1 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Cotton Quality and Cotton Testing- Actual Developments in Cotton Quality Evaluation -
Axel Drieling Faserinstitut Bremen e.V. (Bremen Fibre Institute), Germany
- Laboratory of the Bremen Cotton Exchange -
Africa – EU Cotton PartnershipSeminar on Cotton in Africa:
Trends, Incentives and Institutions
Arusha, Tanzania, September 6 to 8
2 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
The Quality of Cotton
It is important to obtain reliable information about the actual quality of cotton– Cotton growers need the information
• to obtain an equitable price for the cotton• to enhance cotton quality (breeding/research)
– Ginning needs the information• To optimise the ginning process
– The trade needs the information • to fix the price of cotton• to satisfy the customers
– Cotton spinners need the information• to assure a properly running process• to achieve the required quality of yarn• to minimize the raw material costs
3 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Manual/Visual Classing
• Manual Classing is a common method for estimating the quality of cotton
• Manual Classing is the actual basis for trading cotton
• But Manual Classing is commonly rated– not to be sufficiently objective– not to be sufficiently reliable / precise
• Global cotton trading is more and more accepting and demanding instrument test results
• Cotton spinning requires instrument test results, notManual Classing results
4 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Instrument Testing
• Low Volume Testing / Detailed Testing– Many different instruments
and parameters for all kinds of properties
– Detailed information for e.g. spinning purposes
– High time effort and costs, not capable for testing every single bale
• High Volume Testing– Limited number of
parameters– High speed testing,
capable for testing every single bale
– High Volume Instruments (HVI) from various manufacturers
5 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Perspective
The worldwide accepted and demanded way for the evaluation of cotton quality is inevitably moving towards High Volume Instrument testing– Classing of the cotton production is shifting from manual classing
to instrument testing (globally 30% of all produced bales, increasing to more than 60% in the next 5 years [ICAC])
– Spinning mills are using HVI results regularly
– Research is using HVI results regularly
– Trade is moving towards HVI results to fulfil customers demands
6 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
ICAC CSITC Task Force
Under the auspices of ICAC, the Task Force for
Commercial Standardization of Instrument Testing of Cotton – CSITCwas formed to solve existing problems for the global commercial use of instrument cotton testing
•Formed in December 2003•15 international members:
– Cotton exporters– Importers– Testing– All segments of the world cotton industry– Research
CSITCCSITC
7 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
ICAC CSITC Task Force: Objectives
• To establish a worldwide acceptable, adoptable and reliable instrument based cotton quality assessment for commercial purposes
• To ensure and improve the reliability of High Volume Testing for commercial purposes
Standardization
Harmonisation• To assist developing countries to meet the requirements of
standardized and harmonized instrument testing, so that they are not at a disadvantage
• To encourage the trading of cotton based on instrument data
8 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CFC/EU – ICAC Project
Based on the recommendations of the CSITC Task Force, and to facilitate the work that is necessary to fulfil the CSITC objectives, a project was created:
Commercial Standardization of Instrument Testing of Cotton for the Cotton Producing Developing Countries in Africa
– Project Executing Agency: Faserinstitut Bremen (Bremen Fibre Institute)– Project Partners:
• CIRAD (France)• East Africa: TBS (Tanzania) and TCB (Tanzania)• West Africa: Cerfitex (Mali) and Sofitex (Burkina Faso)
– Supervisory Body: International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC)– Financing: Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) – 2.03 Mio USD– Co-Financing: European Commission (as part of its EC –ACP Agricultural
Commodities Programme) – 3 Mio USD (2.4 Mio EUR)– External Contribution: e.g. USDA, Bremen Cotton Exchange,
Uster, Premier– Project Duration: 4 years; start expected for October 2007
9 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CFC/EU ICAC Project
• This project will provide the financial basis for the topics and activities that I will explain in this presentation
– Global objectives and activities for the commercial standardization of Instrument Testing (Standardization, Harmonization)
– Core of the project: Specific objectives and activities for Instrument Testing in Africa, for the benefit of the African cotton production
10 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
a) Standardization of High Volume Testing
Standardization is necessary to have one common language that is understood by all– CSITC Task Force agreed on the Standard Test Method and the Calibration Material– Within the project, guidelines for HVI testing from different sides will be combined– But there is no restriction to a single instrument manufacturer– CSITC Task Force agreed to choose 6 parameters which are sufficiently reliable,
and fixed the valid definition and calibration• Micronaire (including fineness and maturity)• Strength• Length, Length Uniformity• Colour: Reflectance Rd, Yellowness +b
– Other important properties/parameters which are less reliable at this stage, are not included, but improvements are requested
– CSITC Task Force developed recommendations for sampling
11 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Standardization of High Volume Testing: Colour
• Colour results– Reflectance –
quantitative number, measured in Rd– Yellowness –
quantitative number, measured in +b For all cottons, the same colour is measured
with the same results
• Country/region specific Colour Grades, which respect origin specific information, can easily be calculated based on the standardized instrument results (Rd and +b)
• Every country/region can use its own colour grade – if necessary
12 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
b) Harmonization of High Volume Testing
Harmonization means to care for the same results in different laboratories on the same samples – For every laboratory it is important to check regularly,
if there is a difference between its results and the results of other laboratories This can be done with Round Trials (like Bremen or USDA)
– For laboratories it is additionally useful to get more detailed information about possible reasons for any deviations It is possible to check this in a specifically adapted Round Trial
– For all users of instrument test results, it is essential to know about the accuracy and precision of the utilized instruments and methods This can be achieved with Round Trials (partially with Bremen or USDA RTs)
– For all users of instrument test results, it is helpful to know about the reliability of cotton testing laboratories and their test results It is possible to check this in a specifically adapted Round Trial
13 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Harmonization: CSITC Round Trial
• Other round trials like the Bremen Cotton Round Trial or the USDA HVI Checktest are useful, but do not fulfil all requirements of CSITC
• A specific CSITC Round Trial was established to fulfil all necessities of harmonization for High Volume Testing
• Aims:– Evaluation of the test method / test result variability – Comparison of the results between laboratories– New: Evaluation/rating of the participating laboratories– New: Detailed analysis of laboratories to achieve more accurate
results
14 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Configuration
Cotton 1 Cotton 2 Cotton 3 Cotton 4 Cotton 5
day 1 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests
day 2 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests
day 3 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests
day 4 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests
day 5 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests 6 tests
Sub Total 30 tests 30 tests 30 tests 30 tests 30 tests
Total 150 tests for each Round Trial
Cotton 1 to cotton 4 are used to evaluate laboratories reliablyCotton 5 offers the chance to include cottons with different behaviour / from different origins
For the purposes of CSITC Round Trial, very intense testing is necessary:• 4 Round Trials per year with each 5 different cotton samples,• 150 tests for each laboratory / 30 tests for each cotton• all single data is evaluated (900 results for each laboratory)
15 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Variability Information
• "For all users of instrument test results, it is essential to know about the accuracy and precision of the utilized instruments and methods"– Detailed information about inter-laboratory
variation– Detailed information about in-laboratory
variation (new)
Cotton 1 Cotton 2 Cotton 3 Cotton 4 Average Cotton 5Average of Laboratories (Grubbs) 1,0623 0,9732 1,1478 1,1351 1,1760Number Of Laboratories 74 74 74 74 74 74
SD 0,0104 0,0131 0,0119 0,0128 0,0120 0,0152CV % 1,0 1,3 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,3SD 0,0125 0,0144 0,0126 0,0128 0,0131 0,0177CV % 1,2 1,5 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,5SD 0,0159 0,0170 0,0167 0,0165 0,0165 0,0237CV % 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,5 1,5 2,0SD 0,0060 0,0069 0,0059 0,0058 0,0062 0,0095CV % 0,6 0,7 0,5 0,5 0,6 0,8SD 0,0088 0,0102 0,0103 0,0100 0,0098 0,0158CV % 0,8 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,3SD 0,0101 0,0116 0,0118 0,0114 0,0112 0,0181CV % 0,9 1,2 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,5
CSITC Round Trial 2007-2: Length Variability
Interlab. Variation
Typical In-Lab. Variation (Median)
based on 30 tests
based on 6 tests
based on single testsbetween different dayswith each 6 testsbetween single testson one daybetween all testson different days
Length based on single valuesn=2220 minus outliers according to Grubbs
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1,08
1,09 1,1
1,11
1,12
1,13
1,14
1,15
1,16
1,17
1,18
1,19
Length, inch
No o
f Lab
s x
No o
f Tes
ts
16 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Comparison of Results
Micronaire Strength Length Uniformity Color Rd Color +bReference Values Cotton 1 2,511 25,234 1,0623 80,982 72,671 14,517
Cotton 2 4,086 22,445 0,9732 79,041 74,994 12,418Cotton 3 4,351 32,396 1,1478 82,139 77,767 10,272Cotton 4 4,427 27,144 1,1351 82,737 77,827 12,086Cotton 5 4,605 31,405 1,1760 84,333 79,907 8,324
Laboratory Average of All Days Cotton 1 2,473 23,353 1,0397 78,977 72,207 14,403Cotton 2 4,053 20,257 0,9417 76,017 74,713 12,347Cotton 3 4,347 30,553 1,1313 81,137 78,423 10,273Cotton 4 4,353 25,220 1,1140 81,773 77,763 12,137Cotton 5 4,543 30,783 1,1563 84,233 79,077 8,077
Rel. Distance to Reference Cotton 1 -0,038 -1,881 -0,0227 -2,006 -0,464 -0,114Cotton 2 -0,032 -2,188 -0,0315 -3,024 -0,280 -0,072Cotton 3 -0,005 -1,843 -0,0165 -1,003 0,656 0,001Cotton 4 -0,073 -1,924 -0,0211 -0,964 -0,064 0,051Cotton 5 -0,061 -0,622 -0,0197 -0,100 -0,830 -0,248
Mean Absolute Distance to Reference (Cotton 1 - 4 only) 0,037 1,959 0,0230 1,749 0,366 0,059
Scale Factor 0,10 1,50 0,02 1,00 1,50 0,50Summary Evaluation for Each Property 0,37 1,31 1,15 1,75 0,24 0,12
Relevance of Property 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
Summary Evaluation of All Properties
Performance of Laboratory 72001-1
0,82
"For every laboratory it is important to check regularly, if there is a difference between its results and the results of other laboratories"
17 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Evaluation/Rating of Labs
"For all users of instrument test results, it is helpful to know about the reliability of cotton testing laboratories and their test results"
Your Evaluation 72001-1 0,82
72007-1 0,2472024-3 0,3072020-1 0,3472025-3 0,3772054-1 0,3872051-2 0,4172041-1 0,4372060-1 0,4572039-3 0,4772003-1 0,4872023-2 0,5172039-2 0,5472008-1 0,5872004-1 0,6472022-2 0,7072018-1 0,7572001-1 0,8272040-1 0,8472023-1 0,9272013-1 1,2572019-2 2,15
Lab.No.
EvaluationCombined Prop.
Lab.No.
EvaluationCombined Prop.
Information for customers.This can e.g. be used
for lab sales promotion.
18 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Detailed Analysis
• "For laboratories it is additionally useful to get more detailed information about possible reasons for any deviations"
– Detailed analysis ofaccuracy problems
– Analysis of precision/variability problems
Laboratory 72001-1: Length
R2 = 0,9145
-0,05
-0,04
-0,03
-0,02
-0,01
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,96
1,01
1,06
1,11
1,16
Reference Value, inch
Devi
atio
n fr
om R
efer
ence
, inc
h
Cotton 1 - 4Single DaysCotton 5Trend (Cotton 1 - 4)
Cotton 1 Cotton 2 Cotton 3 Cotton 4 Average Cotton 5between different days with each 6 tests SD 0,285 0,248 0,254 0,237 0,256 0,395between single tests on one day SD 0,271 0,249 0,268 0,256 0,261 0,417between all tests on different days SD 0,394 0,340 0,362 0,333 0,357 0,598between different days with each 6 tests SD 0,598 0,449 0,137 0,541 0,431 0,410between single tests on one day SD 0,652 0,693 0,634 0,896 0,719 0,889between all tests on different days SD 0,840 0,806 0,632 0,983 0,815 0,928
Typical In-Lab. Variation (Median)
In-Lab. Variation (Your Lab.)
Color Rd
19 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
CSITC Round Trial – Conclusion
• The CSITC Round Trial is based on the recommendations and aim of the CSITC Task Force
• The Round Trial is the most important and powerful step towards harmonized and reliable test results
• It was developed in co-operation between the Bremen Fibre Institute and USDA-AMS, and is regularly conducted by these partners
• It is headed by the ICAC as an independent organization
• The regular Round Trial started in January 2007
• Every laboratory is invited to participate to a subsidized fee of 75 USD per Round Trial / 300 USD per year
• For registration, please contact the ICAC or give me a notice– www.icac.org– [email protected]
20 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
c) Africa-Specific Objective and Project Activities
• The aim is to assist developing countries to meet the requirements of standardized and harmonized instrument testing, so that they are not at a disadvantage
• This is the core of the project funded by the Common Fund for Commodities and the European Commission
It is not sufficient to check cotton testing laboratories in Africa, but to support them to be able to produce reliable test results.
Support will be given within the regions.The support will be done mainly by the establishment of Regional
Technical Centres (RTCs) in the most important cotton producing regions.
21 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Benefits for Cotton Producing Developing Countries
• High Volume Testing will enable cotton producing developing countries to sell their cotton based on reliable and comparable test results– Avoid price discounts due to unknown properties
– Avoid claims
– Secure/improve their market share
– Use of the test results in the whole textile value added chain
– Monetary benefit regarding higher achievable prices:approx. 3 US-ct/kg
22 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities
• Regional Technical Centres will mainly cover the following activities:
– Reference activities • Re-tests• Regional round trials
– Provision of information• Training• Experience and expertise• Technical information• Regional cooperation
– Routine testing of the regional cotton production where it is demanded
• Additionally there will be direct monetary support to existing laboratories to enhance their testing environment
23 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
Africa
West Africa East Africa
Regional centres Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
Individual Laboratories
CFC international project partnersFaserinstitut Bremen; CIRAD
ICACCSITC Task Force recommendations
International project partners
(Other regions)
24 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Other areas in the World
CSITC recommendations / knowledges / skills
a) Training, Support, Expertise for RTCs
25 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
b) Regional Training and Regional Round Trials
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Individual Laboratories
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
CSITC recommendations / knowledges / skills
26 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
c) International CSITC Round Trials
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Individual Laboratories
CSITC round test samples and results
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
27 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
d) Re-Tests on tested samples
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Individual Laboratories
CSITC recommendations
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
28 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
e) Audits and Expertise
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Individual Laboratories
CSITC recommendations
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
29 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Support Structure
f) Compatibility with ISO Accreditation
Africa
RTC-West RTC-East
Individual Laboratories
Cerfitexwith Sofitex
TBSwith TCB
International project partnersFIBRE, CIRAD, USDA, BBB
Regional TechnicalCentres (RTC)
National ISO Certification / Accreditation
Bodies
30 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Choice of Regions
Countries to be directly supported in West Africa
Countries to be directly supported in East /
Southern Africa
Countries with indirect support
BeninBurkina FasoIvory Coast
MaliSenegal
Togo
174,000263,000145,000241,00018,00075,000
TanzaniaMozambique
UgandaZambia
Zimbabwe
100,00026,00041,00075,00075,000
CameroonChadEgypt
EthiopiaNigeriaSudan
124,00080,000
292,00023,00095,000
114,000
Cotton fibre production in tons in 2004-2005 (ICAC, September 2005), only countries with more than 10,000 tons of cotton production in season 2004/2005 are mentioned in this table
31 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Africa-Specific Activities: Choice of Regions and Partners
Location of RTC
Full support from RTC
Other type of support from RTC
The Regional Technical Centres are planned to be financial sustainable at the end of the project, so that their support to the laboratories will continue.
RTC West:West and Central Africa:CERFITEX with SOFITEX
RTC East:East and Southern Africa:TBS with TCB
32 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
d) Encourage Trading of Cotton Based on Instrument Data
• Up to now trading rules and contracts do mainly contain:– Manual classing results– Micronaire results– Partially strength results: Pressley or HVI
• Customers are demanding instrument test results• CSITC Task Force is encouraging trading of cotton based
on instrument data by e.g. showing the reliability of the results
• CSITC Task Force is supporting the introduction of instrument test results in trading rules / arbitration rules
33 A. Drieling, Cotton Quality and Testing, Arusha 2007 / 09
Lab of the Bremen Cotton Exchange
Summary
In this presentation I tried to explain
– Manual classing in comparison to High Volume Instrument Testing, the advantages, and the perspective towards Instrument Testing
– The ICAC CSITC Task Force on Commercial Standardization of Instrument Testing of Cotton (CSITC) and its objectives
– The related project funded by the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) and the European Commission
– The necessity and steps of testing standardization
– The necessity and steps of testing harmonization
– The CSITC Round Trial as the major step for harmonization
– The Africa specific project activities including the Regional Technical Centres that will be established
– Trading based on instrument test results
Thank youvery muchfor your
attention!