement, Water, Fine
aggregates (Sand) and Coarse aggregates (crushed Stone)
Paste
Mortar
Cement
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Concrete in Structure
In Land In Water Structure
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Concrete Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
Concrete can handle the compression stresses.
Concrete is a brittle material
Easy to handle in mix specially now there is a batching plant
Can be form in any shape
Disadvantages:
Concrete is weak in handling tension.
Because concrete is a britile material the strength upon shear
Needs another material to reinforce it against excessive shear and tension,
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Quality By Process in Concrete
Material
Component Mix Design ForCompression Or
flexural
Type Of Cement
Water
Properties
Fine Aggregates
Properties
Coarse Aggregates
Properties
Need Of Aditive ?
Mixing Concrete
Sample for Test
Workabillity
Slump Test
Curing
Sample for Test fullfill the mix
design Aim ?
Does Field Test meet the mix design Aim ?
Structure Test
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Concrete in Sea
For several reasons, effect of seawater on concrete deserves special attention.
First, coastal and offshore sea structures are exposed to the simultaneous action of a
number of physical and chemical deterioration processes, which provide an excellent
opportunity to understand the complexity of concrete durability problems in practice.
Second, oceans make up 80 percent of the surface of the earth; therefore, a large
number of structures are exposed to seawater either directly or indirectly (e.g., winds
can carry seawater spray up to a few miles inland from the coast). Concrete piers,
decks, break-water, and retaining walls are widely used in the construction of harbors
and docks. To relieve land from pressures of urban congestion and pollution, floatingoffshore platforms made of concrete are being considered for location of new airports,
power plants, and waste disposal facilities. The use of concrete offshore drilling
platforms and oil storage tanks is already on the increase.
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Concrete in Sea
For the construction of concrete structures in marine environment, important lessons
from case histories of concrete deteriorated by seawater can be summed up as follows:
1. Permeability is the key to durability.
2. Type and severity of deterioration may not be uniform throughout the structure3. Corrosion of embedded steel is, generally, the major cause of concrete
deterioration in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures exposed to
seawater, but in low-permeability concrete this does not appear to be the first
cause of cracking
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Concrete Deterioration
Crack type
Flexural
Shear
Tensile
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Concrete Deterioration
Corrotion
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Concrete Deterioration
Carbonation
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Concrete Deterioration
Fatique the phenomenon of rupture under repeated loadings each of which is
smaller than a single static load that exceeds the strength of the
material. Fatigue is exhibited when a material fails under stress
applied by direct tension or compression, torsion, bending or a
combination of these actions.
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Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure
Type Of Test
Destructive Test
Drill Test
Tension Test
Compression Test, etc
Non Destructive Test
Hammer Test Rebar Detector Test
Ultra Sonic Test, etc
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Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)Despite recent developments in the engineering of innovative sensors a number of issues haslimited their applications to civil engineering structures. Civil structures are inherently large indimension, geometrically complex with different elements and joints, and composed ofdiverse materials. The response of structural elements is due to an assortment ofperturbations and therefore the measurements of interest are not limited to strains and
vibrations. For instance, measurement of importance in cable stays is force and the conditionof strands, i.e. rupturing of the strands. Whereas detection of cracks, excessive deflectionsand corrosion in reinforcing bars is important in concrete elements and structural systems
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Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Maintance Time
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Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Structure Jacketing
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Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Structure Injection & Grouting
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Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Corrosion Inhibitor
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Strenghtening of Concrete
Fiber Reinforcement for Concrete
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Method For Repairing Structure
Structure show failure / below standart condition in field
Find Structure
Problem
Look at Design &Drawing Of Structure
Structure History
Envirotment History
Test In Field
Material Test
Structure Test
Performance Test
First Decision to
Maintance
Second Decision
to Maintance /
Repair
Strenghtening
Material Repair
Structure repairStructure health
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Case 1 : Mosque Dome Failure
Different condition between design and construction in field. Crack
happen in dome supporting
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Case 1 : Mosque Dome Failure
Envirotment = normal condition
History of building = change in dome diameter but no change in support
structure
Test = Crack Test
+ 13.66
+ 10.20
Kolom 700 mm
Skur, baja WF 400. 200. 8. 13
Baja 2L 70. 70. 6Plat landasan bentuk Utebal 12 mm + grouting
Balok 300/600
HILTI 16
HILTI 2 12
Plat penahan geser tebal 12 mm
lebar 200 mm, dilas.
Dilas
+ grouting
Plat penahan geser tebal 12 mmlebar 200 mm dan dilas
Plat penegar tebal 8 mm
HILTI 16
total 40 bh
2 sisi
Plat ring tebal 12 mm 2
00
Balok ring
Kolompipih 150/700
= 8 buah
tebal las = 10 mm
650
1200
200
810
A
460
5120
60.46
706
226
B
6 D16
6 D16
4 D13
Balok 250/600
600tul.12D16 +4D13
Kolom250/700
6 D166 D16
Begel 12-100
Balok 250/600
Beg. 12-100
Angker4D16
dalam 1 kolom pipih
Begel 12-100
Angker4D16
dalam 1 kolom pipih
digrouting
600
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Case 2 : Building Failure
Remodel of WF Roof Trus
Strenghtening using CFRP
POT. KUDA-KUDA BAJA
1600
Kolom PedestalWF 400x200x8x13
Stiffener Plate
t = 10 mm
Kuda-kudaWF 400x200x8x13 9
120 120
Kolom PedestalWF 400x200x8x13
Stiffener Plate
t = 10 mm
Kuda-kuda
WF 400x200x8x13
A
B
100100
B E
Penyangga Talangdari Potongan ProfilWF 400x200x8x13
Talang Polakandari Seng
600
400
300
300
400
8
300
7
400 400 600 600 600 600 300
6' 6 5 4 3 2 1
200
600
200
200
200
200
200
600
E
D
C
B
A'
A
150
A''
150
150
150
B'
B''
B'''
C'200
200
300
300
D'
Lantai 3
B2(365)
B2(386)
B2(403)
B3
(422)
B3
(461)
B3
(393)
B4
(384)
B4(367)
B4(445)
B5(446)
CFRP TUMPUAN (ATAS)
CFRP LAPANGAN (BAWAH)
2 Strip
L = 200 cm
2 StripL = 200 cm
1 Strip
L = 300 cm
1 Strip
L = 300 cm
2 Strip
L = 400 cm
2 Strip
L = 450 cm
2 StripL = 200 cm
2 Strip
L = 450 cm
2 StripL = 450 cm
2 StripL = 200 cm
2 Strip
L = 200 cm
2 StripL = 200 cm
2 Strip
L = 450 cm
2 StripL = 200 cm
2 Strip
L = 200 cm
1 StripL = 300 cm
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Case 2 : Building Failure
Envirotment = Earthquake
Building History = Failure after earthquake
Test = Hammer Test, Crack Test
max. = 198,5
mm
L =
2400cm
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Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty
Envirotment = sea
Building History = 12 years of operation
Failure in site = crack
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Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty
No. Jenis Test Alat yang Dipakai Standart Jumlah Sample
1 Observasi jenis kerusakan Meteran dan Foto --- 45 m x 450 m
2 Observasi Kondisi Tiang Pondasi Penyelam, Kamera bawah laut --- 50
3 Core Drill Mesin Bor Inti ASTM C 42 6
4 Drilling Test Drill Beton ASTM C 42 15
5 Hammer Test Rebound Test Hammer ASTM C 805 50
6 Ultra Sonic Alat test ultra sonic ASTM C 597 50
7 Rebar Detector dan Cover Meter Test Rebar Detector/ Provometer --- 25
8 Penetrasi Ion Chlor Titrasi ASTM C-11 45
9 Potensial Karat Half Cell Potensial App. ASTM C 876 100
10 Tes Tekan beton Universal Testing Machine ASTM C 39 6
11 Test Tarik Baja UTM ASTM A 6 3
12 Laju Korosi Micro Photography ASTM C-31 3
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Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty
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Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty
Tul Transversal
Beugel
30
6
8D32
125
80 80
280
8D25
6 - 200
6
8D32
96
80
100
D13 - 400 D13 - 400
Crack
CrackSpallingG
E
H
D
West
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Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty
METODA JACKETING
Non Shrink Grout
Cast in Situ
Precast Crane Beam
Overtopping
Plat Precast470
155
300300
470
Plat Precast
Overtopping