klqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<klqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<klqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<klqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<<!ose<je!–!711!1:8!
!
-tr<gjz!gz<uqbqbz<!)hq/wm</*!Lkzil<!N{<M-tr<gjz!gz<uqbqbz<!)hq/wm</*!Lkzil<!N{<M-tr<gjz!gz<uqbqbz<!)hq/wm</*!Lkzil<!N{<M-tr<gjz!gz<uqbqbz<!)hq/wm</*!Lkzil<!N{<M!!!!
!
himl<!himl<!himl<!himl<!....!!!!5;!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!olipq5;!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!olipq5;!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!olipq5;!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!olipq!!!!
himr<gjtk<!kbiiqk<K!upr<GOuii<himr<gjtk<!kbiiqk<K!upr<GOuii<himr<gjtk<!kbiiqk<K!upr<GOuii<himr<gjtk<!kbiiqk<K!upr<GOuii<!!!!
!!!!
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!- 2!2!2!2!!!!!!!!! ;!;!;!;!olipqBl<!s&gLl<!olipqBl<!s&gLl<!olipqBl<!s&gLl<!olipqBl<!s&gLl<!!!!!
! ! ! !Ljeui</ju/hizgqV]<{e<?!Kjxk<kjzui<!
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!- 3!!3!!3!!3!!!!!!!!!! ;!;!;!;!uGh<huGh<huGh<huGh<hjxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jljxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jljxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jljxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jl!!!!
! ! !! !Ljeui</N/-viO\^<uiq?!dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<!
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!- 4444!!!! !!!! ;!;!;!;!uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<!!!!
! ! ! !kqVlkq/g/Okuq>?!dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<!
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!....!!!!5!5!5!5!!!!!!!!! ;!;!;!;!gjzk<kqm<mk<<kqz<!olipqgjzk<kqm<mk<<kqz<!olipqgjzk<kqm<mk<<kqz<!olipqgjzk<kqm<mk<<kqz<!olipq!!!!
! ! ! !kqV/!-vi/!osf<kqz<Glii<?!dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<!
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!- 5 : olipq<!okimi<hie!sqg<gz<gt<olipq<!okimi<hie!sqg<gz<gt<olipq<!okimi<hie!sqg<gz<gt<olipq<!okimi<hie!sqg<gz<gt<!!!!
! ! ! !Ljeui</!G/!uq\bi?!dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<!
!!!!
!!!!
gjzk<kqm<m!ujvU!lx<Xl<!lkqh<hQm<Mk<Kjxgjzk<kqm<m!ujvU!lx<Xl<!lkqh<hQm<Mk<Kjxgjzk<kqm<m!ujvU!lx<Xl<!lkqh<hQm<Mk<Kjxgjzk<kqm<m!ujvU!lx<Xl<!lkqh<hQm<Mk<Kjx!!!!
klqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!ose<jeklqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!ose<jeklqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!ose<jeklqp<fiM!Nsqiqbi<!gz<uqbqbz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!ose<je!!!!
!!!!!!!!
!!!!
2
nzGnzGnzGnzG....!!!!2!olipqBl<?!s&gLl<2!olipqBl<?!s&gLl<2!olipqBl<?!s&gLl<2!olipqBl<?!s&gLl<!!!!
(Language and Society)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!(COURSE OBJECTIVES)
-h<himh<! ohiVtqjeg<! gx<x! hqe<H! Nsqiqb.li{ui<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<!
-zg<Ggjt!njmui</!
• olipqbqe<!osbz<hiMgjt!nxqkz<!!!!
• Lgh<H!olipq!lx<Xl<!ht<tq!olipqjb!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!!!
• gx<huiqe<!olipqkqxe<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!!!
• ht<tqbqz<!uib<olipq!lx<Xl<!wPk<K!olipqgjt!uti<k<kz<!!!!
• olipq!lx<Xl<!gzis<sivk<jk!nxqkz<!!!!
Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!
olipq! leqk! s&gk<kqe<! -e<xqbjlbik! Ng<gg<! %xiGl</! olipq! s&g!
dXh<hqei<gtqjmOb! kguz<! okimi<Hg<gie! yV! upqLjxbiGl</! yV! GPuqe<!
keqk<ke<jlg<G! okimi<Hjmb! lvHgjtBl<! uqPlr<gjtBl<! outqh<hMk<Kl<! gVuqbiGl</!
olipqh<h{<him<ce<! dm<%xiGl</! leqkje! uqzr<GgtqzqVf<K! OuXhMk<Kl<! sqxh<hl<sl<!
olipqk<kqxe<! NGl</! ! sLkib! h{<hiM! dbi<f<kfqjzjb! wm<cMukx<G! olipqOb!
giv{liGl</! flK! sqf<kje?! geU?! hqvii<k<kje?! kqbiel<?! hqxOviM! dt<t! dxUgt<?!
kguz<! okimi<H! we! njek<kqZl<! olipq! -ml<! ohXgqxK/! leqki<gTg<G! -jmObbie!
kguz<! okimi<hqz! olipqOb! sqxh<hqml<! ohXgqxK/! leqk! kguz<! okimi<hqz<! nhqfbr<gt<?!
kjzbjsk<kz<?! g{<sqlqm<Mkz<?! hqovbqz<! wPk<Kg<gt<?! Olii< <̂! GxqbQm<M! Ljx?!
fck<Kg<gim<Mkz<?! dmzjsUgt<! &zl<! gVk<jk! outqh<hMk<Kkz<! Ohie<x! OuX! hz!
upqLjxgt<!-Vf<k!OhikqZl<!nux<xqe<!lqgg<GjxU!we<hOkiM?!!njuBl<%m!olipqjb!
sii<f<Ok! njlf<kju! we<hK! Gxqh<hqmk<! kg<gkiGl</! olipqOb! leqkeqe<! sqf<kjeg<G!
ucul<! ogiMk<K?! nueK! njek<K! osbz<hiMgjtBl<! gm<Mh<hMk<kq! upqfmk<Kgqe<xK/!
himh<ohiVt<! lx<Xl<! dbqi<h<ohiVt<! h{<him<jm! yV! kjzLjxbqeiqmlqVf<K! nMk<kk<!
kjzLjxbqeVg<G! wMk<Ks<! osz<Zl<! gVuqbig! olipq! uqtr<GgqxK/! ! lieqm! nxqU!
Oslqk<K!jug<gh<hm<M!yV!kjzLjxbqzqVf<K!nMk<k!kjzLjxg<G!gmk<kh<hMukx<gie!
sikelig!olipqOb!uqtr<GgqxK/!olipq!leqkeqe<!gmf<k!gizl<?!fqgp<gizl<?!wkqi<gizl<!
&e<xqjeBl<!yVr<gqj{g<Gl<!uz<zjl!ohx<X!uqtr<GgqxK/!leqki<gt<!uiPl<!-mr<gtqz<!
wz<zil<! olipq! uqbihqk<Kg<! gi{h<hMgqxK/! ‘olipq’! we<hke<! ohiVt<?! ujvbjx?!
3
olipqhx<xqb! ohiKjlg<gVk<Kgt<?! olipqbqe<! h{qgt<?! uQm<Molipq! ?! ht<tqbqz<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! olipq?! Ohs<S! olipq?! wPk<K! olipq?! gx<Ohiiqe<! hqe<Hzk<jkh<!
Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<?! uGh<hjxbqz<! uib<olipq! lx<Xl<! wPk<K! olipqbqje! uti<k<kz<?!
olipqBl<!h{<hiMl<!Ngqbjug<!Gxqk<K!-u<uzgqz<!uqtg<gh<hmUt<te/!
olipqbqe<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<olipqbqe<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<olipqbqe<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<olipqbqe<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<!!!!
leqkeqe<! w{<{r<gjtBl<! d{i<s<sqgjtBl<?! uqVh<hr<gjtBl<! hqxVg<Gk<!
okiqbh<hMk<k!leqkeiz<!dVuig<gh<hm<m!GxqbQm<M!LjxOb!olipqbiGl</!!
yu<ouiV! leqkeqe<! -eh<hqiqUl<?! leqk! uip<g<jgbqz<! -ml<! ohXl<! ohiVm<gt<?!
fqgp<s<sqgt<?! osbz<Ljxgt<! Ngqbux<jxg<! Gxqk<kqMukx<gie! yzqk<okiGh<Hgjt!
dVuig<gqg<!ogi{<Mt<te/!-k<kjgb!yzqk<okiGh<Hgt<!“osix<gt<”!weh<hMl</!osix<gjt!
Gxqh<hqm<m!ujgbqz<!-j{k<K!osix<oximi<gt<!dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!
Ofil<! Osil<̂ <gqOfil<! Osil<̂ <gqOfil<! Osil<̂ <gqOfil<! Osil<̂ <gq! we<hii<?! “! olipq! we<hK! w{<{x<x! osix<oximi<gtqe<! okiGh<H!
weUl<?! yu<ouiV! osix<oximVl<! ntuqmg<! %cb! fQtl<! ogi{<mkigUl<?! hz<OuX!
yzqk<okiGh<Hgjtg<! ogi{<M! dVuig<gh<hm<M?! Gxqh<hqm<m! ujgbqz<!
yVr<gqj{g<ghm<mkigUl<!-Vg<Gl<”!we<gqxii</!!!
olipqbqZt<t! yzqg<Gxqgt<! uib<olipqg<! GxqgtigOui?! wPk<K! ucuqzie!
GxqgtigOui! -Vg<gzil</! Gxqh<hqm<m! w{<{qg<jgbqz<! njlf<k! yzqg<! GxqbQMgjtg<!
ogi{<M!w{<{x<x!yzqk<! okiGh<Hgjt!dVuig<Gl<!kqxje!leqk!lel<! hjmk<Kt<tK!
we<gqxii<!Osil<̂ <gq/!
yu<ouiV!leqk!-eh<!hqiqUl<?!klg<oge!yzqg<!GxqbQm<M!Ljxbqje!dVuig<gqg<!
ogi{<Mt<tkiz<?! dzgq<z<! hz<OuX! olipqgt<! gi{h<hMgqe<xe/! yu<ouiV! leqk!
-eh<hqiqUl<!kk<kl<!dXh<hqei<gTg<G!-jmOb!kguz<!hiqlix<xk<kqx<G!we!hqvk<kqObglie!
GxqbQm<M!Ljxbqje!dVuig<gqg<! ogi{<Mt<tei</!nkiuK!yu<ouiV!fim<ceVl<!kk<kl<!
olipqgtqz<! Ohsq!uVgqe<xei</!yV!leqkh<hqiqU?!hqxqokie<xqe<!olipqjbg<!gx<xiozipqjb!
nh<hqiquqeOviM!-jmuqjebix<xqm!LcbiK/!
‘olipq’! we<hK! yzqg<! GxqbQm<M! LjxjbBl<?! yzqk<okiGh<Hgjtg<! ogi{<m!
osix<gjt!dVuig<gq!Ljxh<hc!uig<gqbr<gtig!njlk<kqMl<!LjxjbBl<!ogi{<mkiGl</!
olipq! we<hK! Ljxh<hMk<kh<hm<m?! ke<eqs<jsbig! -br<GuK! s&gk<Okjugjt! fqjxU!
osb<ukigUl<?!LPjl!ohx!Lbz<ukigUl<!dt<tK/!!
4
olipqbqe<!ujvbjxgtolipqbqe<!ujvbjxgtolipqbqe<!ujvbjxgtolipqbqe<!ujvbjxgt<!!
• ‘olipq! we<hK! klK! gVk<KgjtBl<! d{i<UgjtBl<! uqVh<hr<gjtBl<!
outqh<hMk<Kukx<G!leqki<gt<!lm<MOl!hbe<hMk<Kl<!upqLjxbiGl<<!;!-K!
leqk! -bz<H,g<gk<kqz<! -Vf<K! wPf<kK! nz<z/! -K! GxqbQm<Mg<!
gm<mjlh<HLjxjb!hbe<hMk<KgqxK’/!....!!!!^<Ohi</^<Ohi</^<Ohi</^<Ohi</!!!!
• ‘olipq! we<hK! s&gg<! GP! -jmuqjebix<xqMukx<G! hbe<hMl<! ?! yPr<G!
fqbkqgtx<x!yzqgtqe<!GxqbQm<M!njlh<H!NGl<’/!–!!!!h<tig<!lx<Xl<!m<h<tig<!lx<Xl<!m<h<tig<!lx<Xl<!m<h<tig<!lx<Xl<!m<vigi</vigi</vigi</vigi</!!!!
• ‘leqki<gt<! klg<Gt<! -jmuqjebix<xqmUl<?! kguz<! hiqlixqg<! ogit<tUl<!
hbe<hMk<Kl<?! lvH! iQkqbqzie! lx<Xl<! ke<eqs<jsBme<! -br<Gl<?! uib<!
lx<Xl<!osuqsii<!yzqg<GxqbQMgtqe<!okiGh<Oh!olipqbiGl<’/!–!!!!az<az<az<az<!!!!
Olx<g{<mux<xqz<!Lkz<!ujvbjx?!olipq!we<hK!dtiQkqbig!leqkeiz<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!
olipqsii<! fmk<jk?! nkiuK! olipqgjtg<! gx<Xg<ogi{<M?! nux<xqe<! &zl<! klK!
w{<{r<gjtBl<?! gVk<KgjtBl<! outqh<hMk<kqmz<! ! lx<Xl<! %Xhux<jx! ohiVT{i<f<K!
nxqkz<! we<El<! fmk<jk! we! djvg<gqxK/! -u<ujvbjx! olipqgtqe<!
ohiKk<ke<jljbBl<! olipqgjtg<! gx<hkx<gie! leqk! Nx<xzqe<! dbqiqbz<!
nch<hjmjbBl<!uzqBXk<KgqxK/!!
lx<oxiV! ujvbjx?! olipq! we<hK?! yzqg<! GxqbQMgjt! -j{k<Kg<!
gm<mjlk<kqmUl<?! nkx<G! ohiVt<! ogit<tUl<!diqb! uqkqLjxgjtg<! ogi{<m! njlh<H!
we<hjk! Lke<jlh<hMk<KgqxK/! nkiuK! osix<gjt! dVuig<gUl<?! nux<xqx<G! ohiVt<!
ntqk<kqMukx<Gl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!!
&e<xiuK! ujvbjx! ?! olipq! we<hK! leqkk<! kguz<! okimi<H! lx<Xl<!
-jmuqjegt<! Nx<xqmZg<Gh<! hbe<hMl<! yzqgtqe<! gm<mjlh<H! we! djvg<gqxK/!
-u<ujvbjx!olipqbqe<!s&gh<!hbe<him<cx<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!!
olipq!we<hkx<G!ntqg<gh<hMl<!ujvbjxgtqzqVf<K!nke<!-bz<Hgtig!Ljxbie!
njlh<H!ogi{<cVk<kz<?! ke<eqs<jsk<! ke<jl?! s&guqbz<H!ohx<xqVk<kz<! lx<Xl<!LPjl!
ohx<X!uqtr<Gkz<!Ohie<xux<jx!nxqf<K{vzil</!
olipqbqe<!ohiKjlg<!gVk<Kolipqbqe<!ohiKjlg<!gVk<Kolipqbqe<!ohiKjlg<!gVk<Kolipqbqe<!ohiKjlg<!gVk<K!!!!
olipq! we<hK!Np<f<k?! sqxh<hie! ujgbqz<! dt<tk<jkg<! gim<Ml<! g{<{icbiGl</!
-K!leqk!lkqFm<hk<kqe<!hjmh<hiGl</!-jk!yu<ouiV!leqkVl<!ke<etuqz<!HKh<hqk<Kg<!
ogit<gqxii<;!nK!nuvK!osif<k!uqVh<H!nz<zK!dt<t!d{i<uqx<G!nh<hix<hm<mK/!
5
leqk!s&gk<kqe<!hqiqg<g!Lcbik!hGkqbig!olipq!uqtr<GgqxK/!kQUgt<?!giMgt<!
Ohie<x!GXgqb?!Hx!dzgk<!okimi<H!Gjxf<k!hGkqgtqz<!uiPl<!lg<gTl<!kr<gTg<oge!
olipqgjt!dVuig<gqg<!ogi{<Mt<tei</!!
olipq! uibqzigOu!nxquqbz<?! okipqz<Fmhl<?! -zg<gqbl<?! lieqmuqbz<! Ohie<xju!
ohiqKl<! uti<s<sq! ohx<Xt<te/! kguz<! hiqlix<xk<kqx<Gl<! olipq! -e<xqbjlbikK/!
osiz<Zg<Gh<!hqxG!wPk<Kl<!nke<hqe<!-zg<g{Ll<!Okie<xq!uti<f<Kt<te/!!
leqk! olipq! uqzr<Ggtqe<! yzqs<! jsjggtqzqVf<K! OuXhm<mkiGl</! olipqbqe<!
sqxh<hqbz<Hgtigg<!gQp<g<g{<mux<jxg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!!
ke<eqs<jsk<ke<jlBjmbK!olipqke<eqs<jsk<ke<jlBjmbK!olipqke<eqs<jsk<ke<jlBjmbK!olipqke<eqs<jsk<ke<jlBjmbK!olipq!!!!
yV! olipqbqz<! olipqbqz<! dt<t! osix<gTg<Gl<! nux<xiz<! nxqf<K! ogit<th<hMl<!
ohiVTg<Gl<!-jmOb!-bz<hie!okimi<H!WKl<!-Vh<hkqz<jz/!)d/l</*!gz<?!lvl<?!uqzr<G?!
oh{<! Ohie<x! osix<gt<! nju! Sm<cg<gim<Ml<! ohiVTg<G! We<! -mh<hm<mK! we<hkx<gie!
giv{l<!WKlqz<jz/!-K!Ohie<Ox!kqVl{lie!oh{<j{?!kqVlkq?!>lkq?!lq^ <̂!Ohie<x!
ouu<OuX! osix<gtiz<! hz<OuX! olipqgtqz<! Gxqh<hqMgqxii<gt</! -u<uiX! ke<eqs<jsbig!
ouu<OuX!s&gg<!GPuqei<! osix<gjt!dVuig<gqg<! ogi{<mkiOzOb!hz<OuX!olipqgt<!
Okie<xqe/!!
sLkibk<kqx<GiqbK!olipqsLkibk<kqx<GiqbK!olipqsLkibk<kqx<GiqbK!olipqsLkibk<kqx<GiqbK!olipq!!!!
ohiVt<gjtBl<! nux<xqx<G! -jmObBt<t! dxUgt<?! fqgPl<! -jmuqjegt<!
Ohie<xux<jxs<! Sm<cg<! gim<Mukx<G! we! lvHiQkqbig! hqe<hx<xh<hMl<! osix<gt<! olipqbqz<!
njlf<K! gi{h<hMgqe<xe/! s&gfqjzg<Ogx<h?! yVui<! OhSl<! olipqs<! osix<gTl<!
OuXhMl</)d/l<*fie<?! ncObe<?fQ?! fQr<gt<?! kir<gt<?! nue<?! nut<?! nui<! ?nui<gt<?!
de<EjmbK?! nuEjmbK?! nui<gTjmbK?! kr<gTjmbK?! we<EjmbK! Ohie<x!
osix<gt<! dxU! fqjzjb! ym<c! wPl<! uqtqs<! osix<gt<! NGl</! olipqbiz<! s&g!
dxUgTl<!h{<hiMl<!utVl</!olipqbqe<xq?!s&g!-{g<gl<! ?!fz<ZxU! ?!s&gk<okimi<H?!
s&g!fqXuer<gt<!Ngqbju!Wx<hm!upqbqz<jz/!!
GxqbQmigjlf<kK!olipqGxqbQmigjlf<kK!olipqGxqbQmigjlf<kK!olipqGxqbQmigjlf<kK!olipq!!!!
olipq! we<hK! yzqgTg<gie! GxqbQMgtiz<! NeK/! olipqgt<?! yzqg<! GxqbQMgjt!
njlk<kqm! ouu<OuX! Ljxgjtg<! ogi{<M! uqtr<Gukiz<?! nju! OuXhm<Mg<!
gi{h<hMgqe<xe/! yu<ouiV! olipqBl<?! yzqg<!
GxqbQMgjt! ke<eqs<jsbigk<! Oki<U! osb<gqe<xe;! Neiz<! Oki<U! osb<khqe<! nju! lvH!
6
iQkqbqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hm<M!uVl</!olipqbqz<!dt<t!osix<gt<!ouXl<!GxqbQMgt<!lm<Mlz<z;!
nju!ohiVjt!d{i<k<KhjubigUl<!uqtr<Ggqe<xe/!dkiv{lig!‘lgtqi<’!we<x!osiz<!
ubK!uf<k!oh{<gjtBl<?!‘Nmui<’!we<x!osiz<!ubK!uf<k!N{<gjtBl<!Gxqh<hqMl</!
Ljxh<hMk<kh<hm<m!njlh<HjmbK!olipq!Ljxh<hMk<kh<hm<m!njlh<HjmbK!olipq!Ljxh<hMk<kh<hm<m!njlh<HjmbK!olipq!Ljxh<hMk<kh<hm<m!njlh<HjmbK!olipq!!!!!
! olipq!we<hK!ke<eqs<jsbie!yzqg<GxqbQMgjtg<!ogi{<mK!we<xiZl<!nju!
yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! upqLjxh<hc! uiqjsh<hMk<kh<hm<M! osix<gtigUl<?! osix<gt<! Gxqh<hqm<m!
uqkk<kqz<! gm<mjlg<gh<hm<M! osix<oximvigUl<! ! uqtr<Ggqe<xe/! yzqg<GxqbQMgjt!
Ljxh<hMk<kq! uiqjsh<hMk<kqm! yu<ouiV! olipqg<Gl<! keqobiV! njlh<HLjx! dt<tK/!
yzqgjt! ds<siqk<kZg<Gl<?! osix<gjt! -j{k<K! osix<oximvig! njlk<kqMukx<Gl<!
yu<ouiV! olipqbqZl<! uqkqLjxgt<! dt<te/! olipq! njlh<hqz<?! ds<siqg<Gl<! Ljx?!
uig<gqb!njlh<HLjx?!yzqg<GxqbQMgtig!-j{k<K!osix<gtig!lix<xqMl<!Ljx!we!hz!
dt<tjlh<Hgt<! dt<te/! olipq! njlh<hqz<! yVjl.he<jl?! fqgp<gizl<.-xf<k! gizl<.
wkqi<gizl<! Ohie<xux<jx! Sm<cg<gim<Mukx<gie! uqjes<! osiz<! ucujlh<H?! d{i<Ugjt!
outqh<hMk<Kl<!osiz<!njlh<H?!ohiVm<gtqe<!h{<Hgjtk<!okiquqg<Gl<!osix<gt<!we!hz!
dt<tjlh<HgTl<!dt<te/!
Gvz<ujt!nkqi<Ufitr<gt<!wPh<Hl<!Gvozizq!sii<f<kK!olipqGvz<ujt!nkqi<Ufitr<gt<!wPh<Hl<!Gvozizq!sii<f<kK!olipqGvz<ujt!nkqi<Ufitr<gt<!wPh<Hl<!Gvozizq!sii<f<kK!olipqGvz<ujt!nkqi<Ufitr<gt<!wPh<Hl<!Gvozizq!sii<f<kK!olipq!!!!
! olipq! we<hK! nch<hjmbqz<! yzqg<GxqbQMgtiz<! NeK/! leqk! dXh<Hgt<!
yzqjb!wPh<hq!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!Ljxbqeiz<?!yzqg<!GxqgTg<gie!ds<siqh<Hk<!Okie<XgqxK/!
Ohs<S!Okie<xqb!hqe<H?!wPk<K!ucuqz<!yzqg<!GxqbQMgt<!dVuig<gh<hm<me/!wPk<K!we<hK!
yzqgTg<gie! sqk<kqv! ucul<! NGl</! weOu! olipqbqz<! ‘Ohs<S’! we<hK! Lke<jl! -ml<!
ohXgqxK/!Ohs<S!upg<G!ypqf<k!olipqgt<?!olz<z!olz<<z!ljxf<KOhiGl</!!!!
-bz<H,g<gl<!-bz<H,g<gl<!-bz<H,g<gl<!-bz<H,g<gl<!sivik!lvH!Ljx!sii<f<kK!olipqsivik!lvH!Ljx!sii<f<kK!olipqsivik!lvH!Ljx!sii<f<kK!olipqsivik!lvH!Ljx!sii<f<kK!olipq!!!!
!!!! wf<k! yV! olipqBl<! leqki<gt<! klg<gqjmOb! yh<Hkz<! ntqk<K?! Gxqh<hqm<m!
upqLjxgjth<! hqe<hx<xq!yOv!fitqz<! Okix<Xuqg<gh<hm<mkz<z/!olipq!we<hK!sqXg!sqXg!
uti<s<sq!ohx<X?!lvHiQkqbig!upg<gk<kqz<!-Vf<K!uVuK!NGl</!yu<ouiV!kjzLjxBl<!
olipqsii<f<k! lvhqje! keg<G! nMk<k! kjzLjxbqml<! Osi<h<hqg<gqxK/! leqkeiz<!
dVuig<gh<hm<m! s&g! fqXuer<gjth<! Ohie<Ox?! olipqBl<! lix<xr<gTg<G! dm<hmg<!
%cbK?! npqbg<%cbK?! uti<s<sqh<! ohxg<%cbK?! nge<X! uqiqbg<%cbK/! Ohs<S! we<hK!
leqk! Gpf<jkg<G! -bz<hqOzOb! uVuK! nz<z/! Gpf<jk?! olipqjb! Lbe<X!
gx<Xg<ogit<gqxK/! nkiuK! ‘Ohs<S’! leqk! Gpf<jkg<G! hqxh<hqe<OhiOk! lvH! iQkqbig!
7
gmk<kh<hMuK!nz<z/!Neiz<!OhSf<kqxe<!nz<zK!Ohs<sqjeg<!gx<Gl<!kqxe<!Gpf<jkbqml<!
-bz<hig!njlf<K!gi{h<hMgqxK/!!
! -bz<H,g<gr<gt<! leqki<gtK!ouu<OuX!uti<s<sqh<! hVur<gtqZl<!$pz<gtqZl<!
Okie<Xhju/!hiZ~g<gl<?!lgu,g<gl<?!hiKgih<H!Dg<gl<!Ohie<xju!kiligk<!Okie<xq?!leqk!
fmk<jkbqe<! lQK! Nkqg<gl<! osZk<kq?! hqe<ei<! ljxhju! NGl</! Neiz<! olipq?! kiOe!
Gpf<jkbqml<! -bz<higk<! Okie<Xukqz<jz?! Lbx<sqbiz<! dVuigq?! liXkz<gTg<G!
dm<hm<M!uti<uK/!olipq!uip<fit<!LPuKl<!fQcg<Gl<!ke<jl!ogi{<mK/!!
! olipq?! s&g! lvH! upqOb! hqe<hx<xh<hm<M! uVuK! NGl</! osix<gtqe<!
ds<siqh<Hl<?! OhSl<! LjxgTl<?! uig<gqb! njlh<Hl<! olipqgTl<! -jmObBl<?! yOv!
olipqjbh<!OhSl<!hz!dm<GPuqeiqjmObBl<!OuXhMujkg<!gi{zil</!!
dVuig<gk<kqxEl<?!hjmh<Hk<kqxEl<!djmbK!olipqdVuig<gk<kqxEl<?!hjmh<Hk<kqxEl<!djmbK!olipqdVuig<gk<kqxEl<?!hjmh<Hk<kqxEl<!djmbK!olipqdVuig<gk<kqxEl<?!hjmh<Hk<kqxEl<!djmbK!olipq!
! yzqg<GxqbQMgjt! hz<OuX! uqkr<gtqz<! -j{k<K! HKh<HK! osix<gjt!
dVuig<gqm! ?! olipq! -ml<! kVgqxK/! lg<gtim<sq?! ur<gq! sQi<kqVk<kl<! Ohie<xju!
hkqoem<mil<! F~x<xi{<czqVf<Kkie<! upg<gqx<G! uf<ke/! hz! Hkqb! gjzs<osix<gt<!
nxquqbz<?! okipqz<Fm<hl<?! s&g! lix<xr<gt<! Ngqbux<xqe<! uqjtuigk<! Okie<Xl</!
Oum<hiti<?! Le<olipqkz<?! uig<Gs<sQm<M?! Wx<Hjv! we<hK! Ohie<x! osix<gt<! Jl<hK!
N{<MgTg<G! Le<! upg<gqz<! -z<jz/! weOu?! olipq?! HKh<HK! osix<gjt! hjmg<Gl<!
ke<jl!ogi{<M!kqgp<gqxK!wezil</!!
! olipqbqe<! uti<s<sqbiz<! Hkqbe! Okie<Xkz<! -bz<H! NGl</klqpqz<! Hkqel<!
sqXgjk! use! guqjk! Ohie<xju! Oleim<M! olipqgtqe<! okimi<hiz<! dVuieju!
NGl</gx<hje! utLjmObii<! Hkqb! -zg<gqb! ucur<gjtk<! Okix<Xuqg<g! olipqbqe<!
ofgqp<Uk<ke<jl!ohiqKl<!dkUgqxK/!!
! olipqgjt! nux<xqe<! Ofig<gr<gtqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! hz! ohVl<! hqiqUgtig!
ujgh<hMk<kzil</njubiue! dzgh<! ohiKolipq! dzgk<kqZt<t! njeuVl<! nz<zK!
ohVl<hizie! lg<gt<! OhSl<! lx<Xl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! olipqOb! dzgh<! ohiKolipq!
weh<hMl</! -k<kjgb! olipqjb!dVuig<g! sqz! Lbx<sqgt<! Olx<ogit<th<hm<me/nux<Xt<!
ye<xie! w <̂hqvi{<Omi! we<gqx! osbx<jgbie! olipqjb! Z~m<uqg<! we<hii<!
dVuig<gqeii</nxquqbzch<hjmbqz<! njlf<kqVg<Gl<! -l<olipq! lg<gtK! uvOux<jhh<!
ohxuqz<jz/!
8
! -f<kqb!olipqgTg<G!ohiKuie!uiqucul<! )wPk<K!ucul<*!hqe<hx<xh<hmzil<!
we<X!sqz!kjzui<gt<!%xqbkx<Gl<!NkvU!gqm<muqz<jz/kvl<!sii<f<k!olipq!yOv!olipqjb!
hz<OuX! hGkqgtqz<! usqh<Ohii<OhsqeiZl<! nui<gtK! osiz<! ds<siqh<H! Ohs<S! upg<G!
Ohie<xju!liXhm<M!keqk<k!Okix<xl<!ogi{<M!gi{h<hMl</!-u<ujg!osiz<zim<sq!ogi{<m!
olipqbqe<!dm<hqiqUgjt!dt<tmg<gq! ohiKuie! -zg<g{l<! ngvikqgt<! gjzs<osix<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jx! njlk<Kg<! ogit<tzil</! -kje! kvh<hMk<Kkz<! we<gqOxil</kvh<hMk<kh<hm<m!
olipqjb! wuVl<! wtqkqz<! OhsUl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<tUl<! gx<xxqbUl<! LcBl</yOv! olipqg<!
GMl<hk<jks<! Osi<f<k! olipqgTg<G! ohiKuie! -zg<g{l<! ngvikqgt<! gjzs<osix<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jx!dVuig<gqmzil</!-keiz<!yu<ouiV!olipqbqe<!keqk<ke<jlBl<!npqbiK/w.M!
kqviuqm!olipqg<!GMl<hl<!umolipqg<!GMl<hl<!nvihqb!olipqg<!GMl<hl<!JOvih<hqb!olipqg<!
GMl<hl<! Ohie<xju/kvl<! sii<f<k! olipq! we<hK! he<jlbk<ke<jl! )w.M*nOvhqg?<! -r<gqzQ]<!
hqovR<S?! aqf<kq?! Ohii<s<SgQ̂ ?<! ^<hiqe]<! Ohie<xju! nz<zK! yVjlbk<! ke<jl! w.M!
-k<kizqbe<?!\h<hieq^<!-v]<be<!Ohie<xju!ogi{<M!uqtr<gzil</!!
Nm<sq!olipqNm<sq!olipqNm<sq!olipqNm<sq!olipq!!
! Nm<sq! olipq! we<hK!yV!fiM!nz<zK!nvS!sm<m! iQkqbig!sqxh<H!nf<k <̂K!
ntqk<K!keK!fqi<uigk<jk!fmk<kqm!hbe<hMk<kqMl<!olipqbiGl</!sqz!fiMgtqz<!ye<Xg<G!
Olx<hm<m!Nm<sq! olipqgt<! -Vg<gg<%Ml</dkiv{lig!>zr<giuqz<! sqr<gtl<! klqp<!Ngqb!
-v{<MOl! Nm<sq! olipqgtiGl</! -f<kqbiuqz<! -f<kqBl<! Nr<gqzLl<! Nm<sqolipqgtig!
Wx<gh<hm<Mt<te/weqEl<!Nr<gqz!olipqg<G!-v{<mil<!kGfqjzOb!kvh<hm<Mt<tK/!
sOgikiq!olipqgt<!sOgikiq!olipqgt<!sOgikiq!olipqgt<!sOgikiq!olipqgt<!!
! yV! okie<jlbie! ohiKolipqbqzqVf<K! Okie<xqb! sqz! olipqgt<! sOgikiq!
olipqgt<! weh<hMgqe<xe/Okufigiq! wPk<jkh<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! um! -f<kqb! olipqgtie!
hR<sihq?!-vi\ <̂kieq?! yiqbi?! ohr<gizq?!G\vik<kq! Ohie<xju!-f<kq! olipqbqe<! sOgikiq!
olipqgt<!NGl</!
um<miv!olipq!um<miv!olipq!um<miv!olipq!um<miv!olipq!!!!!
!!!! sikiv{! lg<gt<! OhSl<! olipq! um<mmiv! olipq! weh<hMl</! -K! ohiKlg<gt<!
hbe<hMk<Kl<! ogis<js! upg<G! ujshiMl<! osix<gt<! -pqk<Kjvg<Gl<! osix<gt<! Nhis!
uii<k<jkg<t!Ngqbux<jx!dt<tmg<gq!-Vg<Gl</!ohiKlg<gt<!fjmLjxbqz!OhSl<!olipq!
-zg<gqbk<kvk<Kme<!-viK/Nm<sq!olipq!Ohie<Xl<!-Vg<giK/!
9
! Nr<gqOzb!Nm<sqbqz<!-s<osiz<jz!YvtU!-gp<s<sqBme<!-f<kqb!olipqgjtg<!
Gxqh<hqmh<! hbe<hMk<kqei</! nxqbijl! giv{lig! -f<kqb! olipqgtqz<! -zg<gqb!
-zg<g{r<gt<! -z<jz! SOksqgt<! OhSl<! uti<sqsBxi! olipqgt<! we<x! gVk<kqz<!
hbe<hMk<kqei</!
si<uOsk!Kj{uqje!olipqsi<uOsk!Kj{uqje!olipqsi<uOsk!Kj{uqje!olipqsi<uOsk!Kj{uqje!olipq!
! hz<OuX! fiMgjts<! Osi<f<OkiiqjmOb! ohiKuie! Lke<jl! olipq! -z<zik!
fqjzbqz<! nui<gt<! klg<Gt<! kguz<! okimi<H! ogit<t! OuoxiV! -v{<miuK! olipqjb!
hbe<hMk<Kui</!JOvih<hiuqz<!dt<t!fiMgtqz<!usqg<Gl<!lg<gt<!hqx!fim<ceOviM!okimi<H!
ogit<t! Nr<gqzl<! hqovR<S! o\i<le<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! ye<jx! -v{<miuK! olipqbigg<!
gx<gqe<xei</!J/fi/!sjhBl<!si<uOks!gVk<kvr<GgTl<!Ohe<xju!yV!sqz!olipqgjtO{b!
hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xe/! OuX! olipqgtqz<! OhSOuivK! osix<ohipqUgjt! sqxh<H! olipqh<!
ohbi<h<Hg<! gVuqgt<! dmEg<Gm<e! olipqbig<gl<! osb<K! kVgqe<xe/! fl<! fim<mcz<!
-v{<miuK!olipqh<!hm<mcbzqz<!Lg<gqb!dzg!olipqgTl<!-ml<!ohx<Xt<te/!!
-V!olipqg<!gzh<H!-V!olipqg<!gzh<H!-V!olipqg<!gzh<H!-V!olipqg<!gzh<H!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-v{<miuK!olipqobie<jxg<!gx<Ohii<!nkqz<!Ohikqb!Oki<s<sq!ohxik!fqjzbqz<!Lkz<!
olipqBme<! -v{<miuK! olipqjbBl<! gzf<K! OhSui</-V! olipqgtqe<! nl<sr<gTl<!
-ui<gtK!Ohs<sqz<!gi{h<hMl</ht<tq!utigk<kqz<!Nr<gqzk<kqz<!l<mMOl!djvbim!Ou{<Ml<!
we<gqx! uqkq! dt<t! ht<tqg<! %mr<gtqz<! hbqZl<! sqxii<gtqml<! -l<olipqg<! gzjujbg<!
gi{zil</wf<k! olipqbqz<! nkqgk<! Oki<s<sq! dt<tOki! nl<olipqs<! osix<gjtOb!nui<gt<!
nkqgl<! jgbit<ui</hqx! lifqzr<gtqz<! hz! kjzLjxgtig! usqh<hui<gtqmLl<!
-h<Ohig<jgg<! gueqg<gzil</yzqbqe<! yPr<gjlh<H! -zg<g{l<! osix<oximi<! -zg<g{l<!
osiz<!ucujlh<H!osiz<!utl<! olipqjbh<! hbe<hMk<KukqZt<tt!kvr<gt<! Ohe<xux<jx!
nui<gt<!klK!Lkz<olipqObiM!yh<hqm<M!uqtr<gqg<!ogit<tzil</!
dVuig<gh<hm<m!olipq!dVuig<gh<hm<m!olipq!dVuig<gh<hm<m!olipq!dVuig<gh<hm<m!olipq!!!!!
-bz<hig! olipqgt<! hch<hcbig! liXkz<gjtBl<! uti<s<sqjbBl<! gi{<gqe<xe/hjpb!
gz<oum<M! wPk<Kgt<! sqk<kqv! wPk<Kgt<! um<omPk<Kgt<! Ohie<xju! gizh<! Ohig<gqz<!
Okie<xqbju/lixig! leqk! -ek<kqe<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<oge! dVuig<gh<hMl<! osbx<jg!
olipqgTl<!dt<te/!g{qeq!olipq!-u<ujgbqz<!nmr<Gl</!
!!!!
!!!!
10
kib<!olipq!Lkz<!olipqkib<!olipq!Lkz<!olipqkib<!olipq!Lkz<!olipqkib<!olipq!Lkz<!olipq!!!!
! GMl<hk<kqeiqmlqVf<K!Gpf<jk!gx<Xg<!ogit<Tl<!olipq!kib<olipq!weh<hMl</!
yV! GMl<hk<kqz<! -V! olipqgt<! OhShui<gt<! -Vf<kiz<! -V! olipqgjtBOl! Gpf<jk!
slligg<!gVKl</!
nbz<olipqnbz<olipqnbz<olipqnbz<olipq!!!!
klqp<fim<cz<! klqp<g<! Gpf<jkgTg<G! Nr<gqzl<! ne<eqb! olipqbigk<! okiqBl</outq!
lifqzr<gtqzqVf<K! klqpgk<kqz<! GcObxq! dt<tui<gTg<G! klqp<! nbz<! olipqbigOu!
-Vg<Gl</! nui<gt<! kk<kl<! kib<olipqbqz<! djvbiMkzqz<! lgqp<s<sq! njmui</! weqEl<!
-vi[u! uQvi<! GcbqVh<hHgtqz<! usqh<OhivK! Gpf<jkgt<! hz! olipqs<! osix<gt<gjt!
nui<gt<!%c!uqjtbiMl<OhiK!Lbx<sqbqexqg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<ujkg<!gi{zil</!!
lifqz!olipq!l{<mzolipqlifqz!olipq!l{<mzolipqlifqz!olipq!l{<mzolipqlifqz!olipq!l{<mzolipq!!!!
-f<kqbi! olipq! upq! lifqzr<gtigh<! hqiqg<gh<hM<Mt<tK/yu<ouiV! lifqzk<kqZl<!
ohVl<hie<jlObivK! olipq! lifqz! olipqbigUl<! lifqz! ntuqz<! Nm<sq! olipqbigUl<!
dt<tK/!
sqXhie<jl!olipq!sqXhie<jl!olipq!sqXhie<jl!olipq!sqXhie<jl!olipq!!!!!
yu<ouiV! lifqzk<kqZl<! olipqs<! sqXhie<jlbqei<! dt<tei</lifgi<gtqz<! hz! -f<kqb!
olipqgjtk<! kib<! olipqgtigg<! ogi{<mui<gt<! usqg<gqge<xei</sqXhie<jl! olipqgjth<!
hiKgih<hK!nvsqe<!gmjlbiGl</!nui<gtK!Gpf<jkgTl<!kr<gtK!kib<olipqbqz<!gz<uq!
ohx!diqjl!dt<tK/!
osl<olipqgt<!osl<olipqgt<!osl<olipqgt<!osl<olipqgt<!!!!!
okie<jl! olipqgtie! -zk<kQe<?! gqOvg<gl?<! sl^<gqVkl<?! aQh<V?! klqp<! Ohie<x! hz!
olipqgt<!-zg<gqbs<!ospqh<hiz<!osl<olipqgt<!we<gqx!ohVjljbh<!ohx<Xt<te/!
olipqbqe<!h{qgt<!olipqbqe<!h{qgt<!olipqbqe<!h{qgt<!olipqbqe<!h{qgt<!!!!!
! olipqbqe<!h{qgt<!we<hK!wf<Ofig<gr<gTg<gig!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<KgqOxil<!
we<hjkg<! Gxqg<gqe<xe/Ljxsii<f<k! lx<Xl<! Ljxsivi! kguz<! hiqlix<xk<kqz<! olipqbqe<!
hbe<hiM! Gxqh<hqmk<kg<gkiGl</! olipqbqe<! yu<ouiV! h{qg<Gl<! Gxqh<hqm<mokiV! -zg<g{!
njlh<Hl<!osix<gt<!okiGh<Hl<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/olipqbqe<!Lg<gqb!h{qgt<!nz<zK!
osbx<hiMgtiue;olipq! kguz<! okimi<hqx<gie! nch<hjm! sikel<! olipq! yVuvK!
11
NTjljbBl<! s&gk<kqe<! h{<him<jmBl<! hqvkqhzqg<gqxK/olipq! h{<him<ce<! uti<s<sqg<Gl<!
nkjeh<! hvh<Hukx<Gl<! Okjuh<hMgqxK/s&gk<kqe<! okimi<s<sq! fQcg<gUl<! s&gg<!GPg<gt<!
kqxl<hm! osbz<hmUl<! s&gg<GPg<gjt! gm<Mh<hMk<kUl<! olipq!
-e<xqbjlbikkiGl</olipqbqe<!&e<X!nch<hjmh<!h{qgtiue;!
2/kguztqg<Gl<!h{q!2/kguztqg<Gl<!h{q!2/kguztqg<Gl<!h{q!2/kguztqg<Gl<!h{q!!!!!
olipq!kguz<!hiqlix<xk<kqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!-h<h{q!dzgqz<!dt<t!leqki<gt<!ohiVm<gt<!
fqgpqUgt<! osbx<hiMgt<! hx<xqb! kguz<gjt! osb<kqgjt! ntqh<hkqz<! guel<!
osZk<KgqxK/-h<hq{bqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!%x<Xgt<!d{<jlk<ke<jl!ogi{<Omi!nz<zK!
kuxigOui!-Vg<gzil</!
3/outqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!3/outqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!3/outqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!3/outqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!!!!!
olipq! OhSOuii<! wPKOuii<! Ogm<Ohii<! NgqObivK!d{i<Ugt<! l<xXl<! leh<hie<jlgjt!
outqh<hMk<k!dkUgqxK/olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<KOuii<!klK!d{i<Ugjt!outqh<hMk<kOui!
hqxiqml<!d{i<s<sqgjtk<!km<c!wPh<hOui!LbZl<OhiK!olipqb<e!-h<h{q!outqh<hMgqxK/!
4/ofxqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!4/ofxqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!4/ofxqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!4/ofxqh<hMk<Kl<!h{q!!!!!
leqki<gtqe<! fm<kjkgjtg<! gm<Mh<hMk<k! olipq! hbe<hMgqxK/! ohiKuig! -h<h{qbqz<!
olipqbieK!Nj{bqMl<!ujgbqOzi!Ogiiqg<jg!jug<Gl<!ujgbqOzi!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl</!
!!!!OvOvOvOvile<! \igh<se<!ile<! \igh<se<!ile<! \igh<se<!ile<! \igh<se<! we<hii<! kguz<! okimi<hqz<! olipq! NXuqk! h{qgjt! osb<kqMuikig!
ujvbjx!osb<Kt<tii</njubiue!uV{jeh<!h{q?!guqjksii<!h{q?!d{i<s<sqsii<!h{q?!
nxqUsii<!h{q?!dhsivh<!h{q!olipqbqbz<!h{q!-eq!-ju!hx<xq!SVg<gligh<!hii<h<Ohil<!!
• uV{jeh<!h{quV{jeh<!h{quV{jeh<!h{quV{jeh<!h{q!!!!
yV!$pz<!!!!ohiVt<!nz<zK!lefqjz!fqgp<U!Ohie<xux<jx!ui<{qh<hK!kguz<!okimi<hqz<!
olipqbqe<!sQiqb!h{qbiGl</!
• guqjksii<!h{q!guqjksii<!h{q!guqjksii<!h{q!guqjksii<!h{q!!
-kqz<! osb<kqjb! nke<! ke<jlg<gigOu! okiquqh<hKme<! fbk<KmEl<! gui<s<sqgvlie!
osix<omimi<gt<! &zLl<! %xh<hMl</uqOugief<kiqe<! wPlqe<! uqpqlqe<! osbzix<Xlqe<! we<x!
Lpg<gk<jkBl<! kqV&ziqe<! ye<Ox! Gzl<! yVuOe! Okue<! we<x! guqjk! uiqjbBl<!
olipqbqe<!guqjksii<!h{qg<G!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgtigg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!
12
• d{i<s<sqsii<!h{qd{i<s<sqsii<!h{qd{i<s<sqsii<!h{qd{i<s<sqsii<!h{q!
-K! yV! kgujz! d{i<s<sqjbg<! Gjpk<K! Ogm<Ohiiqml<! dt<tg<gqti<sqjbk<! K~{<Ml<!
ujgbqz<! ntqk<kjzg<! Gxqg<gqxK/! out<jtbOe! outqObX! uXjljb! ypqh<Ohil<!
Ohie<xju!Gxqg<Ogijt!wm<mk<!K~{<MueuiGl</!
• nxqUsii<!h{q!nxqUsii<!h{q!nxqUsii<!h{q!nxqUsii<!h{q!!
-K!kGf<k!wtqb!-eqb!ohiVt<!ohikqf<k!osix<gjtg<!jgbi{<M!Hkqb!gVk<KgjtBl<!
ntqk<K! nxqju! uqiqUhMk<Kl<! h{qbiGl</-h<h{qOb! Nsqiqbh<! h{qbqz<! Lke<jl!
ohXgqxK/!!
• dhsivh<!h{qdhsivh<!h{qdhsivh<!h{qdhsivh<!h{q!
yVujv! sf<kqg<Gl<OhiK! u{g<gl<! okiquqk<kz<! fzl<! uqsiiqk<kz<! ohiKuie! ne<jxb!
sqxh<Hh<! hqvs<sjegjth<! hx<xq! gVk<Kh<! hiqlix<xl<! osb<K! ogit<tz<! fe<xq! %xq!
uqjmohXkz<! Ohie<xju! -h<h{qbqz<! dt<tmr<Gl</! nxqLglqz<zikui<gTme<! %m!
hb{k<kqe<OhiK!-k<kjgb!djvbimz<gt<!fqgPl</!
olipqbqbz<! h{q!olipqbqbz<! h{q!olipqbqbz<! h{q!olipqbqbz<! h{q! -K! olipqbqe<! Okix<xl<! ke<jl!uti<s<sq! -zg<g{!-zg<gqb! lvHgt<!
Ngqbux<jx!uqtg<GukiGl</!
Lke<jl!olipq!uQm<M!olipq!?!Lgh<HolipqBl<!ht<tq!olipqBl<!Lke<jl!olipq!uQm<M!olipq!?!Lgh<HolipqBl<!ht<tq!olipqBl<!Lke<jl!olipq!uQm<M!olipq!?!Lgh<HolipqBl<!ht<tq!olipqBl<!Lke<jl!olipq!uQm<M!olipq!?!Lgh<HolipqBl<!ht<tq!olipqBl<!!!!!
! Lkz<! olipqjb! kib<olipq?! GMl<h! olipq?! SOksq! olipq?! l{<{qe<! olipq!
-bz<high<!ohxh<hMl<!olipq!we<x!ohbi<gt<!ogi{<Ml<!njpg<gqe<xei</!
!!!! yVui<!keK!Le<Gpf<jkh<!hVuk<kqz<!gx<xqMl<!olipqOb!nvuK!Lkz<!olipq!
nz<zK! Lke<jlbie! olipqbiGl</! -K! GMl<h! dXh<hqei<gtqmlqVf<Kl<! uiPl<!
hGkqbqzqVf<Kl<!gx<gh<hMukiGl</ye<Xg<G!Olx<hm<m!olipqgjth<!OhSOuii<!-Volipqbqei<!-Volipqbqei<!-Volipqbqei<!-Volipqbqei<!
we<Xl<! sqz! olipqgjtg<! jgbiTl<! kqxe<! djmObii<! he<olipqbqei<! we<Xl<!
njpg<gh<hMgqe<xei</kx<giz! olipqbqbziti<gt<! Gpf<jkbqe<! Lkz<! olipqjb!
kib<olipqjbwe<Xl<! -v{<miuK! olipqjb! nz<zK! Oux<X! olipqjb! we<Xl<!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<xei</h<Tl<0hQz<m<!h<Tl<0hQz<m<!h<Tl<0hQz<m<!h<Tl<0hQz<m<! we<hivK! gVk<Kh<hc! kib<olipq! kibqe<! lcbqz<! nli<fK!
gx<hkiGl</! -KOu!ng<Gpf<jk! OhSl<!Lkz<! olipqbiGl</nl<olipqjbOb!Gpf<jk! lqg!
-bz<high<!OhSl</kib<olipqbqz<!yVui<!OhSl<OhiK!lqg<gk<!ke<el<hqg<jgBme<!-Vh<hii</!
13
! GMl<h!olipq!)uQm<Molipq*!we<hK!uQm<cZt<Otii<!njeuVl<!Ohsqg<!ogit<Tl<!
-bz<hie! olipqbiGl</osix<gjt! yzqh<hK! uig<gqb! njlh<H! Ohie<xju! keqk<ke<jl!
ogi{<mjubig!-Vg<Gl</!
! SOksq! olipq! )hilv<! olipq*! we<hK! kvh<hMk<kh<hmik! olipq! we<X! ohiVt<!
ogit<th<hMgqxK/!
yVui<! kil<! uiPl<! sLkibk<kqe<! h{<him<Mg<! %xig! yV! olipqjb! nK! Ohs<S!
olipqbigOui! GMl<h! olipqbigOui! -z<ziuqcEl<! uqVl<hq! lkqk<Kh<! Ohix<xg<!
%Ml</-k<kjgb!olipqgt<!lvHiqjl!olipqgt<!weh<hMl</!
! uiz<om <̂uiz<om <̂uiz<om <̂uiz<om <̂we<hivK! ujvbjxh<hc! yVui<! Gpf<jkbig! -Vg<Gl<OhiK! gx<Xg<!
ogi{<m!kib<olipq!kie<!uiPl<!sLkibk<kqz<!sqXhie<jl!olipqbig!-vg<Gl<!hm<sk<kqz<!
ohiVl<hiziOeiviz<! Ohsh<hMl<! olipqjbs<! sqXubkqOzOb! gx<Xg<! ogi{<M!nkqz<! keK!
w{<{r<gjt!outqh<hMk<KujkOb!nkqgl<!uqVl<hqeiz<!nl<olipqOb!nuVg<G!lvHiqjl!
olipqbiGl</!!!!
Lkz<olipqjbg<!gx<xzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!Lg<gqb!h{<hqbz<Hgt<!Lkz<olipqjbg<!gx<xzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!Lg<gqb!h{<hqbz<Hgt<!Lkz<olipqjbg<!gx<xzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!Lg<gqb!h{<hqbz<Hgt<!Lkz<olipqjbg<!gx<xzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!Lg<gqb!h{<hqbz<Hgt<!!!!!
-bz<h,g<g!upqbqzieK!-bz<h,g<g!upqbqzieK!-bz<h,g<g!upqbqzieK!-bz<h,g<g!upqbqzieK!!!!!
! kib<olipqjbg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<Tl<!Dg<gl<!Gpf<jkbqml<!-bz<higOu!njlf<k!
gi{h<hMgqxK/! -kjeg<! gx<hkx<G! $p<fqjzbqe<! dkuqBl<! Okjuh<hMgqxK/! -K! -V!
g{<gtiZl<! yV! ohiVjtk<! oktquigh<! hii<k<kz<?! -V! giKgtiZl<! yOv! yzqjbg<!
Ogm<mz<!Ngqbux<jxh<!Ohie<xK/!
uqjvuig!fqgp<uK!uqjvuig!fqgp<uK!uqjvuig!fqgp<uK!uqjvuig!fqgp<uK!!
kib<olipqjbg<! gx<hkx<G! GXgqb! gizOl! Okjuh<hMgqxK/-v{<miuK!
olipqjbg<! gx<hkx<Gk<! Okjuh<h<Ml<! Ofvl<! lx<Xl<! Lbx<sqgjtg<! gim<cZl<!
kib<olipqjbg<! gx<hkx<G! Gjxf<k! ntU! Ofvl<! lx<Xl<! Lbx<sqgt<!
OhiKlieju!NGl</!
LPjlbieKLPjlbieKLPjlbieKLPjlbieK!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Lkz<!olipqjbg<!gx<hK!LPjlbieK/!-v{<miuK!olipqjb!gx<hjkg<!gim<cZl<!
-K!LPjl!ohx<xkig!-Vg<Gl</!-l<olipqjb!yVui<!we<Xl<!lxh<hkqz<jz/!
!!!!
14
keqbig!gx<hqg<g!Okjkeqbig!gx<hqg<g!Okjkeqbig!gx<hqg<g!Okjkeqbig!gx<hqg<g!Okjubqz<jz!ubqz<jz!ubqz<jz!ubqz<jz!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!kib<olipqbqz<! Ohs! keqbig! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<cb! nusqblqz<jz/! sqz!
olipquz<Zei<gt<!kib<!nz<zK!Gpf<jkbqe<!hviliqh<hiti<!%m!Gpf<jkg<G!Ohs!gx<Xg<!
ogiMg<g! Ou{<cb!nusqblqz<jz! we<gqe<xei</! Gpf<jk! kiOe! Ohsk<! okimr<gq! Oki<s<sq!
ohXl</!
Lkz<olipqbqe<!Lg<gqbk<KulLkz<olipqbqe<!Lg<gqbk<KulLkz<olipqbqe<!Lg<gqbk<KulLkz<olipqbqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!<!<!<!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Gpf<jkbqe<! Lkz<! olipq! )kib<olipq*nke<! ke<ejmbitliUl<! s&g! h{<him<M!
njmbitr<gtigUl<! uqtr<GgqxK/fck<kz<! lx<Xl<! OhSkzqz<! sqxf<k! Le<likqiqgjth<!
hqehx<xk<! K~{<MgqxK/! nkiuK! kib<! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<! Gpf<jk! njk! -bz<hig!
OhSOuijvh<! hii<k<K! kiEl<! nKOhie<Ox! OhSl<! Ljxjb! dt<uir<gqg<!
ogit<gqxK/kib<olipqbig!-vik!olipqjbg<!gx<Xk<!Oki<s<sqbjmb!Ljeh<Hme<!osbz<hMl<!
fMk<kv!ubK!djmbiVg<G!-v{<mi{<Mgt<!Okjuh<hMukigUl<!kib<olipqbigg<!ogi{<m!
Gpf<jk!keK!olipqbqz<!Oki<s<sq!ohXl<!ntUg<G!hqx!Gpf<jkgt<!nl<olipqbqz<!Oki<s<sq!
ohx! 6! Lkz<! 8! N{<Mgt<! Okjuh<hMukigUl<! Nb<Ugt<! okiquqg<gqe<xe/! kib<olipq!
nz<zik! hqxolipqjb! Gpf<jkgt<! gx<xz<! wu<utU! gcelieK! we<hK! -ke<! &zl<!
okiqb!uVgqxK/!yV!Gpf<jk!-V!olipqgtqz<!)kib<olipq!lx<Xl<!yV!olipq*!sl!ntU!
Oki<s<sq! ohx<xqVh<hqe<! njk! -V! olipqbitvig! gVkzil</klqpgk<kqz<! Lx<xqZl<!
Nr<gqzupqg<!gx<Gl<!Le<ht<tqg<!gz<uq!fqjzb!Gjpf<jkgTg<G!-K!ohiVf<Kl</!
-v{<miuK!olipq!ht<tq!olipq-v{<miuK!olipq!ht<tq!olipq-v{<miuK!olipq!ht<tq!olipq-v{<miuK!olipq!ht<tq!olipq!!!!
! yV!Gpf<jkbqe<!-v{<miuK!olipq!we<hK!kib<!olipqObiM!%m!ht<tqbqz<!
hbqz! Ou{<cb! lx<XoliV! olipqbiGl</! kib<olipqOb! ht<tqbqe<! Ohikei! olipqbig!
-Vf<kiz<! ng<Gpf<jkbqe<! uQm<MolipqBl<! ht<tq! olipqBl<! ye<Ox/! lixig! kibolipq!
nz<zik!hqxqokiV!olipq!Ohikei!olipqbig!-Vf<kiz<!nf<k!Ohikei!olipq!-v{<miuK!
olipq! we<xxqbh<hMl</! dkiv{lig! ljzbitk<jk! kib<olipqbigg<! ogi{<m! Gpf<jk!
klqp<upqh<! ht<tqbqz<! hbqe<xiz<! ng<Gpf<jkg<G! uQm<Molipq! ljzbitl<! weUl<! ht<tq!
olipq! )-v{<miuK! olipq*! klqp<! weUl<! njlf<kqMl</! uQm<Molipq! )kib<olipq*! kuqi<k<K!
-v{<miuK! &e<xiuK! olipqgjtBl<! ht<tqg<gz<uqbqe<! dbi<fqjzgtqz<! gx<g!
Ou{<cBt<tK/! hz! olipqgjtBl<! gx<Xg<! ogit<Tl<! uib<h<Hl<! sqz! Gpf<jkgTg<G!
gqjmg<gqxK/! -v{<miuK! lx<Xl<! &e<xiuK! olipq! outqfim<M! olipqbig! -Vg<g!
Ou{<Mole<hkqz<jz/!yV!fim<ce<!hqx!hGkqgtq<!Ohsh<hMl<!olipqbigUl<!-Vg<gzil</!
!!!!
15
-v{<miuK!olipqbig!Nr<gqzl<!-v{<miuK!olipqbig!Nr<gqzl<!-v{<miuK!olipqbig!Nr<gqzl<!-v{<miuK!olipqbig!Nr<gqzl<!!!!!
!!!! Nr<gqzk<jk! -v{<miuK! olipqbigg<! gx<hK! njkh<!
himolipqbig<GukqzqVf<K! )Ohikei! olipqbig<Gukqz<! -Vf<K*! OuXhm<mK! we<hjk!
Lkzqz<!d{v!Ou{<Ml</!kib<olipq!kuqv!hqx!himr<gjt!Nr<gqz!upqg<!gx<hqk<kz<!-r<G!
-v{<miuK!olipq!we!Gxqh<hqmh<hmuqz<jz/!
Nr<gqzl<!-v{<miuK!olipq!we<hkx<gie!OuX!ohbi<gtiue;!
.Nr<gqzl<!outqfim<M!olipqbig!!
.Nr<gqzl<!yV!%Mkz<!olipqbig!!
.hqx!olipqgtqz<!OhShui<gTg<gig!!
.Nr<gqzl<!Nr<gqzl<!gx<hui<gTg<gig!
-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!dk<kqgt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!dk<kqgt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!dk<kqgt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!dk<kqgt<!!!!!
-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!Lg<gqb!dk<kqgtiue;!
Sx<X!upqbqz<!%Xkz<!Sx<X!upqbqz<!%Xkz<!Sx<X!upqbqz<!%Xkz<!Sx<X!upqbqz<!%Xkz<!dxU!Ljxgjt!uqtg<g!Lx<hMl<OhiK!!
osix<gtqe<! ohiVt<!osix<gtqe<! ohiVt<!osix<gtqe<! ohiVt<!osix<gtqe<! ohiVt<! sqg<gzie! osix<gt<! uVl<OhiK! njk! uqtg<g! wtqb! nxqLglie!
osix<gjth<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!
osiz<zig<gl<!osiz<zig<gl<!osiz<zig<gl<!osiz<zig<gl<!nxqLglie!osix<gjtg<!ogi{<M!gjzs<!osix<gjt!uqtg<Gkz</!
osix<gjt! lix<xz<!osix<gjt! lix<xz<!osix<gjt! lix<xz<!osix<gjt! lix<xz<! Okju! Wx<hMl<OhiK! upg<Gs<! osix<gjtObi! Lkz<olipqs<!
osix<gjtObi!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!!!!
uqtg<gl<! Ogm<M! ohxz<!uqtg<gl<! Ogm<M! ohxz<!uqtg<gl<! Ogm<M! ohxz<!uqtg<gl<! Ogm<M! ohxz<! kguz<! okimi<hqz<! dkuq! ntqh<Ohiiqml<! Hkqb! osix<gTg<G!
oktquie!uqtg<gl<!Ogm<Mk<!oktqU!ohxz</!!!!
olipqsivi!dk<kqgt<!olipqsivi!dk<kqgt<!olipqsivi!dk<kqgt<!olipqsivi!dk<kqgt<!!!!!
!!!! uib<olipqk<! kguz<gTg<G! utLl<! uzqjlBl<! Osi<g<g! Gvzqz<! Wx<xk<kip<U!
Lghiu!lix<xr<gt<!fjgs<Sju!kVl<!hiujegt<!Ohie<x!nhqfbr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!
!!!!
!!!!
16
kuqi<k<kz<!kuqi<k<kz<!kuqi<k<kz<!kuqi<k<kz<!!
!!!! sqz! himr<gt<! hqx! fiMgt<! h{<hiMgt<! sii<f<kkig! -Vh<hqe<! nux<jx!
uqtg<GuKl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<uKl<! sqg<gziejubig!-Vg<Gl</! sqz! osix<gt<!ds<siqg<gUl<!
gcelig!-Vg<gg<!%Ml</!-k<kjgb!himh<hGkqgjt!-v{<miuK!olipqbqz<!kuqi<g<gzil</!
gx<huiqe<!olipqh<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<gx<huiqe<!olipqh<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<gx<huiqe<!olipqh<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<gx<huiqe<!olipqh<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!!!
!!!! h{<hiM! olipqbxqU! gz<uqk<kqxe<! Ngqbux<xqz<! li{ig<giqjmOb! gi{h<hMl<!
ohVk<k!OuXhiM!32!Nl<!F~x<xi{<cz<!Le<!Gpf<jkh<!hVuk<kqeVg<gie!uGh<hjxgtqz<!
OuX~e<xqg<! gi{h<hMujk! Sm<cg<gim<Ml<! o\eq]q! lx<Xl<! jmse! njeuVg<Gl<! yOv!
likqiqbie!ohiK!gjzk<kqm<mk<jkBl<!gz<uqs<!osbz<gjtBl<!osbx<hMk<kqmzigiK!we<X!
uzqBXk<Kgqexei</! keqleqk! OuXhiMgt<! li{ui<gtqjmOb! Gxqh<hig! -v{<miuK!
olipqjbg<gx<Gl<! Gpf<jkgtqjmOb! -Vh<hK! lqgUl<! -bz<hie! ye<xig! -Vh<hkiz<!
li{ui<gTg<gie!gjzk<kqm<ml<!ofgqp<s<sqBjmbikig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
Nsqiqbi<gTg<G!olipqbqbz<!nxquNsqiqbi<gTg<G!olipqbqbz<!nxquNsqiqbi<gTg<G!olipqbqbz<!nxquNsqiqbi<gTg<G!olipqbqbz<!nxquqe<!Okjuqe<!Okjuqe<!Okjuqe<!Okju!!!!
li{g<gi<gtqml<! gi{h<hMl<! olipqk<kqxe<! OuXhiMgjth<! ! hx<xq!nxqf<kqVh<hKme<!
olipqbisqiqbi<gTg<G! olipqbqbz<! okimi<hie! nxqUl<! nusqbliGl</! olipqbqbz<!
ohiVTjmb! osiz<! yzqjb! leqki<gt<! wu<uiX! wPh<Hgqxii<gt<! )-k<kjgb! Nb<Ug<G!!
Ohs<osizqbqbz<! we<X! ohbi</*! osix<gt<! wu<uiX! dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe! )-k<kjgb!
Nb<Ug<G! ! osiz<! ucujlh<hqbz<! we<X! ohbi<*! osix<gjt! -j{k<K! uig<gqblig!
njlk<kqMl<! Ljx! )-kje!nz<zK! osix<oximiqbz<! we<hi<*!Ngqbju! Gxqk<k! nxqUl<!
nusqbl<! OkjubiGl</! SVr<gg<%xqe<! olipqbqbz<! nxqU! ogi{<m! olipqbisqiqbi<gOt!
li{ui<gtqe<! olipqk<kqxe<! OuXhiMgt<! hx<xq! nxqf<K! nkx<Ogx<xuiX! ohiVk<klie!
gx<hqk<kz<!n[GLjxjb!Olx<ogit<t!LcBl</
-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqg<gz<gt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqg<gz<gt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqg<gz<gt<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqg<gz<gt<!!!!!
-v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gtqjmOb! olipqk<! kqxe<! uti<s<sq!
ouu<OuX! fqjzgtqz<! -Vg<gg<! %Ml</! Gxqh<hqm<m! olipqh<! hqe<Hzl<! -e<xq! uqtr<Gl<!
li{ui<gt<!Lkzil<!uGh<hqz<!Ou{<Mlieiz<!-Vg<gzil</!
Wjeb! uGh<Hgtqz<! YvtU! olipqk<kqxe<! ohx<xui<gt<?! ohVltU! olipqk<kqxe<!
ohx<xui<gt<! lx<Xl<! ! sqxf<k! olipqk<kqxe<! ohx<xui<gt<! we! hzkvh<hm<m! li{ui<gt<!
-v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<hkx<gie! uGh<hqz<! -Vh<hi</! Gxqh<hig! %m<Mh<! ht<tqgtqz<!
-Vf<K!gQp<dbi<fqjzg<!gz<uq!uGh<hqz<! OsVOuiiqjmOb!-k<kjgb!olipqbxqU!OuXhiM!
17
lqGf<K!gi{h<hMl</!-kx<Gg<!giv{l<!Dm<Mh<ht<tqgtqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hqg<g!
kqxe<lqG! Nsqiqbi<gt<! Ohikqb! w{<{qg<jgbqz<! -z<zilzqVk<kz<! -v{<miuK! olipqg<!
gx<xZg<G! Ohikqb! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hmilzqVk<kz<! ht<tqgtqz<! Ohikqb! uskqgt<!
-z<zilzqVk<kz<!NgqbjubiGl</!
-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<OhivK!Okjugjt!lkqh<hqmz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<OhivK!Okjugjt!lkqh<hqmz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<OhivK!Okjugjt!lkqh<hqmz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<OhivK!Okjugjt!lkqh<hqmz<!!!!!
-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<hui<gt<!yu<ouiVuvK!OkjujbBl<!lkqh<hQM!osb<ukqz<!
lqgUl<! Lg<gqblieK! Ofi<gi{ziGl</olipqbisqiqbi<! yu<ouiV! li{uiqmLl<! 21.26!
fqlqmr<gt<! Ofi<gi{jz! fmk<kq! nui<gjt! -v{<miuK! olipqjb! hcg<gs<! osb<kz<!
Ogm<hjk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<! OhSkz<!wPKkz<!gx<xxqf<k!uq]br<gjt!yVr<gqj{g<Gl<!
kqxe<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! sqXsqX! Osikqk<kjz! Olx<ogit<Tkz<! Ou{<Ml</! -kEme<!
li{ig<gvK! h{<him<M! nxqU?! s&g! ohiVtikiv! nf<k <̂K?! GMl<hh<! hqe<e{q!
Ngqbux<jxBl<! Nsqiqbi<! g{<mxqf<kqm! Ou{<Ml</! -h<h{qjb! uGh<hjx! Ofvk<Kg<G!
outqOb!Olx<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!nch<hjmg<!Ogim<hiMgt<olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!nch<hjmg<!Ogim<hiMgt<olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!nch<hjmg<!Ogim<hiMgt<olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!nch<hjmg<!Ogim<hiMgt<!!!!
olipqg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! nmr<gqBt<t! nch<hjmg<! Ogim<hiMgjt! olipqbisqiqbi<!
nxqf<kqVf<kiz<!lm<MOl!klK!uGh<hqz<!dt<t!olipqbxqU!lx<Xl<! h{<him<M!OuXhiMgt<!
ogi{<m!li{ui<gtqe<! OkjugjtBl<?!Ni<ur<gjtBl<?! fim<mr<gjtBl<! ! h,i<k<kq! osb<b!
LcBl</!
olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! nch<hjmg<! Ogim<hiMgtiue;! gx<hqk<kz<! LjxgTl<!
dk<kqgTl<!ofgqp<s<sqBjmbeuig!-Vk<kz</!
gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxgtqz<! slvsh<! Ohig<jg! gjmh<hqck<kz<! nkiuK! himk<kqe<!
Okjug<Ogx<x! sqxf<k! Fm<hr<gjtBl<! n[GLjxgjtBl<! gjmh<hqck<kz</! li{g<gi<!
-v{<miuK!olipqjb!kr<Gkjmbqe<xq<! hjmh<hix<xZme<! ! outqh<hMk<k! hz<OuX!kguz<!
hiqlix<x!uib<h<Hgjt!Wx<hMk<kqk<!kVkz</!li{ig<gi<!K{qUme<!-mi<gjt!wkqi<Ofig<gUl<!
ke<el<hqg<jgBme<! osbz<hmUl<! Dg<gltqg<Gl<! uGh<hjx! $pjz! dVuig<gqk<!
kVkz</lqGkqxe<! djmb! li{ig<gjv! gcelie! himg<! gVk<Kgjtg<! gx<xz<! lx<Xl<!
Hk<kib<U! uqsiiqk<kxqkz<! kguzxquqk<kz<! ke<je! nxqkz<Ohie<x! hz<OuX! osbz<gtqz<!
=Mhm! Dg<Guqk<kz</! okimi<Hjmb! nEhuk<! okiGh<Hgjt! sQvjlk<Kg<! ogi{<M!
gVk<kig<g! uti<s<sqjb! Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogit<t! dkuqMkz</! gx<hqk<kz<! gx<xz<! $pz<gjt!
uGh<hjxbqz<!sl!ntuqz<!kVkz</li{ig<gi<!-j{f<K!gx<xzqz<!=Mhm<M!yVuVg<G!yVui<!
dkuq! klK! olipqg<! gx<xjz! uth<hMk<kqg<! ogit<tz</! li{ui<gt<! olipqbqe<!
18
nl<sr<gtie!osiz<uth<!ohVg<gl<!uig<gqbg<!gm<mjlh<H!ds<siqh<H!Ohie<xux<xqz<!Oll<hiM!
njmb!Okjuh<hMl<!osbz<hiMgjt!njlk<Kk<!kVkz</!
-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!Okjuh<hMl<!dkuq!ntqk<kz<!-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!Okjuh<hMl<!dkuq!ntqk<kz<!-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!Okjuh<hMl<!dkuq!ntqk<kz<!-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!Okjuh<hMl<!dkuq!ntqk<kz<!!!!!
ohiKuig! kib<olipq! nz<zik! hqxolipqjb! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gt<! )nkiuK!
-v{miuK! olipqjb! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gt<*! kib<olipq! lx<Xl<! -v{<miuK! olipqgtqe<!
h{<him<Mk<! kig<gr<gTg<G! Nm<hMgqe<xei</weOu! -k<kjgb! li{ui<gtK! s&g! lx<Xl<!
h{<him<Ms<! $pjz! nxqf<kqVh<hke<! &zOl! olipqbisqiqbi<! kGf<k! gx<xz<! $pjz!
Wx<hMk<kqk<! kvLcBl</! -k<kjgb! gx<xz<! $pz<! li{ue<! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<!
gx<hkx<G! Kj{! osb<ukigUl<! nl<olipq! sii<f<k! h{<him<cje! Hiqf<K! ogit<t!
dkuqMukigUl<! -Vk<kOziM! nueK! kib<olipq! lx<Xl<! nK! sii<f<k! h{<him<cje!
lkqk<kqMl<!lehie<jljb!Wx<hMk<kqMukigUl<!njlf<kqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!
hqe<uVl<! gz<uqsii<! fmucg<jggt<! njeujvBl<! dt<tmg<gqb! uGh<hjxbqz<! olipqg<!
gx<xjz!Oll<hMk<kqm!dkUl</!
Nvib<kxqkjzBl<! hr<G! ohXkjzBl<! Dg<Guqg<Gl<! uGh<hjxs<! $pjz!
dVuig<gqmz<!njek<K!li{ui<gtqmLl<!klK!gx<xzjmU!Gxqk<k!dbvtU!wkqi<hii<h<jh!
uti<k<kqmz</!himh<ohiVt<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!dt<Tjx!ohiVt<!nzGgtig!wMk<Kg<!ogit<tz</!
ohiVk<klie! uquikh<! ohiVt<gt<! ogi{<M! olipqbqjeg<! gx<hqk<kz</! li{ui<gTg<G!
hiqs<sblie!h{<him<Ms<!$pjzh<!HGk<kq!gx<hqk<kqMl<!dk<kqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!hz<OuX!!
gx<hqk<kz<! n[GLjxgjtBl<! dk<kqgjtBl<! jgbiTkz</! ohiVk<klie! lkqh<hQm<M!
Ljxjb! hbe<hMk<Kkz</! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<xzqz<! li{ui<! klK! Lkz<!
olipqjb! hbe<hMk<Kkjz! nr<gQgiqk<kz<! -Vf<k! ohikqZl<! gx<Gl<! -v{<miuK!
olipqbqOzOb! nkqg! ntU! -jmuqje! okimi<H! osiz<zimz<! ! fjmohXkjz!
Dg<Guqk<kz</!
uGh<hjxuGh<hjxuGh<hjxuGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!lx<Xl<!wPk<K!olipqbqz<!uib<olipq!lx<Xl<!wPk<K!olipqbqz<!uib<olipq!lx<Xl<!wPk<K!olipqbqz<!uib<olipq!lx<Xl<!wPk<K!olipqjb!uti<jb!uti<jb!uti<jb!uti<k<kz<!Ohs<Solipq!k<kz<!Ohs<Solipq!k<kz<!Ohs<Solipq!k<kz<!Ohs<Solipq!!!!!
Ohs<S! we<hK! leqkeqe<! Gvz<ujt! !d{<mig<Gl<! yzq/! Gvz<<ujt! fi{<! &zl<!
lix<xr<gt<! Wx<hMk<kh<hm<M! ouu<OuX! nkqi<Ugtig! outqh<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xK/!
-u<ukqi<UgTg<G!Gxqbqm<M!okiGh<Hgtie!osiz<!d{<migqxK/!Ohs<Solipq!we<hK!yzqg<!
GxqbQMgtqe<!okiGh<Hgtiz<!dVuieK!NGl</!
Ohs<Solipqbqz<!osix<gtqe<!ohiVt<!Ohsh<hMl<!$p<fqjzg<G!Wx<h!ohiVt!uqtg<gl<!
ogit<th<hMgqxK/! Ohs<S! olipqbieK! OhShui<! hqxOviM! ogi{<Mt<t! okimi<jhBl<!
19
outqh<hMk<KgqxK/! OhSl<kqxe<! leqkeqml<! -bz<higOu! djxf<Kt<tK/! Ohs<Solipq!
uib<olipq! ne<xim! leqk! uipquqz<! :1! uqPg<giM! ! hbe<hMgqxK/! lg<gt<! klg<gqjmOb!
kguz<!hiqlix<xl<!osb<K!ogit<tUl<!klK!hqvs<sjegjtBl<!OkjujgjtBl<!hqxVg<Gk<!
okiquqg<gUl<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMgqxK/!
! OhSkz<! Ogm<mz<! uisqk<kz<! wPKkz<! Ngqb! fie<Gl<! nch<hjm!
olipqk<kqxe<gtiGl</olipqjbg<! gx<xzqz<! OhSkz<! lx<Xl<! Ogm<mz<! Ngqb! -v{<M!
kqxe<gtqe<! upqOb! Gpf<jk! Sb! Lbx<sqbiz<! olipqjbg<! gx<Xg<! ogit<gqxK/uisqk<kz<!
wPKkz<!we<El<!-v{<M!kqxe<gjtBl<!ohx!Ljxbie!gx<hqk<<kz<! Okjuh<hMgqxK/kuqv!
uisqk<kZg<Gl<! wPKkZg<Gl<! wPk<K! ucuqzie! yzqg<! GxqbQMgjt! Hiqf<K! ogit<uK!
nusqbligqxK/weOu! uisqk<kZl<! wPKkZl<!!!! wPk<kxqUk<! kqxe<gt<!wPk<kxqUk<! kqxe<gt<!wPk<kxqUk<! kqxe<gt<!wPk<kxqUk<! kqxe<gt<!
weh<hMgqe<xe/Ogm<mZl<! uisqk<kZl<! dt<uir<gqg<! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gtdt<uir<gqg<! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gtdt<uir<gqg<! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gtdt<uir<gqg<! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gt<! weh<hMgqe<xe/!
OhSkZl<!wPKkZl<!outqh<hMkKl<!kqxe<gt<!outqh<hMkKl<!kqxe<gt<!outqh<hMkKl<!kqxe<gt<!outqh<hMkKl<!kqxe<gt<!weh<hMgqe<xe/!
Ogm<mz<! ! OhSkz<! ! uisqk<kz<! ! wPKkz<! we<hOk! olipqg<! gx<xzqe<! -bz<hie!
LjxbiGl</! OhSkz<! we<hKkie<! Gpf<jkbqml<! Lkzqz<! Okie<Xl<! kqxeiGl</! Ohsqh<!
hpGukiz<!Gpf<jkbqml<!Ohs<S!olipq!dVuigqxK/!
uib<olipqh<!hbqx<sqbqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!uib<olipqh<!hbqx<sqbqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!uib<olipqh<!hbqx<sqbqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!uib<olipqh<!hbqx<sqbqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!!!!
Gpf<jkgtqml<!OhSl<kqxe<!-bx<jgbqOzOb!njlf<K!gi{h<hm<miZl<!uib<olipqh<!
hbqx<sqbqe<! &zl<! nke<! Ohs<S! olipqbqje! osl<jlh<hMk<kqm! LcBl</uib<olipqh<!
hbqx<sqbqe<!Lg<gqb!Ofig<gr<gtiue;!!
siqbie! ds<siqh<Hme<! osix<gjt! kqVk<klig! outqh<hMk<Kkz</osiz<utl<!
ohVg<Gkz<!osix<gtqe<!-j{h<jh!uqkqgjth<!hqe<hx<xq!njlk<kqms<!osb<kz<!osix<gtqe<!
ohiVtxqf<K! Ohs! hPg<Gkz<! siqbie! Ougk<kqz<! osix<gjt! outqh<hMk<k!
dkUkz</ohiVk<klie!Gvz<!Wx<x!-xg<gk<Kme<!Ohss<!osb<kz<! OhSl<OhiK!ohiVk<klie!
jsjggjt!-j{k<kz<! &zl<! OhSl<! gVk<kqje! lx<xui<gTg<G! wtqkig! Hiqb! jug<g!
LcBl<! we<hjk! d{i<k<Kkz<! Ohie<x! osbz<gOt! ! uib<olipqh<! hbqx<sqbqe<! Lg<gqb!
Ofig<gr<gtiGl</!!
uGh<hjxbq<z<!Ohs<Solipqbqje!uti<k<kz<uGh<hjxbq<z<!Ohs<Solipqbqje!uti<k<kz<uGh<hjxbq<z<!Ohs<Solipqbqje!uti<k<kz<uGh<hjxbq<z<!Ohs<Solipqbqje!uti<k<kz<!!!!
li{ui<gtqml<! kqxe<lqG! Ohs<Solipqjb! uti<k<kqMukx<gie! uGh<hjxg<!
gx<hqk<kzqz<!Jf<K!Ng<gg<%Xgt<!dt<tkig!olipqbziti<gt<!%Xgqe<xei</!njubiue;!
Ogm<mz<! lx<Xl<! Ohs<Sk<! kqxe<gjt! Oll<hMk<Kkz<! olipqbqe<! wPuqk! hbe<him<cZl<!
20
siqbie! osix<gjt! hbe<hMk<kqm! diqb! hbqx<sq! ntqk<kz</Ohs<S! olipqjbg<! gx<hk<xgie!
dgf<k! $pjz! dVuig<Gkz<! osiz<utk<jkh<! ohVg<Gkz<! Ohs<S! olipqbqz<! kl<lqml<!
Wx<hm<Mt<t!Le<Oex<xk<jk!nxqbs<!osb<kz<!-eq!-ju!hx<xq!uqiquigg<!gi{<Ohil</!
Ogm<mz<!lx<Xl<!Ohs<Sk<!kqxeOgm<mz<!lx<Xl<!Ohs<Sk<!kqxeOgm<mz<!lx<Xl<!Ohs<Sk<!kqxeOgm<mz<!lx<Xl<!Ohs<Sk<!kqxe<gjt!Oll<hMk<Kkz<<gjt!Oll<hMk<Kkz<<gjt!Oll<hMk<Kkz<<gjt!Oll<hMk<Kkz<!!!!
Ogm<mz<! lx<Xl<! Ohs<Sk<! kqxe<gjtg<! gx<hqg<g! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G!
Le<likqiqbig! uqtr<g! Ou{<Ml</! li{ui<gjt! -v{<M! Ohi<! -j{gtigh<! hqiqk<K!
yu<ouiV!-j{bqZl<!yVui<!Ohs!lx<oxiVui<!Ogm<mg!hqe<!-v{<milui<!Ohs!Lkzilui<!
Ogm<g! nux<jx! uGh<hqz<! dt<t! njek<K! li{ui<gTl<! gueqf<Kh<! hii<k<kqms<!
osb<kqmzil</! -Ok! Ohie<X! yu<ouiV! -j{jbBl<! uGh<hqz<! osbz<hms<! osb<bzil</!
-h<hbqx<sqbqe<! &zl<! wh<OhiK! Ohs! Ou{<Ml<! wh<OhiK! osuqsib<g<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk!
li{ui<gt<!gx<xxqui</!-kje!fe<G!gx<xizkie<!-jmuqjebix<xzqz<!siqbiehc!-br<g!
LcBl</yVui<! Ohsq! Lcg<Gl<! ujv! ohiXjlbigg<! Ogm<gilz<! -jmbqjmOb! lx<xui<!
GXg<gqm<Mh<!Ohsqeiz<!-jmuqje!okimi<Hgt<!sqxh<hig!fjmohxiK/!
olipqbqe<!WPuqk!hbe<him<cZl<!siqbie!osix<gjt!hbe<hMk<kqm!diqb!hbqx<sq!ntqk<kz<!olipqbqe<!WPuqk!hbe<him<cZl<!siqbie!osix<gjt!hbe<hMk<kqm!diqb!hbqx<sq!ntqk<kz<!olipqbqe<!WPuqk!hbe<him<cZl<!siqbie!osix<gjt!hbe<hMk<kqm!diqb!hbqx<sq!ntqk<kz<!olipqbqe<!WPuqk!hbe<him<cZl<!siqbie!osix<gjt!hbe<hMk<kqm!diqb!hbqx<sq!ntqk<kz<!!!!!
jlg<Ogz<!aizqOm!jlg<Ogz<!aizqOm!jlg<Ogz<!aizqOm!jlg<Ogz<!aizqOm!we<El<!Nr<gqOzb!olipqbqzitiqe<!gVk<Kh<hc!olipq!hqe<uVl<!WP!
uqkr<gtqz<! hbe<hMgqxK/gVuqbigh<! hbe<hMkz<! Okjugjt! outqh<hMk<Kkz<?!
ofxqh<hMk<Kkz<! hqxjvg<! gm<Mh<hMk<Kkz<?! gzf<Kjvbimz<?! hqxOviM! SLglig!
gVk<ktiUkz<?! ! ke<! d{i<Ugjt! outqh<hMk<Kkz?<<! keK! $p<fqjzjb! kiOe!
g{<mxqkz?<!gx<hje!osb<kqmz<?!gjkgjt!Hjekz<?!GxqbqMkz<!kguztqk<kz</Olx<g{<m!
olipqbqe<! wPuqk! hbe<him<cZl<! hbe<! hMk<k! Ou{<cb! osix<gtqe<! njlh<jh!
li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqk<kz<!nusqbl</!
Ohs<S!olipqjbg<!gx<hkx<gie!dgf<k!$pjz!dVuig<Gkz<!Ohs<S!olipqjbg<!gx<hkx<gie!dgf<k!$pjz!dVuig<Gkz<!Ohs<S!olipqjbg<!gx<hkx<gie!dgf<k!$pjz!dVuig<Gkz<!Ohs<S!olipqjbg<!gx<hkx<gie!dgf<k!$pjz!dVuig<Gkz<!!!!!
Ohs<S! olipqg<gie! dgf<k! $pz<! &e<X! hGkqgjtg<! ogi{<mK! )n*! Hxs<$pz<!
)N*uGh<hjxh<! h{<hiM! )-*! kguz<! hiqlix<xk<kqx<gie! uib<h<Hgt</! Gpf<jkgtqe<! Ohs<S!
olipqjb! uti<k<kqMukx<gie! Hxs<$pjz! uqjtbim<Mh<! ohiVm<gt<! Njm! nzr<givh<!
ohm<cgt<! ohiVm<gt<! nMg<gq! jug<gh<hm<m! Olj\! Ohie<xju! &zl<! osPjlh<hMk<k!
LcBl</uGh<hjxh<! h{<hiM! we<hK! li{ui<gtqml<! h{<him<M! OuXhiMgjt! lkqk<K!
fmk<kz<! slk<Kul<! keK! LjxuVukx<gigg<! gik<kqVk<kz<! Ohie<x! h{<Hgjt!
Oll<hMk<kqMl<! ujgbqz<! njlf<kqVg<g! Ou{<Ml</kguz<! hiqlix<xk<kqx<gie! uib<h<Hgt<!
we<hK! li{ui<gt<! ye<X! Osi<f<K! hiMkz<! uisqk<kz<! osb<Bjt! yh<hqk<kz<! Ohie<x!
osbz<gtqz<!=Mhm!Ohikqb!uib<h<Hgjt!dVuig<gqk<!kVkziGl</!
21
osiz<utk<jkh<!ohVg<Gkz<!osiz<utk<jkh<!ohVg<Gkz<!osiz<utk<jkh<!ohVg<Gkz<!osiz<utk<jkh<!ohVg<Gkz<!!!!!
Nsqiqbi<! Lkzqz<! li{ui<gt<! njeuVg<Gl<! okiqf<k! osix<gjtg<! %Xuii</hqe<H!
hch<hcbig!gcelie!nxqLgl<!-z<zik!Hkqb!osix<gjtg<!%xq!nkx<gie!ohiVjtBl<!
uqtg<Guii</li{ui<gt<! yu<ouiVuVl<! kqef<OkiXl<! yV! HK! osiz<jz! uGh<hqz<! %xq!
nke<!ohiVjtBl<!okiquqg<gs<!osb<uke<!&zl<!li{ui<gtqe<!osiz<utl<!ohVGl</!
Ohs<S!olipqbqz<!kl<lqml<!Wx<hm<Mt<t!Le<Oex<xk<jk!nxqbs<!osb<kz<!Ohs<S!olipqbqz<!kl<lqml<!Wx<hm<Mt<t!Le<Oex<xk<jk!nxqbs<!osb<kz<!Ohs<S!olipqbqz<!kl<lqml<!Wx<hm<Mt<t!Le<Oex<xk<jk!nxqbs<!osb<kz<!Ohs<S!olipqbqz<!kl<lqml<!Wx<hm<Mt<t!Le<Oex<xk<jk!nxqbs<!osb<kz<!!!!!
hqxf<kK!Lkz<!Gpf<jk!keK!Sx<Xs<$pjzh<! hx<xqk<!okiqf<K!ogit<tUl<!GMl<h!
dXh<hqei<gOtiM! okimi<H! ogit<tUl<! olz<z! olz<z! gx<Xg<! ogit<gqxK/! Gpf<jkgt<!
gx<Xg<! ogit<hju! nui<gtK! Ohs<S! outqh<hMl<! uqkk<kqz<! hqvkqhzqg<gqe<xe/yVui<!
olipqobie<jxg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<ukqz<!hz!hcfqjzgt<!dt<te/!
! NX!Lkz<!wm<M!likr<gtqz<!Gpf<jkgt<!ouu<OuX!yzqgjt!wPh<Hl<!:!Lkz<!29!
likr<gtqz<! Gpf<jkgt<! yx<jxs<! osiz<! Ohs<jsOb! outqh<hMk<Kl</! 29! Lkz<! 35!
likr<gtqz<!-vm<jms<!osix<gt<!ogi{<m!uig<gqbr<gjth<!OhSl<!w.M!fQ!ui?!dt<Ot!Ohi?!
weg<Gk<! ki! Ohie<xju! 35! Lkz<! 41! likr<gtqz<! hz! osix<gjtg<! ogi{<m!
uig<gqbr<gjth<! OhSl<! Neiz<! -zg<g{l<! siqbig! ohiVf<kq! uviK/! 41! likl<! Lkz<!
nke<!Ohs<S!oktqujmuKme<!sivtligUl<!-Vg<Gl</!
! Lkz<! olipqjbg<! gx<Xg<! ogituK! lpjzh<! hVuk<kqz<! fjmohXgqxK/nh<OhiK!
Gpf<jk!d{i<f<K! sqf<kqh<hkqz<jz! hqxi<! osb<ujkh<! hii<<k<K! kiEl<! osb<b! Lx<hMuOk!
nkqgl</! Neiz<! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<xz<! hqe<ht<jth<! hVul<! nz<zK! Le<!
Glvh<hVuk<kqz<! fjmohXl<OhiK! )23! nz<zK! 24! ubkqz<*! Gpf<jk! wjkBl<! d{i<f<K!
sqf<kqk<K! osbz<hMukiz<! nui<gt<! klK! osbz<! wf<k! ntU! siqbieK! we<hjk! fe<G!
d{i<f<kxqb! LcBl</weOu! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! li{ui<gt<!
Ohs<sqz<!dt<t!ds<siqh<Hg<!GjxhiMgt<!uii<<k<jk!-j{h<Hg<!GjxhiM!sQvie!Ouglqe<xq!
OhSkz<!Ohie<xux<jx!Sm<cg<gim<c!nux<jx!kqVk<kqg<!ogit<ts<!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!
wPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipq!!!!
olipq!we<hK!-v{<M!uqkr<gtqz<!outqh<hMk<KgqxK2/Ohs<S!olipq!3/wPk<K!olipq!
wPKkz<! we<hK! yzq! ucuqzie! GxqbQMgtqzqVf<K! sqk<kqv! ucuqzie! GxqbQMgtig!
lix<xqMl<! osbz<! we<X! ybqm<M{<M!ybqm<M{<M!ybqm<M{<M!ybqm<M{<M! ujvbXg<gqxii</! nkiuK! ohiVTjmb!ohiVTjmb!ohiVTjmb!ohiVTjmb!
yzqg<GxqbQMgjt!diqb!uqkqgt<! )ds<siqh<H!uqkqgt<!-zg<g{!uqkqgt<!uig<gqb!njlh<H!yzqg<GxqbQMgjt!diqb!uqkqgt<! )ds<siqh<H!uqkqgt<!-zg<g{!uqkqgt<!uig<gqb!njlh<H!yzqg<GxqbQMgjt!diqb!uqkqgt<! )ds<siqh<H!uqkqgt<!-zg<g{!uqkqgt<!uig<gqb!njlh<H!yzqg<GxqbQMgjt!diqb!uqkqgt<! )ds<siqh<H!uqkqgt<!-zg<g{!uqkqgt<!uig<gqb!njlh<H!
22
uqkqgt<! Ohie<xju*! lx<Xl<! lvHgjth<! hqe<hx<xq! sqk<kqv! dVuqz<! uiquculig!uqkqgt<! Ohie<xju*! lx<Xl<! lvHgjth<! hqe<hx<xq! sqk<kqv! dVuqz<! uiquculig!uqkqgt<! Ohie<xju*! lx<Xl<! lvHgjth<! hqe<hx<xq! sqk<kqv! dVuqz<! uiquculig!uqkqgt<! Ohie<xju*! lx<Xl<! lvHgjth<! hqe<hx<xq! sqk<kqv! dVuqz<! uiquculig!
lix<xqbjlk<kOz!wPKkz<!NGl</lix<xqbjlk<kOz!wPKkz<!NGl</lix<xqbjlk<kOz!wPKkz<!NGl</lix<xqbjlk<kOz!wPKkz<!NGl</!!!!
Ohs<sqz<! outqh<hMl<! w{<{r<gt<! wPk<K! ucjuh<! ohx<xiz<kie<! nju! fqjzk<K!
fQck<kqVg<Gl<!yV!s&gk<kqe<!h{<hiM!Yr<gq!dbv!Ou{<Moleqz<!nK!wPk<K!ucuqzie!
olipqjbh<! ohx<xqVg<g! Ou{<Ml</olipqbqe<! uibqzigOu! h{<hiM! hiKgig<gh<hm<M! yV!
kjzLjxbqeiqml<!-Vf<K!nMk<k!kjzLjxbqeiqml<!Osi<h<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
Ohs<S!olipqg<Gl<!wPk<K!olipqg<Gl<!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgt<!Ohs<S!olipqg<Gl<!wPk<K!olipqg<Gl<!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgt<!Ohs<S!olipqg<Gl<!wPk<K!olipqg<Gl<!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgt<!Ohs<S!olipqg<Gl<!wPk<K!olipqg<Gl<!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgt<!!!!!
Ohs<S!olipqOhs<S!olipqOhs<S!olipqOhs<S!olipq!!!! wPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipqwPk<K!olipq!!!!
yzqg<!GxqbQMgtiuieK!!
!
OhSkzqz<! yzqjb! wPh<hq! gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!
&s<Sg<Gpib<! uib<! dkM! fig<G! Gvz<fi{<!
Ohie<xju!Lg<gqb!-ml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
!
Ohs<Solipqbqz<! osiz<zqe<! ohiVt<! nK!
-ml<! ohXl<! $pz<! lx<Xl<! okieqjbh<!
ohiXk<K!njlgqxK/!!
!
Ohs<S! olipq! kguz<! lx<Xl<! OhShuVg<Gl<!
Ogm<huVg<Gl<! -jmbqzie! dxuqje!
ngubk<!ke<jlObiM!outqh<hMk<KgqxK/!
!
Ohs<S! we<hK! ! leqkeqml<! -bz<hig!
njlf<Kt<t!Nx<xziz<!dVuigqxK/!
!
Ohs<S! olipqbqz<! osix<gtqe<! ohiVt<! yzqg<!
GxqgOtiM! okieqjbBl<! sii<f<Ok!
njlf<Kt<tK/!
!
Ohs<S!fQck<K!fqjzk<kqVg<giK!
!
!
!
Ohs<S! olipqbqz<! nhqfbr<gTg<G! -ml<!
d{<<M/!
yzqg<! GxqbqMgTg<gie! sqk<kqv! ucuqzie!
GxqbQMgtizieK/!
wPKkzqz<! jg! uqvz<gt<! lx<Xl<! Lgl<!
Ohie<xju!Lg<gqb!-ml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
!
!
wPk<K! olipqbqz<! osiz<zqe<! ohiVt<!
djvg<! Gxqh<HgtqzqVf<K! Ofvcbig!
ohxh<hMgqxK/!
!
wPk<Kolipq! kguz<gjt!
Hxubk<ke<jlBme<!outqh<hMk<KgqxK/!
!
!
wPk<K! we<hK! leqkeqe<! niqb!
g{<Mhch<hiGl</! leqkh<! h{<him<M!
uti<s<sqbqe<!!Lg<gqbg<!%xiGl</!
wPk<K! olipqbqz<! osix<gtqz<! okieqg<G!
-mlqz<jz/!
‘wPk<K’!fQck<K!fqjzk<K!-Vg<gg<!%cbK!
weOu! wPk<K! olipq! &zOl! yV!
s&gk<kqe<! h{<hiM! nMk<kMk<k!
kjzLjxbqeiqml<!Osi<h<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!
wPk<K! olipqbqz<! nhqfbr<gTg<G!!
-mlqz<jz/!
!
!
23
uGh<hjxbqz<!wPk<Kolipqjb!uti<k<kz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!wPk<Kolipqjb!uti<k<kz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!wPk<Kolipqjb!uti<k<kz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!wPk<Kolipqjb!uti<k<kz<!!!!!
ht<tqg<! gz<uqbqeqz<! sqxf<k! njmuqje! wb<kqmUl<! -Vhk<okie<xil<! F~x<xi{<ce<!
okipqzgr<gtqz<! h{q! Hiqf<kqmUl<! yVuVg<G! wPkh<! hcg<gk<! okiqf<kqVk<kz<!
-e<xqbjlbikkiGl</!wPKkz<!we<hK!hz<OuX!kqxe<gjt!dt<tmg<gqbK!NGl</nux<xqz<!
Lg<gqblieju!uVliX!!
.OhSl<!olipqbqe<!hqeHzk<jkBl<!nkjeh<!OhSukqz<!nEhuLl<!ogi{<cVk<kz</!.
yzqg<Gxqh<HgTg<G!diqb!sqk<kqv!ucju!nxqf<kqVk<kz</!
.osix<gjtg<! ogi{<M! Ljxbig! uig<gqbr<gjt! njlk<kqMl<! uqkqLjxgjt!
nxqf<K!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!
.yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!$pzqz<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<cb!osix<gjt!nxqf<kqVk<kz</!
.wPk<Kgjt!oktquigUl<!yOv!sQvie!ntuqZl<!-jmoutq!ogi{<M!-Vg<GliX!
wPKkz<!
.osiz<z!w{<{qbjk!wPk<Kucuqz<!outqh<hMk<Kl<!kqxe<!ohx<xqVk<kz</!
.ohiVk<klie!hk<kq!njlk<K!wPKkz</!
.Gxqh<hqm<m! djvjb! wPk<K! ucuqz<! njlk<kqMl<! osbz<Ljxbqz<! -ml! ohXl<!
hcfqjzgtqz<!hbqx<sqbtqk<kz<!
.li{ui<gtqml<!wPk<K!olipqjb!uti<h<hkqz<!Lg<gqb!-ml<!ohXgqxK/!
hbqx<sqbtqk<kzqe<!hcfqjzgtiue;!
• wPKukx<gie!Nbk<k!fqjz!wPKukx<gie!Nbk<k!fqjz!wPKukx<gie!Nbk<k!fqjz!wPKukx<gie!Nbk<k!fqjz!!!!!
• Le<ujvjuk<!kbiiqk<kz<!Le<ujvjuk<!kbiiqk<kz<!Le<ujvjuk<!kbiiqk<kz<!Le<ujvjuk<!kbiiqk<kz<!!!!!
• kqVk<kqbjlk<kz<!kqVk<kqbjlk<kz<!kqVk<kqbjlk<kz<!kqVk<kqbjlk<kz<!!!!!
• siqbie!Ljxbqz<!okiGk<K!njlk<kz<!siqbie!Ljxbqz<!okiGk<K!njlk<kz<!siqbie!Ljxbqz<!okiGk<K!njlk<kz<!siqbie!Ljxbqz<!okiGk<K!njlk<kz<!!!!!
• -Xkqujvju!outqbqmz<!-Xkqujvju!outqbqmz<!-Xkqujvju!outqbqmz<!-Xkqujvju!outqbqmz<!!!!!
wPk<Kolipqh<!hbqx<sqjb!gz<uqbqe<!hz<OuX!fqjzgtqz<!ntqk<kqMl<!Ljxgt<!wPk<Kolipqh<!hbqx<sqjb!gz<uqbqe<!hz<OuX!fqjzgtqz<!ntqk<kqMl<!Ljxgt<!wPk<Kolipqh<!hbqx<sqjb!gz<uqbqe<!hz<OuX!fqjzgtqz<!ntqk<kqMl<!Ljxgt<!wPk<Kolipqh<!hbqx<sqjb!gz<uqbqe<!hz<OuX!fqjzgtqz<!ntqk<kqMl<!Ljxgt<!!!!!
okimg<g!fqjzh<!ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!okimg<g!fqjzh<!ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!okimg<g!fqjzh<!ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!okimg<g!fqjzh<!ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!!!!!
24
hmg<gim<sqk<! okiGh<hqjeh<! hii<k<K! yu<ouiV! hmLl<! outqh<hMk<Kl<! gVk<jk!
wPKkz<!osiz<Zujkg<!Ogm<M!wPKkz<!Ogicm<m!-mr<gjt!h,i<k<kq!osb<kz<!Ohie<xju/!
fMfqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!fMfqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!fMfqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!fMfqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!!!!!
hmk<okiGh<hqjeh<!hii<k<K!nux<xqe<!&zl<!outqh<hMl<!gjkjb!wPKkz<!gm<Mjv!
wPKkz<! gckl<! wPKkz<! SVg<gq! ujvkz<! olipq! ohbi<h<H! hm<cbzqZt<t! osix<gjt!
-j{k<K!hz<OuX!uig<gqbr<gjt!dVuig<Gkz<!Ohie<xju/!
dbi<fqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!dbi<fqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!dbi<fqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!dbi<fqjzh<ht<tq!uGh<Hgt<!!!!! !!!!
uqiqk<K! wPKkz?<! gm<Mjv! uck<kz<?! kqxeib<Ug<! gm<Mjv! kbiiqk<kz<?! olipq!
ohbi<h<H! Ofi<gi{z<! g{<M! nkjek<! okiGk<ktqk<kz<! okimi<H! djmb! uig<gqbr<gjt!
hm<cbz<!-Mkz<?!yVhg<gg<!gjk!wPKkz<?!gckl<!ujvkz<!Ohie<xju/!
olipqBl<!h{<hiMl<!olipqBl<!h{<hiMl<!olipqBl<!h{<hiMl<!olipqBl<!h{<hiMl<!!!!!
olipq! we<hK! Ohs<S! lx<Xl<! wPk<K! uibqzie! kguz<! hiqlix<xk<kqx<gie!
LjxjlbiGl</! -ke<! hGkqgt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! sqg<gzie! dxUgjt! klg<Gt<!
ogi{<cVf<kiZl<! nju! yPr<Gx! njlbh<! ohx<Xt<te/! kguz<! hiqlix<xl<! lm<MOl!
olipqbqe<! h{qbz<z/! geU! gi{<hkx<Gl<! keg<Gt<OtOb! dxuicg<! ogit<ukx<Gl<!
guqjkgt<!Hjeukx<Gl<!%m!olipq!hbe<hMgqxK/!olipqbqe<!Kj{bqe<xq!uquikr<gjt!
Olx<ogit<t! -bziK/! h{<him<ce<! yV! %xig! njlf<kqVg<Gl<! olipq! leqk! uip<uqz<!
Gxqh<hqmk<kg<g!hr<G!ohx<Xt<tK/leqke<!keK!Okjugjt!fqjxU!osb<K!ogit<ukx<Gl<!
olipq!dkUgqxK/!-KOu!leqki<gt<! okimi<H! ogit<ukx<gie!Lg<gqb!gVuqbig!olipq!
uqtr<Gujk! Hzh<hMk<KgqxK/! nOkiM! lm<Mlqe<xq! keK! gVk<Kgjt! outqbqmUl<!
lg<gjt! -j{k<kqmUl<! s&gofxqgjt! leLuf<K! Wx<Xg<ogit<tUl<! s&gg<!
gm<Mh<him<cje!Oh{qh<!hiKgig<gUl<!olipq!Okjuh<hMgqxK/!
h{<hiM!h{<hiM!h{<hiM!h{<hiM!!!!!
h{<hiM! we<hjkh<! himxqf<K! yPgz<! we! klqp<! -zg<g{l<! ujvbXk<Kt<tK/!
h{<hiM!we<hK!hpg<g!upg<gr<gt<!figiQgl<!Gxqh<hqm<m!giz!gm<mk<kqz<!uip<f<k!lg<gtK!
sikjegt<! hjmh<Hgt<! Ngqbux<jxg<! Gxqg<gqxK/! yV! kjzLjx! lg<gt<! kr<gtK!
nMk<k!kjzLjxbqeVg<G!upr<gg<%cb!njek<KOl!h{<him<cz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!h{<hiM!
we<hK!lg<gtqe<!s&gh<!hivl<hiqbk<jkg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!h{<hiM!we<x!sqg<gzie!Ljxjbqz<!
nxqU!fl<hqg<jggt<!gjzgt<!yPg<g!ofxqgt<! sm<ml<!lvHgt<!d{U!kbiiqg<Gl<!Ljx!
25
kguz<! okimi<H! siker<gt<! NgqbebiUl<! nmr<Gl<! we<gqe<xei<! ^ki<Oz{<M! lx<Xl<!^ki<Oz{<M! lx<Xl<!^ki<Oz{<M! lx<Xl<!^ki<Oz{<M! lx<Xl<!
dm<Ouii<Mdm<Ouii<Mdm<Ouii<Mdm<Ouii<M!!
SVr<gg<%xqe<! h{<hiM! we<hK! yV! lg<gt<! hqiquqeiqe<! uip<g<jg! Ljx!
NGl</nkiuK! h{<hiM! we<hkqz<! ofxqLjxgt<! nz<zK! fqbkqgt<! uqPlr<gt<!
fmk<jkh<hir<G!fmk<jkh<hi{q!Ohie<x!biUl<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
h{<hiM! we<hK! kguz<! okimi<hqe<! njmbitl<! we<Xl<! %xzil</! njk! yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m! lg<gt<! hqiquqevK! nxqU! leh<hie<jlgt<! uqPlr<gt<! dm<gqmg<jggt<! Ngqb!
njmbitr<gtiz<! Hzh<hMk<Kl<!ke<jlBjmbK!wezil</s&gl<!keK!njlh<Hgt<!&zl<!
h{<him<Mg<! GxqbQMgTg<gie! ohiVjtg<! gx<X! kjzLjx! kjzLjxbig! okimi<f<K!
fQcg<gs<!osb<gqxK/!
h{<him<ce<!Lke<jh{<him<ce<!Lke<jh{<him<ce<!Lke<jh{<him<ce<!Lke<jlg<!%Xgt<!lg<!%Xgt<!lg<!%Xgt<!lg<!%Xgt<!!!!!
ouu<OuX!lg<gt<!s&gr<gtqe<!h{<hiMgt<!OuXhm<M!gi{h<hm<m!OhikqZl<!nju!
biUOl!fie<G!Lg<gqb!%Xgjtg<!ogi{<Mt<te/!njubiue;!
2/!h{<hiM!h{<hiM!h{<hiM!h{<hiM!!
ohiVt<sii<!nz<zK!h{<mr<gt<sii<!h{<him<Mg<!%Xgt<!!
ohiVt<sivi!h{<him<Mg<!%Xgt<!!
3/!3/!3/!3/!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!!!!!
4/!4/!4/!4/!nxqUsinxqUsinxqUsinxqUsii<!%Xgt<!i<!%Xgt<!i<!%Xgt<!i<!%Xgt<!!!!!
5/!5/!5/!5/!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!!!!!
3/!3/!3/!3/!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!kguz<!okimi<H!sii<f<k!%Xgt<!!!!!
h{<him<ce<! kguz<! sii<f<k!%Xgtqz<! olipqBl<! GxqbQMgTl<!nmr<Gl</yV! s&gg<!
GPuqz<! dt<Otii<! klK! GPuqe<! olipq! &zl<! klg<Gt<! -jmuqjegt! Hiqf<kqmUl<!
d{i<UgjtBl<! w{<{r<gjtBl<! hgqi<f<K! ogit<tUl<! LcgqxK/olipqOb! h{<hiMgtqe<!
dt<jlblig!dt<tK/!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m! h{<him<jms<! Osi<f<Okii<!Gxqh<hqm<m!GxqbQMgTg<G!
yOv! likqiq! ohiVt<! ogit<gqe<xei</! ! ouu<OuX! s&gk<jks<! Osi<f<Okii<! ouu<OuX!
GxqbQMgjth<! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</!nvsqbz<! slbl<!olipq!d{U!fjmBjm!hiujegt<!
Ohie<x! h{<him<M! njmbitr<gt<! ouu<OuX! s&gk<kqz<! OuXhm<Mg<! gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
26
gizh<Ohig<gqz<! h{<him<M! njmbitr<gtqz<! lix<xl<! Wx<hmg<%Ml<! weqEl<! h{<him<M!
OuXhiMgjtg<!Gxqg<Gl<!njmbitr<gt<!okimi<f<K!-Vf<K!ogi{<cVg<Gl</!
4/!!4/!!4/!!4/!!nxqUsii<!%Xgt<!nxqUsii<!%Xgt<!nxqUsii<!%Xgt<!nxqUsii<!%Xgt<!!!!!
nxqUsii<! Ng<gg<%XgOt! h{<him<ce<! sqxf<k! %xiGl</! -kqz<! gVk<Kgt<!
fl<hqg<jggt<!lkqh<Hgt<!fmk<jk!uqtg<gr<gt<!Ngqbju!nmr<Gl</!
gVk<Kgt<! lekqz<! Okie<Xl<! dkqiqbie! hqvkqbQMgt<! -ju! K~{<mz<gOtiM!
okimi<Hjmbju! gVk<Kgt<! yVr<gqj{g<gh<hm<m! ohiqb! kguz<! njlh<hig! lixq!
nxquqjeg<! gm<mjlgg<gqxK/! nxqU! we<hK! kguz<gt<! okiGg<gh<hm<M! Oslqk<K!
jug<gh<hm<cVh<hK! NGl</! -kje! hiKgik<K! yV! kjzLjxbqeiqml<! -Vf<K! nMk<k!
kjzLjxbqeVg<G!ntqk<kqmLcBl</!
fl<hqg<jg! we<hK! yV! gVk<Kjv! %x<X! d{<jls<osb<kqbqe<! uqtg<gl<! Ngqbju!
Nvib<kz<! WKlqe<xq! nh<hcOb! Wx<gh<hMukiGl</slbl<! nvS! nxquqbz<! Ngqbux<xqe<!
osz<uig<gqeiz<! fl<hqg<jggt<! Wx<Hk<ke<jl! ohXgqe<xe! Neiz<! nju! keq! leqki<gt<!
klK!Ofiqjm!nEhur<gt<!&zl<!d{<jlobe!g{<mxqbh<!hm<mju!nz<z/!
uqPlr<gt<! s&g! uip<g<jgbqe<! upqgim<cgt<! h{<him<M! Ofig<gqz<! uqPlr<gt<!
we<hju! uqVl<hk<kg<gju! fx<h{<Hgt<! npG{i<U! Ngqbux<xqe<! hqvkqhzqh<Hgt<!
NGl</h{<HjmObivibqVk<kz<! nxqUjmObivig! lm<Ml<! -Vh<hkqZl<! Oll<hm<mK?! fmk<jk!
uqtg<gr<gt<! we<hju! lg<gt<! klK! fmk<jkgTg<Gl<! hqxvK! fmk<jkgTg<Gl<! fqbibl<!
gx<hqg<g!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!upqLjxbiGl</!
5/!5/!5/!5/!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!fmk<jksii<!%Xgt<!!!!!
leqki<gt<! wu<uiX! fmf<K! ogit<gqxii<gt<! we<hjkg<! Gxqh<hOk! h{<him<ce<!
fmk<jksii<! %XgtiGl</! -kqz<! ofxqLjxgt<! sm<mr<gt<! smr<Ggt<! sl<hqvkibr<gt<!
Ohie<xju!nmr<Gl</!
fqbkqgt<! we<hju! s&gk<kiz<! wkqi<hii<g<gh<hMl<! fmk<jkk<! kvr<gt<!NGl</! -ju!
hiqstqk<kz<! hivim<Mkz<! k{<mjegt<! upr<Gkz<! Ohie<xju! &zl<!
fqjzfqXk<kh<hMgqe<xe/s&g! dXh<hqei<gt<! biuVl<! -f<fqbkqgtqe<hc! fmf<K! ogit<t!
Ou{<Ml<!we<X!wkqi<hii<g<gh<hMui</!
sl<hqvkibr<gt<! we<hju! upqupqbig! uf<k! hpg<g! upg<gr<gt<!NGl</! -ux<xqx<G!
nch<hjm!yPg<gl<!hx<xqb!kqmlie!d{i<UgtiGl</!
27
sm<mr<gt<! we<hju!nvsiz<! Ljxh<hc! uGg<gh<hm<mju! Gclg<gt<! njeuVg<Gl<!
ohiKuieju/-ux<xqx<Gg<! gm<Mh<hMkz<! Gclg<gtK! gmjl! NGl</! lQXhui<gt<!
fQkqle<xr<gtiz<!uqsiiqg<gh<hm<M!k{<cg<gh<hMuii<gt</!
smr<Ggt<! we<hju! Gxqh<hqm<m! fjmLjxgjtg<! ogi{<mju! -ju! s&gk<kqz<!
kqVl<hk<! kqVl<hs<! osb<bh<hMhju/-s<smr<Ggt<! kuxiK! njeuviZl<! hqe<hx<xh<hm!
Ou{<cbjubiGl</! slbs<smr<Ggt<! sqxqKl<! ! hqxpiK! hqe<hx<xh<hMkz<! dzogr<Gl<!
gi{h<hMgqe<xK/!
ohiVt<sii<!h{<mr<gt<sii<!%Xgt<!ohiVt<sii<!h{<mr<gt<sii<!%Xgt<!ohiVt<sii<!h{<mr<gt<sii<!%Xgt<!ohiVt<sii<!h{<mr<gt<sii<!%Xgt<!!!!!
leqkeiz<! dVuig<gh<hm<m! ohiVt<gt<! ohiVt<sii<! h{<mr<gt<! ! weh<hMl</! fil<!
hbe<hMk<Kl<!hz<ujgh<!h{<mr<gtqe<!ujggt<!nux<xqe<!Ofi<k<kq!wtqb!nz<zK!sqg<gzie!
njlh<H! Ohie<xjuBl<! h{<him<ce<! outqh<hiMgtiGl</! -g<%Xgt<! Oljzfim<M!
figiQgk<kqz<! nxquqbz<! Le<Oex<xk<kiZl<! osz<us<! ospqh<hiZl<! OlOzir<gqg<!
gi{h<hMgqxK/gjzgt<! gm<cmr<gt<! uip<g<jgbqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! hz<OuX! ohiVt<gt<!
Ohie<xju!ohiVt<sii<!%xqeqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
h{<him<jmg<!gx<hqk<kz<!h{<him<jmg<!gx<hqk<kz<!h{<him<jmg<!gx<hqk<kz<!h{<him<jmg<!gx<hqk<kz<!!!!!
h{<hiM! Gxqk<K! li{ui<gTg<Gg<! gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! h{<hiM! hx<xqb! nxqUk<!
okiGh<jh!li{ui<gTg<G!upr<gqmz<!NGl</!yV!fiM!nf<fim<ce<!lg<gt<!nr<Gt<t!s&g!
njlh<Hgt<! lg<gtiz<! hqe<hx<xh<hMl<! fjmBjm!hiujegt<!d{Uh<! hpg<g!upg<gr<gt<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! hz<OuX! ohiVm<gt<! hpg<gk<kqz<! dt<t! hz<OuX! gjzgt<! Ohsh<hMl<!
olipqgt<!-zg<gqbl<!Ohie<x!njek<jkBl<!hx<xqb!kguz<gt<!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqk<kOz!
nf<fim<ce<! h{<hiM! hx<xqb! gx<hqk<kziGl</GMl<hr<gjt! h{<him<ce<! uqjkfqzr<gtig!
ogi{<miz<gz<uq!fqjzbr<gjt!nux<jxs<!sQi<hMk<Kl<!Okim<mg<!gjzRVg<G!yh<hqmzil</!
h{<him<jmg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! hqe<hx<xg<! %cb! n[GLjxgjt! hqe<<uVl<!
zqm<cOgimzqm<cOgimzqm<cOgimzqm<cOgim<uqtg<gh<hml<!oktqUhMk<KgqxK/!
!
!
!
!
28
2222!!!!gjzlx<Xl<!Fm<hh<!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!fqXuer<gt<gjzlx<Xl<!Fm<hh<!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!fqXuer<gt<gjzlx<Xl<!Fm<hh<!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!fqXuer<gt<gjzlx<Xl<!Fm<hh<!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!fqXuer<gt<!!!!
!!!!
d{<jlg<!gVk<Kgt<!d{<jlg<!gVk<Kgt<!d{<jlg<!gVk<Kgt<!d{<jlg<!gVk<Kgt<!!!!!
!!!!
osbz<Ljxgt<!osbz<Ljxgt<!osbz<Ljxgt<!osbz<Ljxgt<!!!!!
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!fjmLjxgt<!fjmLjxgt<!fjmLjxgt<!fjmLjxgt<!!!!!
!!!!
!!!!
2/lixik<ke<jl! ogi{<m! h{<him<ce<! ohiVtmg<gLl<! lixik<ke<jl! ogi{<m! gx<xz<!
n[GLjxBl<!!
3/lixik<ke<jl! ogi{<m! h{<him<ce<! ohiVtmg<gLl<! -br<Gke<jl! ogi{<m! gx<xz<!
n[GLjxBl<!!
4/lixik<ke<jl! ogi{<m! gx<xz<! n[GLjxBl<! -br<G! ke<jlBjmb! h{<him<ce<!
ohiVtmg<gLl<!!
5/-br<Gl<ke<jl!ogi{<m!h{<him<Mh<!ohiVtmg<gLl<!gx<xZl<!!
Olx<g{<m! uqtg<gh<hmk<kqz<! h{<him<<cx<gie! -v{<M! hiqli{r<gt<! Dms<Sgtig!
dt<te/ye<X! h{<him<ce<! gVk<Kgtqe<! okiGh<hig! gVKkz<!nz<zK! osbz<Ljxgtig!
gVKkz<!nkiuK!h{<hiM!we<hkje!nK!okimi<hie!gVk<Kg<gtqe<!kguz<!okiGh<higg<!
gVKkz<! )-br<gi! fqjzbieK*! nz<zK! h{<him<cje! nke<! osbz<Ljxgt<! ogi{<M!
nxqkz<!)-br<Gl<!fqjzbieK*/!!
-KOhie<Ox! -v{<miuK! hiqli{l<! nz<zK!Dms<S! h{<him<cje! gx<hqh<hkx<gie!
himh<ohiVt<!nz<zK!nkqz<!-ml<!ohXl<!jguqjeh<!ohiVm<gt<!fqXuer<gt<!fjmLjx!
hpg<gupg<gr<gt<! we<X! gVKuke<!&zl<! h{<him<cje!nxqkz<!NGl</nkiuK! h{<hiM!
we<hjk!s&gk<kiz<!dVuig<gh<hm<mux<xqe<!&zl<!nxqf<kqmz<!nz<zK!s&g!dXh<hqei<gt<!
-bx<xqbju!hjmk<kju!&zl<!nxqf<kqmz<!weg<!gVKkz</!
h{<him<cje! -br<gifqjz! n[GLjx! &zl<! gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! gjz! lx<Xl<!
Fm<hh<! ohiVm<gt<! s&g! fqXuer<gt<! Ngqbju! okimi<hie! hz<OuX! gVk<Kgjt!
li{ui<gTg<G! kguz<gtig! upr<Gkz<! NGl</! -r<G! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himh<ohiVTl<!
gx<hqg<Gl<! LjxBl<! -br<gi! fqjz!n[GLjxh<hc! njlf<kju!NGl</! -K! hmk<kqz<!
29
-mK! Olz<! giz<! higk<kqeiz<! Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqxK/gx<hqk<kzqz<! -br<gifqjz!
n[GLjxjbBl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himh<ohiVt<! -br<Gfqjz! n[GLjxjbBl<!
ogi{<cVk<kjz! hmk<kqz<! -mK! gQp<higl<! Gxqg<gqe<xK/uqtg<gh<hmk<kqz<! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<!
himh<ohiVt<! -br<gi! fqjz! n[GLjx! ogi{<Ml<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljx! -br<Gl<! fqjz!
n[GLjxjbg<!ogi{<cVk<kZl<!uzK!Olz<!giz<!higk<kiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/nkiuK!
h{<hiM! okimi<hie! gjzgt<! Fm<hh! ohiVm<gt<! Ohie<xux<xqe<! osbz<hiMgtqz<!
li{ui<gjt! Ofiqjmbig! =Mhms<! osb<kz<! &zl<! gx<hqk<kjz! -K!Gxqg<gqxK/! h{<hiM!
okimi<hie! himh<ohiVt<! lx<Xl<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxbqz<! -br<Gfqjz! n[GLjxjbh<!
hbe<hMk<KuK! uqtg<gh<hmk<kqz<! uzK! gQp<! higk<kiz<! Gxqg<gh<hMgqxK/! -KOu! h{<hiM!
gx<hqk<kZg<gie!lqgs<!sqxf<k!n[GLjxbiGl</nkiuK!h{<hiM!sii<f<k!fjmLjxgtqz<!
li{ui<gjt!Ofiqjmbig! =Mhm<M! Sb!nEhul<! ohxs<! osb<kz<! lqgs<! sqxf<k! gx<hqk<kz<!
n[GLjxbiGl</!
h{<hiMgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!okimi<Hgjt!nxqkz<h{<hiMgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!okimi<Hgjt!nxqkz<h{<hiMgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!okimi<Hgjt!nxqkz<h{<hiMgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!okimi<Hgjt!nxqkz<!!!!
h{<hiMgt<!ofVr<gq!uVgqe<xe/!he<eim<M!u{qgl<!Sx<Xzi!Gcohbi<kz<!GcObxz<!
Dmgr<gtqe<! kig<gl<! dzg! njlh<Hgtqe<! h{qgt<! Ngqbju! h{<him<M! fz<Z{i<ju!
uti<g<g!dkuqBt<te/!
h{<hiMgTg<gqjmOb! Hiqkjz! Oll<hMk<k! sqz! upqujggjt! gz<uq! fqjzbr<gt<!
Olx<ogit<tzil</nux<Xt<!sqz!gQOp!kvh<hm<Mt<te/!
.olipq!uibqzig!outqh<hMl<!h{<him<M!yx<XjlgjtBl<!OuXhiMgjtBl<!%i<f<K!
gueqk<kz</!
.hqxqokiV! olipq! lx<Xl<! h{<him<jm! Le<Oh! nxqf<K! ogi{<m! olipqgt<! lx<Xl<!
h{<hiMgTme<!yh<hqmz</!
.yVui<!n[hu!uibqzig!nxqf<K!ogi{<m!olipq!lx<Xl<!h{<him<M!OuXhiMgjt!
wu<uiX!wMk<Kgg<!ogit<gqxii<!we!sqf<kqk<Kh<!hii<k<kz</!
.he<Lgk<ke<jl! hx<xqb! d{i<U! njk! wu<uiX!Ng<g! Ljxbqz<! Wx<hK! we<hK!
hx<xq!Nvib<kz</!
h{<him<M! OuXhiMgjth<! hx<xq! fe<gxqf<K! ogi{<M! keK! nEhu! nxqjuBl<!
nk<Kme<!-j{k<K!kie<!Hiqf<K!ogi{<mjkh<!hqxVme<!hgqi<f<K!ogit<uKl<!uqtr<GliX!
djvk<kZl<! h{<him<Mk<! kig<gk<kjk! diqb! Ng<gh,i<ulie! Ljxbqz<! wkqi<ogit<tZl<!
uqVl<hk<kg<g!osbz<gtiGl</!
30
!
olipqg<Gl<!h{<him<cx<Gl<!-jmObbie!okimi<H!olipqg<Gl<!h{<him<cx<Gl<!-jmObbie!okimi<H!olipqg<Gl<!h{<him<cx<Gl<!-jmObbie!okimi<H!olipqg<Gl<!h{<him<cx<Gl<!-jmObbie!okimi<H!!!!!
h{<hiM!we<hK!leqk!dt<tk<kqe<!uqjtohiVtiGl</!nK!olipqbiz<!gig<gh<hm<Ml<!
uqtg<gh<hm<Ml<! Oh{h<hm<Ml<! uVukiGl</olipqg<Gl<! h{<him<cx<GlqjmOb! hv^<hv!
yk<Kjph<H! fqjz! dt<tK/weqEl<! -ju! -v{<Ml<! keqk<! ke<jl! djmbju/! hz!
$pz<gtqz<!-e!um<miv!Oksqb!ngqz!dzg!njmbitk<kqe<!nch<hjmbigUl<!dt<te/!
olipq! we<hK! h{<him<jmBl<! h{<him<Mh<! hqj{h<HgjtBl<! fqjzfqXk<kqg<! ogit<t!
dkUgqxK/! yOv! olipq! OhSOuiiqjmOb! ouu<OuX! gVk<Kgt<! nui<gt<! Ohs<sqz<!
gi{h<hMl<! okieq! lx<Xl<! Lghiu! lix<xr<gtiz<! ouu<Ouxigh<! ohiVt<! ogit<th<hMl</!
-jk! fimgr<gtqZl<! kqjvh<hmr<gtqZl<! gi{zil</! yV! olipqbqe<! osix<gTg<G!
nl<olipqbqe<! hqe<Hzk<kqz<! njlf<Kt<t! h{<him<Ms<! $pzqe<! nch<hjmbqOzOb! ohiVt<!
ogit<th<hMgqxK/! wz<zig<!Gpf<jkgTl<! hqxh<hqz<! yOv!likqiqbig!-Vh<hqEl<!nui<gtK!
h{<him<Ms<!$pOz!nui<gjth<!hqe<ei<!keq!NTjlgtig!dVuig<GgqxK/!-g<gVk<jks<!
sQe! Oljk! ge<hb,]qb <̂! nui<gTl<! uquikqk<Kt<tii</! HkqbOkii<! olipqjbg<! gx<hK!
we<hK!HkqbOkii<!h{<him<jm!nxquK!we!hz!gz<uqbiti<gt<!gVKgqe<xei</!
olipq! gx<hqg<Gl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! olipqbqe<! keqk<ke<jl! Lkz<olipqObiM! dt<t!
yx<Xjl.! Oux<Xjlgjt! Sm<cg<! gim<mziOl! kuqv! wf<k! yV! olipqBl<! lx<xjk! uqm!
Oll<hm<mK!we<gqx!gVk<jk!uqjkg<gg<!%miK/!
gqovs<!gqovs<!gqovs<!gqovs<! we<hii<! olipq! –h{<him<M! -jmuqjejb! okiGk<Kg<!
%xqBt<tii</ng<gVk<Kg<gtiue;!!
olipq! we<hK! nch<hjmbqz<! kguz<! okimi<hqx<gie! gVuqbiGl</yV! s&gh<!
hqiquqeiqe<!h{<him<Mg<!%xigUl<!dt<tK/!
olipqbqZt<t! osix<gTg<G! nl<olipq! -br<Gl<! h{<him<M! nch<hjmbqOzOb!
ohiVt<! ogit<th<hMgqxK/osix<gtqe<! ds<siqh<H! hbe<hiM! ohiVt<! Ngqbju! h{<him<M!
nch<hjmbqOzOb!njlgqe<xe/!
olipq! we<hK! keq! fhvK! NTjl! lx<Xl<! nuvK! h{<him<M! lvjhBl<!
hqvkqhzqg<gqxK/!
31
olipq! h{<him<jm! Oh{qh<! hiKgik<kqmUl<?! uti<k<kqmUl<?! -jtb!
kjzLjxbqeVg<G! nxqLgh<hMk<kq! upr<GuKme<! s&gk<kqe<! okimi<s<sqg<Gl<! s&gg<!
GPg<gjt!kqxl<hm!osbx<hms<!osb<bUl<!gm<Mh<hMk<kqmUl<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
LcUjv!LcUjv!LcUjv!LcUjv!!!!!
olipq! we<hK! h{<him<ce<! Lg<gqblie! Ng<gg<%Xgtqz<! ye<X/leqkje! uqzr<G!
fqjzbqzqVf<K!dbi<k<kqbK!olipqOb/uqzr<GgtqzqVf<K!leqke<!OuXhMl<!Lg<gqb!nl<sl<!
olipqOb! NGl</h{<hiM! we<hK! leqk! lek<kqe<! hjmh<hiGl</nkje! fe<G! ujvbjx!
osb<kqmUl<! Oh{qh<! hiKgik<kqmUl<! yV! kjzLjxbqeiqmlqVf<K! nMk<kMk<k!
kjzLjxbqeiqml<!Osi<h<hqk<kqmUl<!olipq!nusqbligqxK/!h{<hiM!we<hK!yV!s&gk<kqe<!
uip<uqbz<!Ljxjb<g!Gxqg<gqxK/!uip<uqbz<!Ljxbqe<!Lg<gqb!nr<gl<! olipq/! ! olipq!
upqObkie<! s&g! -jmuqjegt<! fjmohXgqe<xe/! olipqBl<! h{<hiMl<! ye<jxobie<X!
hqe<eqh<!hqj{f<Kt<te/!yV!olipqjbg<!gx<hK!we<hK!nl<olipq!OhSOuivK!h{<him<Ms<!
$pjz!nxquK!we<hOkbiGl</!
-u<Uzgqeqz<! olipq! we<hke<! ohiVt<! lx<Xl<! ujvbjxgt<! olipq! we<hke<!
gVk<kig<gl<! olipqbqe<! sqxh<hqbz<Hgt<! olipqbqe<! ujghiM! olipqbqe<! Lg<gqb! h{qgt<!
uQm<MolipqBl<!ht<tq!olipqBl<!niuK!kib<olipqBl<!-v{<miuK!olipqBl<!Lkz<!olipq!
nz<zK! kib<olipqbqe<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!dk<kqgt<!gx<huiqg<!olipqh<!hqe<Hzk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!-v{<miuK!
olipqjbg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqg<gz<gt<!olipqjbg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!Ogim<hiMgt<!
Ohs<S!olipqg<Gl<!wPk<K!olipqg<Gl<!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgt<!uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!
lx<Xl<! wPk<K! olipqjb! uti<k<kqMl<dk<kqgt<! h{<him<ce<! ohivt<! uqtg<gl<! h{<him<ce<!
Ng<gg<%Xgt<! h{<him<jm! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxjlgt<! h{<him<cx<Gl<! olipqg<Gl<!
-jmObBt<t!okimi<Hgt<!Ngqbe!hx<xq!uqtg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<!!!!
2/!‘olipq!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!Lg<gqbh<!h{qgjt!uqtg<Gg/!
3/!Ohs<Solipq!we<xiz<!we<e@!nK!wPk<K!olipqbqzqVf<K!wu<uiX!OuXhMgqxK@!
4/! uGh<hjxbqz<! Ohs<SolipqjbBl<?! wPk<K! olipqjbBl<! ! uti<k<kqMl<! upqLjxgjt!
uqtg<Gg/!
5/!h{<him<cje!gx<hqg<Gl<!n[GLjxgjt!uquiqg<g/!
32
nzGnzGnzGnzG....3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!3;!uGh<hjxbqz<!olipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jlolipqbqe<!he<Lgk<ke<jl!!!!
(Language Diversity in Classrooms)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!!!(COURSE OBJECTIVES)
-h<himh<! ohiVtqjeg<! gx<x! hqe<H! Nsqiqb.li{ui<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<! -zg<Ggjt!
njmui</!
• Lkz<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X! njmkz<! lx<Xl<! ! -v{<mil<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X!
njmkjz!hx<xq!nxq<f<K!ogit<tz<!
• olipqh<Hzjl!lx<Xl<!himh<Hzjlg<G!-jmObbie!okimi<hqje!Hiqf<Kogit<tz<!
• olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<!lx<Xl<!uti<s<sq!hx<xqb!nxquqjeh<!ohxz<!
!
3/1/3/1/3/1/3/1/Le<ELe<ELe<ELe<Ejvjvjvjv!!!!
! olipq! we<hK! yV! Oksqb?! nZuzg! olipqbqje! gx<hqg<gh<! hbe<hMl<! himlig!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! OlZl<! -K!-zg<gqbk<Kme<! okimi<HjmbK/!dkiv{lig! hqvie<̂ <!
fim<cz<! hqovR<Sl<?! gqiq^<! fim<cz<! gqOvg<gLl<?! klqp<! fim<cz<! klqPl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
olipq!yV!himlig!slQhgizk<kqz<!hz<OuX!nl<sk<Kme<!uti<f<K!uVgqxK/!Hkqb!okipqz<!
Fm<hr<gt<?! Hkqb! Ogiiqg<jggTme<! hivl<hiqbligh<! hqe<hx<xh<hMl<! gVk<kqje! lix<xq!
njlh<hK!nusqbl</!ye<Xg<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!Oksqb!olipqgt<!ogi{<m!fiMgtqz<?!olipqbqe<!
gVk<jk!yV!ohiVtigg<!gVk!LcbiK/!
3/2/!3/2/!3/2/!3/2/!Lkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<miLkz<olipq?!-v{<mil<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkl<!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<z<z<z<!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!(First Language and Second Language Acquisition)!!!!
3/2/2/!3/2/2/!3/2/2/!3/2/2/!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<;....!!!!ohiVt<;ohiVt<;ohiVt<;ohiVt<;!!!!(Language Acquisition – Meaning)!!!!
! olipqbqe<!ohiKuie!okimg<gl<!we<hK!olipqjbh<!hx<xq!OhSl<ohiPK?!nux<xqe<!
hz<OuX! osbz<hiMgtqz<?! gVk<Kgjt! hiqlixq<g<! ogit<tz<?! leh<hie<jljb!
outqh<hMk<kz<?! Hiqf<Kogit<tjz! Oll<hMk<Kkz<?! s&gk<okimi<Hgjt! gm<mjlk<kz<!
Ohie<xju!dt<tmr<Gl</!!
! olipq! we<hK! -bx<jgbig! Lbe<X! ohXkz<?! olipqbqe<! upq! h{<him<Mg<!
gVk<Kgjt! outqh<hMk<Kkz<! we<hkje! lXg<g! LcbiK! we<hK! gVk<kiti<gtqe<!
uiklig! dt<tK/! -bx<jg! we<xiz<! we<e@! -kqz<! hz<Ouxie! ! gVk<K! OuXhiMgt<!
33
dt<te/! ‘okimi<H’! we<hK! sqz! Ofvr<gtqz<! OuXhMgqxK! we<X! Ohs<siti<gt<!
w{<[gqe<xei</! lx<xuVme<! okimi<H! ogit<Tl<! ohiPK?! wf<k! gVk<kig! -Vf<kiZl<?!
lqgUl<! nx<hlieux<jx! Ofvcbig! okimv! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! nusqblqz<jz/! Woeeqz<!
lg<gtqe<! hii<ju! dzg! g{<O{im<mk<kqzqVf<K! OuXhm<mK/! olipq! hbe<him<mtii<gtqe<!
hii<jubqz<?! olipq! we<hK! .! h{<Hgtqe<! GjxhiMgtqz<! oktquqe<jl?! gueqh<huiqe<!
lPr<gqb! fqjzBl<! yV! hGkq! we<hK! oktquigqxK/! Njgbiz<! s&gs<! $pz<gtqz<!
ljxLg! Ohs<S! uii<k<jkgt<! &zl<! ohxh<hm<m! ohiVt<! Lg<gqblie! gx<hqk<kz<!
Ljxjlgjtg<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! -ju! -bx<jgbqz<! olipqbqe<! nch<hjm?! nju!
hbe<him<cz<!liXhMkz<!)hqxPkz<*! ?!-K!fqs<sblx<x!oktquqe<jljb!hiqf<Kjvg<gqxOk!.
obipqb! HKjljb! hii<g<guqz<jz/! -f<k! -zg<gqbh<! hii<jubqz<! wr<Og! oktquqe<jl!
ohVl<hiZl<! Wx<hMgqxK! we<xiz<?! olipq! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqe<! lk<kqbqzqVf<K!
uqk<kqbish<hMgqxK/! Woeeqz<! olipqh<himk<kqm<mlieK! outqh<hjmbig! F[g<gr<gjt!
lx<Xl<! olipqbqe<! dhokiGh<Hgjt! outqh<hMk<KgqxK/! -ke<! ohiVt<! Ogm<mz<! -bz<H!
lx<Xl<! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<kqje! fjmLjxh<hMk<Kkz<! NGl</! Ogm<mz<! we<hK! lqg! sikiv{!
uqsbl<! nz<<z/! $pjl! d{i<U?! osix<gt<! nz<zik! fmk<jk?! w{<{l<! Ngqbux<jx!
OlOzim<mlig! Gxquqzg<gk<Kme<! nxquK?! kuxie! HiqkZg<G! sik<kqbligqxK/! wz<zi!
olipqgjtBl<! Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<Gl<?! yV!outqfim<M!olipqjb!Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<Gl<!-f<k!
ujgbie! hz<gzis<siv! d{i<kqxe<! lx<Xl<! kqxjl! uvl<HlQxiK! Okjuh<hMgqxK/!
outqfim<M! olipqbqje! Lbe<X! njmuK?! olipq! yV! ht<tqh<himl<! we<hkqz<!
ye<Xg<ogie<X!dt<t!okimi<H!hx<xqb!LPjlbie!uiklig!!-Vg<gqxK/!
! olipqjbh<! hx<xq! Hkqb! )Lx<Ohig<gie*! gx<hjegTme<! nke<! hbech<hjmbqz<!
nke<! ohiVjt! Ofig<GOuilieiz<?! gzis<sivk<Okimie! yh<hf<kr<gt<! nz<zK!
‘uip<g<jgbqe<! ucur<gt<’! OlZl<! ohbiqzqVf<K! ohiVTme<! -j{f<K! dzg!
fqgp<UgTme<!osz<uig<Gl<!ohx<Xt<tK/!uip<g<jgbqe<!ucul<!we<X!olipqbqe<!ohiVjt!
Ofig<GOuilieiz<?!njlh<hqe<!njmbitl<!we<hkqzqVf<K!olik<klig!OuXhMgqxK/!uiPl<!
leqki<gtqe<! fmk<jkbqe<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<?! olipqbqbz<! sivi! fmk<jkBme<! -j{k<K!
uzqBXk<kh<hMgqxK/! -K! -zg<g{! njlh<hqx<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<guqz<jz/! -ke<!
&zl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! uGh<hjxbqz<! olipqbqje! okipqz<sii<! osiz<zqbzigUl<?! lvHgjt!
gx<hkx<gie!Olzikqg<glqz<zi!NkvuigUl<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!!
3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<olipqBl<!gx<xZl<!!!!(Language and Learning)!!!!
! olipqbqe<! h{qbieK! kguz<! okimi<hqx<Glm<Mlqe<xq! w{<{r<gtqe<! Oll<him<OmiMl<!
okimi<Hjmbkig!dt<tK/!olipqg<!ogit<jgbiti<gt<!olipqg<Gl<?!sqf<kjeg<Gl<!Fm<hlie!
34
okimi<Ht<tK! we<X! %Xgqe<xei</! OlZl<! olipqOb! w{<{r<gjt! kQi<lieqg<gqxK! we<X!
uzqBXk<Kgqe<xei</! olipqBl<! w{<{Ll<! ye<jxobie<X! sii<f<Kt<tK! we<hjkuqm!
yk<kk<ke<jlBjmbK!nz<zK!ye<X!lx<oxie<jx!kQi<lieqh<hkig!dt<tK/!uGh<hjxbqz<!
olipqjb!hbe<hMk<kq!himg<gVk<Kgjt!outqh<hMk<KuK!lx<Xl<!!Oll<hMk<Kuke<!&zl<!
olipqg<Gl<! gx<xZg<GlqjmObbie! okimi<hqje! d{vzil</! olipqbqje! gx<xZg<gie!
Lke<jl! upqLjxbig! ogit<Ouilieiz<! gx<Ohii<! gx<xzqz<! Kch<Hme<! =MhMgqe<xei</!
OlZl<! olipqbieK! himg<gVk<Kg<gjt! Nvib<ukx<Gl<?! Oll<hMk<Kukx<Gl<?!
ofxqh<hMk<Kukx<Gl<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
! olipqbieK! SbOll<him<cz<! yV! Lg<gqb! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/! OlZl<! flK!
d{i<UgjtBl<?! ohiXh<HgjtBl<!ujvbjx!osb<gqxK/! olipqjb!yV!ht<tqh<! himlig!
juh<hkx<gie! Lke<jlbie! Ofig<gl<! gx<OhivK! Sb! uti<s<sqjb! Oll<hhMk<KukiGl</!
-ke<! &zl<! olipqjb! Ng<gh<H,i<uligUl<?! d{i<Uh<H,i<uligUl<! hbe<hMk<k! LcgqxK/!
dkiv{lig! gjk! wPKkz<?! himz<! -bx<xz<! OlZl<! olipqbqje! ht<tqh<himlig!
hbe<hMk<Kukiz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gTjmb! himg<gVk<kqje! Sblig! nxqf<Kogit<tUl<!
hbe<hMgqxK/!
3/3/!3/3/!3/3/!3/3/!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkz<!!!!(Language Acquisition)!!!!
! h{<jmb! gizr<gtqz<! olipqg<! gx<xzieK! olipq! nxqf<kui<gtqml<!
-jmuqjebix<Xuke<! &zl<! fjmohx<xK/! -u<uiX! olipqbqje! fil<! nxquke<! &zl<!
olipqbqbz<! sii<f<k! Fm<hlie! nxqju! ohXukqz<! kuXgt<! Wx<hMgqxK/! leqki<gtqe<!
Hze<gim<sq! lx<Xl<! Hiqf<Kogit<tz<! olipqbqje!nxqkz<!&zlig! fjmohXgqxK/! OlZl<!
kie<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<mux<jx! hqxVg<G! d{i<k<k! olipq! nusqbligqxK/! leqki<gt<!
hbe<hMk<Kl<! osiz<zgvikqjb! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! ujvbjxg<Gt<! ogi{<Muv! -bziK/!
nxquqbz<! lx<Xl<! okipqz<! Fm<h! uti<s<sqg<Ogx<h! hz<OuX! Hkqb! Hkqb! osix<gTl<?!
osix<oximi<gTl<!dVuig<gh<hm<M!uVgqxK/!
3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/3/3/2/olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkZl<?!Oll<hiMl<!!!!(Language Acquisition and Development)!!!!
! he<olipqg<ogit<jggt<! li{ui<gt<! klK! nxqUsii<! uti<s<sq! osbz<hiMgtqz<!
wu<uqkl<! olipqbqje! gx<gqe<xei<! we<X! uqtg<GuOkiM! olipqbqje! sqxh<Hx!
hbe<hMk<Kuke<! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jkBl<! uzqBXk<KgqxK/! OuXujgbqz<! %XOuilieiz<?!
Gpf<jkbieK! kie<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! olipqbqjeBjmb! osix<okiGh<H! lx<Xl<!
uqkqLjxgjt! gx<Xg<ogit<gqxK/! dtuqbz<! g{<O{im<mk<kqe<hc! olipqjb! Lbe<X!
njmkz<! we<hK! s&g! lx<Xl<! h{<him<Mg<! %Xgjth<! ohiXk<Ok! olipqbqje! hx<xqb!
35
kk<Kuii<k<k!gVk<Kg<gTg<Gl<!okimi<HjmbK/!olipqbqje!GXgqb!Ofig<gqz<!gx<hqg<gilz<?!
himk<Kme<! -j{k<K! olipqk<kqxe<gOtiM! uqiquig! gx<hqh<hOk! olipqg<gx<hqk<<kzqe<! jlb!
Ofig<gliGl</! h{<jmb! Ljxbqz<! olipqbqje! ht<tqh<himlig! gx<hqk<kzqz<! olipqbqe<!
LPjlbie! njlh<hieK! gx<hqh<hkqz<! guel<! osZk<kilz<! ouXl<! -zg<g{h<!
hbqx<sqgjt!ntqh<hkeiz<!olipqg<gx<hqk<kzieK!LPjlh<ohxuqz<jz/!-u<uiX!-z<zilz<!
olipqbqjeg<!gx<hqg<Gl<!gjzk<kqm<m!ucujlh<hieK!olipqbqe<!njek<Kg<!%XgjtBl<!
LPjlbig!gx<hqg<gg<!%cb!ujgbqz<!njlg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!
! ne<xim! uip<uqz<! Ohs<sqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! osix<gTl<! ds<siqh<H! LjxBl<!
K~b<jlBme<! -Vh<hK! niqK/! wPkh<hMuK! OhizOu! Ohsh<hm<miz<! nK! osbx<jgbig!
-Vg<Gl</!uGh<hjxbqz<!wtqb?!-eqb?!ohiVk<klie!osix<gjth<! hbe<hMk<KkZl<!siquv!
ds<siqk<kZl<!uzqBXk<kh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!
! olipqjb!yV!ht<tq<h<!himlig!gx<hqk<kzqz<!-V!OuX!g{<O{im<mr<gt<!dt<te/!
njubiue;!
)n*!osix<gjt!-zg<g{!Sk<klig!siqbie!Ljxbqz<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!-K!olipqg<G!we!
uGg<gh<hm<Mt<t! kqm<mum<m! uqkqLjxgjt! hqe<hx<xqMl<! LjxbiGl</! -K! olipqjbk<!
K~b<jlbig!hbe<hM<k<KkZg<G!nkqg!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!
)N*! -K! olipq! wu<uiX! Ohsh<hMgqxK! we<hjk! ui<{qh<hkqz<! guel<! osZk<Kukiz<?!
ui<{je! Ljx! we<X! njpg<gh<hMgqxK/! -u<u[GLjx?! ouu<OuX! gizgm<mr<gtqz<!
olipqbqe<!hbe<hiMgt<?!olipqbqe<!uti<s<sq?!olipqs<!sQi<kqVk<kl<!Ohie<xux<jx!uquiqk<Kg<!
%XgqxK/!olipqjb!hbe<hMk<Kl<!Ljxgtqz<!wK!siq?!wK!kuX!Ohie<x!fqbkq!wjkBl<!
%Xukqz<jz/!!
3/3/3/!3/3/3/!3/3/3/!3/3/3/!olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<olipqg<Gxqk<k!Ogim<hiMgTl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<?!gx<hqk<kz<!gjzBl<!!!!(Language Theory & Pedagogy)!!!!
!!!! gx<hqk<kz<! Ogim<hiMgjtBl<?! uGh<hjx! osbz<hiMgjtBl<! giv{! –! givqb!
Ljxbqz<! uqtg<g! -bziK/! olipqjbg<! gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK! uqPlr<gTl<?! gjzk<kqm<ml<!
njmbitl<!gim<Ml<!Le<EiqjlgTl<!sqxh<hqml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
! olipqjb! ht<tqbqz<! yV! himligg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! -V! n[GLjxgt<!
hqe<hx<xh<hMgqe<xe!–!)n*!Lx<Ohig<G!n[GLjx!! )N*!lvHiQkqbqzie!n[GLjx/!
)n*)n*)n*)n*!!!! Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;Lx<Ohig<G! n[GLjx;! (Progressive Approach) -kqz<! d{i<U! H,i<ulie!
gx<hqk<kZl<?! gx<hqk<kzqe<! ohiPK! himh<ohiVTg<G! uqtg<gltqh<hkqz<! keqk<Kuk<jk!
36
outqh<hMk<KuKl<!sqxh<hqml<!ohXgqe<xe/!Neiz<!-l<Ljx!lvH!lQxqb!Sboutqh<him<Mg<G!
nkqg!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqh<hkig!uqli<sqg<gh<hMgqxK/!!
)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;)N*! lvH! iQkqbqzie! n[GLjx;!!!! (Traditional Approach)! fQ{<m! ofMr<gizlig!
hqe<hx<xh<hMl<! n[GLjxbqz<! olipqbqe<! lvHgt<?! uqlsi<er<gt<?! ohiKg<%Xgt<!
Ngqbux<xqx<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqk<kiZl<?! keqk<Kuk<kqx<Gl<?! hjmh<hix<xZg<Gl<! Ohikqb!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<!kvh<hMukqz<jz/!
! olipqjb! yV! ht<tqh<! himlig! gx<hqg<Gl<! n[GLjxbqz<! s&g! olipqbqbzqe<!
osz<uig<G! nkqg! ntuqz<! gi{h<hMukiz<?! -u<u[GLjx! olipqjb! fjmLjxbqz<!
hbe<hMk<Kukx<G!nkqg!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqk<kOziM?!gx<Ohii<!keK!hi{qbqz<!lXolipq!
ntqk<kqmUl<! uib<h<htqg<gqxK/! -ke<! giv{lig! -u<u[GLjx?! olipqh<himk<kqz<!
dt<tmr<Gl<! himh<ohiVjt! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! Ohie<X! njlk<K?! olipqbqe<!
fbk<jkBl<! npjgBl<?! -eqjljbBl<! Hxr<g{qg<gqxK! we<El<! Gx<xs<sim<Mg<G!
-zg<gigqxK/!!
! weOu! olipqjb! ht<tqgtqz<! yV! himligg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! Olx<g{<m! -V!
n[GLjxgTg<Gl<!-jmOb!yV!slvsk<jk!Wx<hMk<kq?!wf<okf<k!%XgTg<G!nPk<kl<!
kv! Ou{<Ml<! we<hK!Gxqk<K! uqtg<Gl<! “olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! kqm<m! ujvU”! ye<jx!
Le<%m<cOb!kbiiq<k<K!nkx<Ogx<h!gjzk<kqm<mk<jk!dVuig<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<himk<kqxe<gt<!!!!(Subject Skills)!!!!
olipqjb!yV!himligg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<?“dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<dt<uir<gqg<!ogit<Tl<!kqxe<gt<”!)Receptive Skills)!
)Ogm<mz<! lx<Xl<! hck<kz<*! “outqh<hMk<Kl<! kqxe<gt<outqh<hMk<Kl<! kqxe<gt<outqh<hMk<Kl<! kqxe<gt<outqh<hMk<Kl<! kqxe<gt<”(Expressive or Productive Skills)!
)OhSkz<! lx<Xl<! wPKkz<*! Ngqbux<xqx<G! -jmOb! ntqg<gh<hm! Ou{<cb!
Lg<gqbk<Kuk<kqz<! yV! slfqjzjb! Wx<hMk<Kkz<! nusqbligqxK/! -u<uqVujg! olipqk<!
kqxe<gTl<! Lg<gqbliejuOb?! nju! ye<Oxiomie<X! okimi<H! ogi{<mju! )inter
connected)!NGl</!dkiv{lig?!yV!li{ui<!himh<hGkq!ye<jxh<!hck<kxqBl<OhiK?!nK!
Gxqk<K! sg! li{ui<gtqml<! OhsUl<?!nui<gtK!gVk<Kgjt! Ogm<mxqf<kqmUl<?! SVg<glig!
Gxqh<Hgt<!wPkqmUl<!Lx<hMujk!fil<!gi{zil</!!-u<uiX!osbz<hMl<OhiK?!nl<li{ui<!
kie<!hck<kxqBl<!himh<!hGkqjb!fe<G!Hvqf<K!ogit<t!LcgqxK/!weOu!ouu<OuX!gx<xz<!
$pZg<G! Wx<hUl<?! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! g{<O{im<mk<jkh<!
ohiXk<Kl<!himk<kqxe<gTg<G!ntqg<gh<hMl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!OuXhMgqxK/!!!
37
! SVr<gg<! %xqe<?! gz<uq! njlh<hqz<?! okipqx<! ! hqvquqz<! )Vocational stream) hbqZl<!
li{ui<gt<! lx<Xl<! gjzh<himh<! hqvquqz<! (Academic stream)! hbqZl<! li{ui<<gt<! ohx<xqm!
Ou{<cb!olipqh<himk<!kqxe<gt<!lx<Xl<!nux<xqx<G!ntqg<gh<hMl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!Ngqbju!
OuXhMgqe<xe/! ! dkiv{lig! okipqx<hqvquqz<! “dt<uir<gqg<! ! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gTg<Gl<!
Gxqh<hig! Ohs<S! kqxe<gTg<Gl<?! gjzh<himh<! hqvquqz<! hbqz<OuiVg<G! outqh<hMk<Kl<!
kqxe<gTg<Gl<! Gxqh<hig! wPKkz<”! kqxe<gTg<Gl<! nkqg! Lg<gqbk<Kul<!
ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!
3/3/5/!3/3/5/!3/3/5/!3/3/5/!olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<olipqBl<!-zg<gqbLl<!!!!(Language and Literature)!!!!
! olipqsii<f<k!gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!-v{<M!ujgbie!n[GLjxgt<!dt<te/!
• gz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjxgz<uq!uqtg<g!n[GLjx!olipqbqe<!njlh<hqjeh<!hx<xq!uqtg<GgqxK/!
• kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!kguz<!okimi<H!n[GLjx!olipqbqe<!hbe<him<cje!uqtg<GgqxK/!
!!!!
-u<uqV! n[GLjxgTl<?! ouu<OuX!ntUgtqz<! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<.
hMgqxK/! olipqbqbz<! kqxe<gjt! Oll<hMk<Kukx<G! -zg<g{! nxqUl<?!
osix<gtR<sqbLl<!nch<hjm! Okjubig!dt<tK/! hz<ujgbie!olipq!nxquqje!
ohXkz<?!olipqg<!gx<OhivK!olipqbqbz<!kqxe<gjt!uZh<hMk<KgqxK/!!
3/6/!3/6/!3/6/!3/6/!olipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gxolipqh<himk<kqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<<hqk<kz<!n[GLjx!ujggTl<!h{qgTl<!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(Teaching Approaches in language as Subject: Genres and Tasks)!!!!
olipqjb! yV! himligg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! dt<t! suizie! h{qOb! yVHxl<! dVuig<gh<hm!
Ou{<cb!olipqsii<!osbz<kqxe<gt<!( Linguistic competencies), uqPlr<gt<?!leh<hie<jlgt<!
Ngqbux<xqx<G! -jmObBl<?! lXHxl<! gjzk<kqm<m! dt<tmg<gk<kqz<! -ml<! ohx!
Ou{<cbux<xqx<gqjmObBl<! slfqjzjb! Wx<hMk<kqMukqz<?! gx<xz<! .! gx<hqk<kz<! osbz<!
we<hK!olipqbix<xjz!li{ui<gtqml<!uti<k<kqMkz<!we<hjkBl<!gVk<kqz<!ogit<t!Ou{<c!
-Vk<kziGl</!!
! li{ui<gtqe<! olipqbxqjuh<! hbe<hMk<kq! olipqsii<! osbz<kqxe<gjt!
Oll<hMk<Kkz<?‘hck<kz<<’! kqxje! uZh<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! olipq! uibqzig! h{<him<M!
nxquqje! li{ui<gt<! ohx<xqMkjz! Dg<Guqk<kz<?! h{<him<Ms<! osbz<hiMgtqz<! hr<G!
ogit<ts<! osb<kz<! Ohie<xux<jx! klK! -zg<Ggtigg<! ogi{<M! olipqbisqvqbi<gt<!
osbz<hMuK!!nusqbliGl</! !-kx<gig!Nsqvqbi<gt<! hGk<kxqBl<!n[GLjx! (Analytic
38
approach)!lx<Xl<!LPjlbie!n[GLjxjb! (Holitic approach)! hbe<hMk<Kkz<?! himh<!
hGkqgjth<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!gx<hqg<Gl<!n[GLjx!(Text oriented approach)!lx<Xl<!li{ui<!
osbz<gjt! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<m! n[GLjx! (Process Oriented approach)! Ohie<x!
uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kz<!n[GLjxgjtBl<?!uti<uxq!Osikje!Ljx!(Formatic approach)!
lx<Xl<! okiGfqjz! Osikje! Ljx! (Summative approach) &zl<! li{ui<gtK! gx<xz<!
njmju!nu<uh<OhiK!lkqh<hqmjzBl<!ohiVk<kligg<!jgbit!Ou{<cBt<tK/!!!
!!!!!-K! Ohie<Ox! olipqg<! gx<hqk<kZg<gie! gjzk<! kqm<mk<kqz<! olipqbqz<! -ml<! ohx!
Ou{<cb! himh<ohiVtqe<! hz<OuX! ucur<gt<! )guqjk?! osb<Bt<?! djvfjm?! fimgl<!
Ohie<xju*! gx<hqk<kz<! &zl<! dVuig<gh<hm! Ou{<cb! kqxe<gtqe<! hz<OuX! ucur<gt<!!!!!!
)w.M*! ! li{ui<gTg<G! “wPKkz<’! kqxeqz<! hbqx<sqbtqk<kzqe<! hz<OuX! Ofig<gr<gt<!
)nxqg<jg! kbivqk<kz<?! gckl<! wPKkz<?! guqjk! Hjekz<?! gm<Mjv!ujvkz<! Ohie<xju*!
Ngqbux<jxg<!gVk<kqz<!ogi{<M!olipqbisqvqbi<gt<!osbz<hm!Ou{<cBt<tK/!!
3/3/7/!3/3/7/!3/3/7/!3/3/7/!olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<olipqh<himk<kqe<!osbx<gtr<gt<!!!!(The Domains of language as a subject)!!!!
olipqjb!yV!himligg<! (Subject*! gVKl<OhiK?!nke<! fie<G!Lg<gqb!osbx<gtr<gtig!
(i)! uisqk<kz<?(ii)wPKkz<?(iii)! OhSkZl<! Ogm<mZl<! (Speaking and listening) (iv)! olipq!
hx<xqb! nxqU! )Knowledge about language)! Ngqbju! ui<{qg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! ohiKuig!
olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!him!Fijzh<!hbe<hMk<kqMl<OhiK!(Using a text)!-f<fie<G!%XgTl<!
yVr<gqj{g<gh<hMgqe<xe/! dkiv{lig?! him! Fijz! uisqk<K! nke<! nch<hjmbqz<!
uquikk<jk! uGh<hjxbqz<! Olx<ogit<Tl<OhiK?! nKOu! wPKl<! h{qg<gie! Ki{<mzig!
njlgqxK/! olipqjb! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<! yV! himlig! (subject)! njlk<kqMl<OhiK?!
yu<ouiV! osbx<gtg<! %Xg<Gl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/! ! -u<uiX! yu<ouiV!
osbx<gtg<! %Xg<Gl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<g! Lx<hMl<OhiK! hz<OuX! hqvs<sjegt<!
wPgqe<xe/!dkiv{lig?‘wPKkz<’!we<El<!osbz<kqxe<?!ouu<OuX!$pz<gtqz<?!ouu<OuX!
Ofig<gr<gTg<gig! hbe<hMk<kqMl<! OhiK?! uisqk<kz<! kqxe<! -Vh<hkiOzOb! nK! kiOe!
Wx<hm<M! uqMukqz<jz/! ! Ljxh<hc?‘wPKkz<’! kqxeqz<! hbq<x<sqbtqk<kz<! &zOl! nkje!
Oll<hMk<kqm!LcBl</!!okimg<gg<!gz<uqg<gie!uGh<HgtqzqVf<K!ht<tqg<!gz<uqbqe<!-Xkq!
uGh<Hgt<!Lcb!wPKkz<!kqxje!Oll<hMk<kqm!Ljxbie!hbx<sqbtqk<kz<!nusqbligqxK/!!
Nvl<h! gizr<gtqz<! Gxqh<hig! HGfqjz! ht<tq! fqjzbqz<! (Pre-school stage)! wPkh<hcg<g!
li{ui<gTg<G!hbqx<sqbtqk<K!wkqi<giz!gx<xZg<gie!nck<ktk<jk!Wx<hMk<kqm!Ou{<Ml</!
uGh<Hfqjz!dbv!dbv!hz<OuX!!osbx<gtk<!kqxe<gTl<!uqvqujmf<K!Oll<hiM!njmBl<!
ujgbqz<!olipqh<!himk<kqx<gie!gjzk<kqm<mk<jk!dVuig<gqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
39
‘uisqk<kz<’!we<hK!ht<tqg<!gz<uqObiM!fqe<X!uqMukqz<jz?!!uip<fit<!LPuKl<!fQcg<gg<!
%cbkiGl</! weOu! hz<OuX! ujg! F~z<gjt! )Hkqel<?! sqXgjk?! ofMr<gjk?! guqjk?!
kqxeib<Ug<!gm<Mjv!Ohie<xju*!hch<hkx<gie!uib<h<jh!gjzk<kqm<ml<!ntqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
! h{<mjmb!olipqg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<! OhSkz<?! Ogm<mz<?!gzf<Kjvbimz<! Ohie<xux<xqx<G!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hmuqz<jz/! Neiz<! kx<OhiK! uib<olipq! hbe<him<Mg<G! nkqg!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/! yV! olipqjbh<! OhsUl<?! hqxi<! OhSujk! Hiqf<K!
ogit<tUl<! LcBl<! we<hkiOzOb?! yV! li{ue<! olipqbqz<! Oki<s<sq! ohx<X?! Ohs<sqe<!
hz<OuX! ucur<gtie! djvbiMkz<?! uikqMkz<?! osix<Ohii<! Hiqkz<?! osix<ohipqU!
fqgp<k<Kkz<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! hr<G! ohXl<! kqxe<! ohx<Xuqm<mkig! gVkLcbiK/! kuqv!
ouu<OuX!olipqjb!kib<olipqbigg<!ogi{<Omii<!dt<t!uGh<hjxbqz<!olipqg<!gx<hqk<kz<!
&zl<!li{ui<gtqml<!olipqk<kqxe<gjt!dVuig<Gukqz<?!wf<okf<k!osbx<gtg<!%XgTg<G!
wf<k! ntU! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hKl<! guek<kqz<! ogit<t! Ou{<cb!
hqvs<sjebiGl</! nkiuK! yV! olipqjb! himolipqbigg<! gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK! nkje!Lkz<!
olipqbigg<! )kib<olipq! Ohie<X*! gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<?! -v{<miuK! olipqbig! )kib<olipq!
nz<zik!hqx!olipqbig*!gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<!-jmOb!ohVk<k!OuXhiM!dt<tK/!
x*! -v{<miuK! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! Gpf<jkbqe<! Lkz<! olipqbqe<! GXg<gQM! (Interference)!
gi{h<hMl</!
xi*!Gpf<jkbqe<!kib<olipqBl<?!nK!hqxf<K!uti<f<k!hGkqbqz<!ohVl<hiOziviz<!Ohsh<hMl<!
olipqBl<! Ouxig! -Vh<hqe<?! nu<uqV! olipqgjtBOl! wtqkigg<! gx<Xg<! Gpf<jk!
‘-Volipqbqee<’! NgqxK/! -Vf<kOhikqZl<! ohiKuig! kib<olipqbqz<kie<! Gpf<jkbqe<!
Hzjl!nkqgiqk<Kg<!gi{h<hMl<?!Neiz<!-v{<miuK!olipqbqz<!nui<gtK!olipqk<kqxe<?!
nkje!Glvh<hVuk<kqz<!gx<Ohiiqml<!gi{h<hMkjzuqm!lqg!dbi<uigOu!-Vg<Gl</!
3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!3/4/!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!Lkz<!olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!Lbe<X!njmkzqz<!dt<t!yx<Xjl!–!!!!
Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt<Oux<Xjlgt< (Differences and Similarities between First and Second Language
Acquisition)!!!!
Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<miuK!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!-jmObbie!OuXhiMgtqz<?!Lke<jlbig!
ohVl<hiOziviz<! gVkh<hMuK! ohxh<hMl<! Oki<s<sqbtU! (Level of mastery) lx<Xl<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hmik! fqjzbqz<! lxf<K! OhiGl<! uqgqkl<! (Rate of forgetting when not in
use)NGl</![h<Ot!lx<Xl<!u<Ovilie<!(Bley and Vtoman, 1989)].
40
! Olx<g{<m! -VuvK! Nb<Ugjtk<! okimi<f<K?! wz<zq <̂! (Ellis,1994)! we<hii<!
Lkz<olipqg<! gx<xZl<! (L1)! -v{<miuK! olipqg<! gx<xZg<Gl<! (L2) -jmOb! hqe<uVl<!
ye<hK!OuXhiMgjtg<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tii</!
2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!2/!ym<Molik<k!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!ntU!(Overall Success):!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<Ohii<!Lkz<!
olipqg<!gx<Ohijvh<!Ohie<X!LPjlbie!olipqk<!Oki<s<sq!ohXukqz<jz/!
3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H!3/! ohiKuig! Okiz<uq! ohXukx<gie! uib<h<H! (Chances of general failure):! -v{<mil<!
olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?!Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xjzh<! Ohize<xq?! olipqk<! kqxe<! Oki<s<sq! Wx<hmilz<!
Ohiukx<Gl<!uib<h<H!dt<tK/!
4/4/4/4/!!!!liXhiM!)liXhiM!)liXhiM!)liXhiM!)Variation):!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<xzqz<?!Oki<s<sq!ntU!keqfhi<!OuXhim<ce<!
hikqh<Hg<G!dt<tigqxK/!
5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<!5/! -zg<Ggt<! (Goals): olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! njmb! Ou{<cb! -zg<gig! Gxqh<hqmh<hMl<!
osbz<kqxe<! )Target competence*! ntju! uqm?! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<Ohii<! Gjxf<k!
njmuqjeOb!ohXgqe<xei</!
6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!6/!sqjkf<K!Ohikz<!(Fossilisation):!okimi<f<K!hbe<!hMk<kilz<!-Vf<kiz<!gx<Xg<!ogi{<m!
-v{<miuK!olipq!ouGsQg<gqvl<!lxf<K!OhiGl<!nhibl<!dt<tK/!
7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<!7/! dt<T{i<Ugt<! (Intution): -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<Ohii<! -zg<g{! iQkqbig! oktquie!
LcUgt<!wMh<hkqz<!kq{Xui</!
8/8/8/8/gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!gx<hqk<kz<!(Instruction): Lkz<olipqg<!!gx<xZg<G!gx<hqk<kz<!wKUl<!Okjuh<hMukqz<jz/!
Neiz<!-v{<mil<!olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!gx<hqk<kz<!nusqbligqxK/!
9/9/9/9/kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju!kqVk<Kuke<! Okju! (Need for correction )!!!! ;!;!;!;! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! kqVk<kl<!
ntqh<hK!gx<OhiVg<G!dkuqgvlig!-Vh<hkigg<!gVkh<hMgqxK/!
:/:/:/:/d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM!d{i<Uh,i<ulie! =MhiM! ( Affective factor in learning ): -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?!
gx<OhiVg<G! Lkz<olipqg<! gx<xzqz<! -Vh<hK! Ohie<x! d{i<U! h,i<ulie! =MhiM!
-Vh<hkqz<jz/!!
! -u<uib<uqe<! Lcuig! Lkz<olipq! lx<Xl<! -v{<mil<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X!
njmkzqz<!yx<Xjl.Oux<Xjlgtig!gQp<g<g{<m!d{<jlgjt!wz<z}Q̂ <!Gxqh<hqMgqxii</!!
41
2/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<!nkqg! olipqk<kqxe<gjth<! ohXuK! olipqg<! gx<xZg<gig!
nkqg!Ofvk<jk!oszuqMukqje!ohiXk<K!njlukqz<jz/!!
3/! Lkz<! olipq! gx<xzieK! feuqzq! fqjzbqz<! kiOe! fqgp<gqxK/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<!
gx<xzieK!Lbe<X!gx<gh<hMgqxK/!!
4/! Lkz<! olipqbqje! biVl<! flg<Gk<! keqbig! gx<hqh<hkqz<jz/! nkje! fil<! ht<tq!
osz<Zl<! Le<Oh! gx<gqOxil</! -v{<mil<! olipqbqje! ht<tqg<Gs<! ose<X! yVuviz<!
gx<hqg<gh<hm<M!gx<Xg<ogit<gqOxil</!!
5/!!-v{<mil<!olipqbqje!hkqe<hVuk<kqz<!)23.24!ubK*!gx<hkiz<!nf<k!olipqk<kqxe<gjt!
ohXuK! gcelig! dt<tK/! Woeeqz<! nh<hVuk<kqz<! leqk! &jtbieK!
olipqg<gx<xjzuqm!uqjtbim<M?!-js!Ohie<x!hqx!osbz<hiMgtqz<!guel<!osZk<KgqxK/!!
6/! Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xzieK! hqxh<hqOzObk<! K~{<mh<hm<M! -bz<H,g<gk<kqe<! nch<hjmbqz<!
kiOe! fqgp<gqxK/! Neiz<! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzieK! nkqg! fqjeU! fqjzbqz<!
fqgp<ukiz<!yVuiqe<!NTjljbBl<!Dg<gk<kqjeBl<!sii<f<K!njlf<Kt<tK/!
7/! Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xZg<G! flK! $pzqzqVf<K! nkqgh<hcbie! olipq! dt<tQMgjt!
ogiMg<gk<! Okjubqz<jz/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<gx<xZg<G! nkqgh<hcbie! olipqsii<!
dt<tQMgt<!OkjubigqxK/!!
8/!Lkz<!olipq!gx<xZg<G!F{<{xqOui!nz<zK!sqxh<Hk<!kqxOei!Okjubqz<jz/!bivig!
-Vh<hqEl<!nuvK!kib<olipqbqje!LPjlbigUl<!sqxh<higUl<!OhSui</!Neiz<!-v{<mil<!
olipqg<!gx<xZg<G!sqxh<Hk<kqxEl<!%Mkz<!Lbx<sqBl<!nusqbligqxK/!
9/! Lkz<! olipqg<! gx<xz<! nxqUsii<! uti<s<sqObiM! -j{f<K! fjmohXgqxK/! -v{<mil<!
olipq!gx<xZg<G!nxqUsii<!uti<s<sq!nusqbligqxK/!
:/! Lkz<! olipq! gx<xhqe<! ouGgizl<! nkje! hbe<hMk<kilz<! -Vf<kiZl<! lxf<K!
Ohiukqz<jz/! -v{<mil<! olipq! gx<xhqe<?! nkje! ouGgizl<! hbe<hMk<kilz<! -Vf<kiz<!
lxf<KOhiGl<!uib<h<H!nkqgl</!!
21/Gpf<jk! YovPk<K! osiz<?! =ovPk<K! osiz<! we<X! hch<hcbig! wtqbux<xqzqVf<K?!!
gcelieux<jxg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<Tl</!-v{<mil<! olipqg<!gx<xzqe<! wPk<Kg<gjtg<!gx<xz<?!
YovPk<K! osiz<?! =ovPk<K! osiz<?! osix<! okimi<?! uig<gqbl<! -zg<g{! njlh<H! we<X!
gx<Xg<!ogiMg<gh<hMl</!
42
22/! Gpf<jkgt<! Lkz<olipqjb! wPKukx<G! Le<! Ohsg<! gx<Xg<! ogit<Tl</! -v{<mil<!
olipqg<!gx<xzqz<!wPkg<!gx<Xg<!ogi{<m!hqe<Oh!OhSkz<!YvtU!sik<kqbliGl</!
23/! Gpf<jk! hVuk<kqOzOb! -V! olipqgjt! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! nkqz<! -v{<mil<!
olipqbieK! Lkz<! )kib<*! olipqg<gx<xzqz<! OlOzir<gqbqVg<gqxK/! NbqEl<! lx<oxiV!
olipqBl<?!olipqk<kqxEl<!uti<s<sq!ohx<xkig!dt<tK/!
3/5/!3/5/!3/5/!3/5/!uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kz<!!!!
( Using of First and Second Language in the Clasroom)
!!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbg<!gx<Gl<!OhiK?!Lkz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!Gxqk<K!
%xh<hMl<!gVk<Kgtiue;!
<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov<̂Coue<!g<Ov]]]]eeee<! (Steven Krashen)!we<hii<!Le<olipqf<k! “olipqg<gx<xzqz<!-bx<jgbie!
n[GLjx”( Natural approach to language acquisition ) we<hK!%XukiuK;! “li{ui<gt<!
Lkz<! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<! uqkk<kqOzOb! -v{<mil<! olipqjbBl<! gx<gqe<xei<<?! -v{<mil<!
olipqjb!!Ofvqjmbig!d{i<f<kxqukx<gie!!OhvtU!uib<h<H!! ( Massive exposure to the
second language)! Lkz<! olipqjb! lqgg<! Gjxf<k! ntU! hbe<hMk<Kkz<! Ngqbux<xqe<!
&zl<! -v{<mil<! olipq! lqg! fe<xig! gx<gh<hMgqxK/”! nu<uh<OhiK! Lkz<! olipqjb!
Nsqvqbi<gTl<! li{ui<gTl<! hbe<hMk<kqMuke<! &zl<! -v{<mil<! olipqjb! li{ui<gt<!
fe<G!ohiVt<!d{i<f<K!sqxh<higg<!gx<g!LcBl<!we<X!Nb<U!LcUgt<!okvquqg<gqe<xe/!
3/5/2/NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!NsqiqbvK!Lkz<!olipqh<!hbe<hiM!(Teachers uses in First Language)!!!!
!!!! gQp<g<gi[l<! $pz<gtqz<! Nsqiqbi<! Lkz<! olipqjb! Nvl<hfqjz! uGh<HgtqZl<!
-jmfqjz!uGh<HgtqZl<!hbe<hMk<Kgqxii</!
• li{ig<gVg<G! nui<gTg<Gk<! kvh<hm<Mt<t! h{qgt<! Gxqk<K! Gxqh<Hjv!
upr<Gl<OhiKl<?!
• Hkqb!osix<gtqe<!ohiVt<!Gxqk<K!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<?!
• sqg<gzie!gVk<Kgt<?!dujlgt<!Ohie<xux<jx!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<?!
• sqg<gzie!-zg<g{!uqkqgjt!uqtg<Gl<!OhiKl<!
!!!!!!Nsqvqbi<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kg<!%Ml</!
!!!!
!!!!
43
3/5/3/!3/5/3/!3/5/3/!3/5/3/!li{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiMli{ui<gtqe<!Lkz<!olipqh<hbe<hiM!!!!(Students uses in First Language)!!!!
li{ui<gt<! -v{<M! Ohi<! -j{gtig! -br<gq?! olipqsii<! h{qgTg<G! kQi<U! gi{!
Lx<hMl<OhiK! klg<Gt<! Lkz<! olipqbqOzOb! Ohsqg<! ogit<ui</! Lkz<! olipqjbh<!
hbe<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! li{ui<gt<?! jugim<̂ <gq! (Vygotsky)! %XuK! Ohie<X! ‘hqxi<!
dkuqBme<! ds<shm<s! njmju! wb<kqm! Lbx<sqg<Gl<! gtk<kqeqz<! (Zone of Proximal
Development) -br<gqm! LcBl</! -v{<mil<! olipqjbg<! gx<Gl<OhiK! li{ui<gt<! Lkz<!
olipqjb! nu<uh<OhiK! hbe<hMk<Kuke<! &zl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himg<! gVk<Kgjt!
dbi<sqf<kje!ogi{<M!hiqsQzqg<g!LcgqxK! (Able to cognitively process at a higher level)/!
li{ui<gt<! klg<Gt<! djvbiMl<OhiKl<?! him! sl<hf<klig! gzf<KjvbiMl<! OhiKl<!
Gvz<olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kui</!dkiv{lig!gx<Gl<!-v{<miuK!olipq!okimi<hig!fqgPl<!
li{ui<gtK! gzf<Kjvbimzqz<! yV! li{ui<! ohiVk<klx<x! uii<k<jkjbh<!
hbe<hMk<kqMl<OhiK! lx<xuiqml<! dkuq! Ogm<Gl<ohiPK?! le<eqh<H! ! Ogm<Gl<! ohiPKl<!
‘please’, ‘sorry’ we<X! %xq! siqbie! uii<k<jkjb! )-v{<mil<! olipqbqz<*! %xqMuii</! -K!
Ohie<Ox!li{ui<!yVui<!“I like the ice-cream”!we<X!%Xl<OhiK!nkjek<!kqVk<kq!“I like
ice-cream”! we<X! kie<! %x! Ou{<Ml<! we<X! osiz<Zl<OhiKl<?! Lkz<! olipq!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! li{ui<gt<! yV! gVk<kqjeg<! %x! kq{Vl<OhiK?! klK!
Lkz<olipqjb!dmOe!hbe<!hMk<kqMuK!-bz<hie!ye<Ox?!Neiz<!uGh<hqz<!-v{<miuK!
olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! hbqx<sq! osb<Bl<! OhiK?! -v{<miuK! olipqs<! osix<gjt! lm<MOl!
hbe<hMk<kqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!
• Lkz<! olipqbqe<! osix<gtR<sqblieK! -v{<miuK! olipqjbg<! gx<gik! $pzqZl<!
nkqZt<t! gVk<<Kg<gjt! dbi<f<k! ntuqz<! Hiqf<K! ogit<ukx<G! dkuqbig!
njlgqxK/!
3/5/4/3/5/4/3/5/4/3/5/4/li{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hli{ui<gt<!OhSl<!$pzqz<!Lkz<!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<Mk<Kukx<gie!nusqbl<!!!!
� li{ui<gt<! klg<Gt<! himg<gVk<jk! oktqUhMk<kqg<! ogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<! Ogt<uq!
Ogm<mz<!(Students ask each other clarifying questions)
� gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! himh<ohiVt<! Hiqbik! fqjzbqz<! li{ui<gt<! nK! Gxqk<K!
leuVk<kk<jk! outqh<hMk<kqmz<! (Express frustrations concerning their lack of
understanding).
� gx<Gl<!-vi{<miuK!olipqbqe<!osix<gTg<Gl<?!himg<!gVk<KgTg<Gl<!Lkz<!olipq!
&zl<!uqtg<gl<!ohXkz</!
44
� Lkz<! olipqbqz<! klg<G! Wx<geOu! okiqf<kqVg<Gl<! osix<gTg<G! -j{bie!
-v{<miuK!olipqs<!osix<gjtg<!g{<mxqkz</!
� sqg<gzie!gVk<Kg<gjt!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tl<!ohiPK!olipqjb!hbe<hMk<Kz</!
� wPk<Kh<h{qjb! lkqh<hQM! osb<Bl<! ohiPK! nkqz<! wPl<! ohiVt<! Gxqk<k!
sf<Okgr<gjt!sl!li{ui<gtqml<!uquikqk<K!nxqkz</!
! SVr<gg<! %xqe<?! WkiuK! yV! gVk<jk!Nsqiqbi<! uqtg<gqbOhiKl<?! Hiqf<K! ogit<t!
-bzuqz<jz!weqz<?!nVgqZt<t!li{uiqml<!Ogm<mxqkz<!-bz<OhbiGl</!sqz!uqeig<gtqz<!!
uqjmgjt!siqhii<k<Kg<!ogit<tUl<?!sqX!uquikr<gtqz<!=MhMl<OhiKl<?!Nsqiqbi<!uqtg<gl<!
%xiK!uqm<mOhiKl<!OuoxiV!li{uVme<!Lkz<!olipqbqOzOb!OhSkz<!-bz<H!NGl</!
3/5//5/3/5//5/3/5//5/3/5//5/uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjxbqz<!-v{<miuK!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!(Using of Second Language in
the class)
! -v{<miuK!olipq!we<hK!kib<olipq!nz<zik!OuoxiV!olipq/!hbqx<X!olipqbig!
-Vg<gg<%Ml</!klqp<fim<cz<!klqp<!Lkz<!olipqbigUl<?!Nr<gqzl<!-v{<mil<!olipqbigUl<!
Wx<Xg<! ogit<th<hm<Mt<tK/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! himg<gVk<Kgjth<! Hiqf<K!
ogi{<M!nl<olipqbqz<!Gxqh<hqm<m!njmjuh<! (Achievement)!ohXkz<!lm<MOl!Ofig<glig!
dt<tK/! -v{<mil<! olipqg<! gx<xzqz<?! WOkEl<! sqz! osix<gt<! nz<zK! uig<gqbr<gt<!
uqtr<guqz<jz!we<X!li{ui<gt<!gVkqeiz<?!nux<jx!Nsqiqbjvg<!Ogm<Mk<!oktqUhMk<kqg<!
ogit<tzil</! hzi<?! dme<! hbqZl<! li{ig<giqml<?! uGh<hqz<! kie<! Ogm<gk<! kuxqb!
kguz<gt<?! osix<gt<?!dujlgt<?! fjgs<Sjuk<!K[g<Ggt<?! Ohie<xux<jx!-vi{<miuK!
olipqbqOzOb!km<Mk<kMlixqObEl<!Ogm<M!nxqf<K!ogit<uii<gt</!
3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!3;6! olipqbieK! ht<tqh<himlig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<! kguz<! okim<H! sikelig! -Vh<hkx<Gl<!
-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM!-jmObbie!OuXhiM! (Difference Between Language as a school Subject and Means of
Communication)
3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H3;6;12!kguz<!okimi<H!!!!(Communication****!!!!
3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!3;6;12;2!‘kguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<H’!!!!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!(Meaning of Communication)
! -Vui<! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<Omii<! klg<Gt<! osb<kqh<! hiqlix<xl<! osb<K!
ogit<TkOz! ‘kguz<! okimi<H’! we<X! nxqbh<hMgqxK/! kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! Ohs<S!
olipq?! wPk<K! olipq?! GxqbQMgt<! (Signs)?! jsjggt<! (gestures)?! Lghiur<gt<! (Facial
expressions)?! uqgml<! (Mimicry)! hqvhz! leqki<gt<! Ohiz! OhSkz<?! lqVgr<gt<! Ohiz! yzq!
45
wPh<Hkz<! Ohie<xju?! gim<sq! ucuqzie! nz<zK! fch<H! ucuqzie! gjzgt<! (Visual or
dramatic arts)! Ohie<xju! &zl<! fqgpg<%Ml</! -e<X! upg<G! olipqObiM! %m! sr<Ogk!
olipqBl<!(Code language)!kguz<!okimi<hqz<!-ml<!ohXgqxK/!
3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!3;6;12;3!kguz<!okimi<H!Ljxgt<!(Methods of Communication)
wPk<K!ucuqzie!kguz<!hiqlix<xl<!wPk<K!ucuqzie!kguz<!hiqlix<xl<!wPk<K!ucuqzie!kguz<!hiqlix<xl<!wPk<K!ucuqzie!kguz<!hiqlix<xl<!(Written Communication)
! okie<Xokim<M! hbe<hMk<kh<hm<M! uVl<! kitqz<! wPkh<hm<m/hkqU! osb<bh<hm<m!
gckr<gt<?! nxqg<jggt<?! Nu{r<gt<! Ohie<xjuObiM! lqe<e[! siker<gt<! uibqzig!
nEh<hh<hMl<!Nu{r<gt<?!lqe<eR<sz<gt<!(e-mails)?!GXR<osb<kqgt<!(SMS)!Ohie<xjuBl<!
wPk<K!olipqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kq!kguz<!okimi<H!ogit<Tukqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!uib<olipqk<!kguz<!okimi<H!(Oral Communication)!!!!
! OfVg<G! Ofi<! djvbiMkz<?! okijzOhsq?! gio{itq! gim<sq! (Video Conferencing)!
-j{bktk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!&zl<!djvbiMkz<!Ohie<xju!-kqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!olipqsivi!kguz<!okimi<H!(Non-verbal Communication)
! Lghiur<gt<?! dmz<olipq?! jsjggt<?! Gvz<! yzq! Ohie<xju! -u<ujgk<! kguz<!
okimi<hqz<!dt<tmr<Gl</!
! Ohs<S! lx<Xl<! wPk<K! ucuqzie! kguz<! okimi<H?! ‘olipqsii<! kguz<! okimi<H’
(Linguistic Communication)!weUl<?!osix<gtqe<xq!dmz<olipq!&zl<!fjmohXkz<!kguz<!
okimi<H! ‘olipqsivi! kguz<! okimi<H’ (Non-linguistic Communication)! we<Xl<!
njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM!3;6;12;4! olipqg<Gl<! kguz<! okimi<Hg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t! OuXhiM! (Difference Between
Language and Communication)
! olipqBl<?! kguz<! okimi<Hl<! ofVr<gqb! okimi<Hjmbkigg<! gi{h<hm<miZl<!
nux<xqg<G!-jmOb!OuXhiMgt<!dt<te/!
! kguz<!okimi<H!we<hK!OhSkz<?!wPKkz<!nz<zK!hqx!Dmgr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!
osb<kqh<!hiqlix<xl<!Wx<hMk<Kkjzg<!Gxqg<gqxK/!!
!
46
u/u/u/u/!!!!w{<w{<w{<w{<!!!!
olipqolipqolipqolipq!!!! kguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<Hkguz<!okimi<H!!!!
2! olipq! we<hK! yzqg<GxqbQMgt<!
nux<xqx<gie! ohiVt<! Ngqbju!!
ogi{<m! njlh<hiGl</! osix<gtqe<!
-j{h<H?! uig<gqb! njlh<H!
Ngqbju! -zg<g{! uqkqgt<! hc!
njlgqe<xe/!
kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! -Vui<!
nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<Omii<! -jmOb!
Ohs<S?! wPk<K?! jsjggt<?! fch<H!
Ohie<xju! &zl<! osb<kq! hiqlix<xl<!
fqgp<uK!NGl</!
3! yVui<! keqbigg<! %m! olipqjbh<!
hbe<hMk<kqmzil</!
kguz<! okimi<hqz<! -Vui<! nz<zK!
nkx<G!Olx<hm<Omiiqe<!-jm!uqjegt<!
-ml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
4! kguz<! okimi<hqz<?! olipq! yV! upq!
Ljxbigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! hvf<K! uqiqf<k!
gtl<!NGl</!
5! olipq! yzqg<GxqgTg<Gl<?! GxqbQM.
gTg<Gl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!
kguz<! okimi<H! we<hK! hvf<K! uqiqf<k!
gtl<!NGl</!
6! dbqVt<t! olipq! Okg<gljmuK!
-z<jz?!nK!lix<xljmf<K!ogi{<M!
uVl</!
kguz<!okimi<hqe<!nch<hjmg<!%Xgt<!
liXukqz<jz/!
!!!!
3;6/3/3;6/3/3;6/3/3;6/3/!!!! Lkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqxLkz<! olipqbqz<! dbi<! Oki<s<sqk<kqxl<! ohx<xqVk<kZl<?! hqx!!!! himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq!
ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<ohx<xqMkZl<!!!!
! -f<kqbs<$pzqz<! ht<tqg<gz<uq! ntuqz<! Lkz<olipq! lifqz! olipqbigUl<?!
-v{<miuK! olipq! Nr<gqzl<! nz<zK! hqxqokiV! -f<kqb! olipq! nz<zK! dzg!
olipqbigUl<!dt<te/!yV!sqz!-mr<gtqz<!lm<Ml<!lifqz!olipqjbk<!kib<!olipqbigg<!
ogit<tikui<gTg<G! nui<gtK! osif<k! olipqjb! )uQm<M! olipqjb*! Lkz<! olipqbig!
hbqZl<!uskq!dt<tK?!
3/6/4/!3/6/4/!3/6/4/!3/6/4/!Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<Lkz<!olipqbqz<!dbi<!Oki<s<sqk<kqbl<!ohXkz<!!!!
! kib<olipqh<!Ohs<S!we<hK!hqxf<k!Gpf<jkgt<!utv!utv?!lqg!-bz<hig!nkeqml<!
dVuigqxK/! Gpf<jkgtqml<! kib<olipqh<! Ohs<S! uti<s<sq! wu<uiX! Wx<hMgqxK! we<hK!
Gxqk<k!sqz!dtuqbzxqRi<gtK!gVk<Kgjtg<!gi{<Ohil</!
47
! \Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\\Qe<!hqbiO\!!!!(Jean Piaget,!29:7.2:91*;!okimg<gfqjzbqz<!Gpf<jkbqe<!nxqUuti<s<sq!
olipqk<! okimi<hqe<xq! fqgp<ukiGl</! GxqbQMgjth<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! Ljxgtqz<! olipqBl<!
ye<xiGl</!olipqbqe<xqBl<!sqf<kjebqz<!hqx!GxqbQMgjth<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!
! N^<GmN^<GmN^<GmN^<Gm<! (Osgood)?! osuqObigosuqObigosuqObigosuqObig<! )Seviyok*! Ohie<Oxii<! olipqsii<! leuqbz<! (Psycho-
linguistics)!we<gqx!gjzs<!osiz<jz!hqvhzh<hMk<kqeii<gt</!
! olipqsii<! leuqbz<! we<hK! olipqk<kqxe<! jguvh<! ohxz<?! njk! ujgh<hMk<kz<?!
hbe<hMk<kz<?! Ohs<S?! hck<kz<?! -Volipq! NTjg?! lx<Xl<! olipqg<Gl<! sqf<kjeg<Gl<!
-jmOb! dt<t! okimi<H! Ngqbux<jxg<! Gxqh<hkiGl</! -K! njek<K! olipqgTg<Gl<!
ohiKuieux<jx! )-zg<g{k<jk*! Nvib<uke<! &zl<! Gpf<jkbqe<! dt<tii<f<k! gx<xz<!
Fm<hr<gjtg<! g{<mxqBl<! Lbx<sqbiGl</! -f<k! nxquqbz<hqiqU! n{<jlg<! gizlig!
kib<olipq!lx<Xl<!hqxolipqgjtg<!gx<hqh<hkqz<!osz<uig<Gjmbkig!-Vg<gqxK/!
! dzg! olipqgTg<Gh<! ohiKuie! -zg<g{l<! (Universal Grammar)! we<hK! Ohs<S!
yzqgjth<! hGk<kib<U! osb<K! ohiKg<%Xgjtg<! g{<mxqkOz! we! olipqbqbz<! nxqRi<!
Osil<̂ <gq!uquiqk<Kt<tii</!
! Osil<̂ <gqOsil<̂ <gqOsil<̂ <gqOsil<̂ <gq!!!! (Neam Chomsky)! Ohie<Oxii<! gVk<Kh<hc?!dzgqe<! -bz<hie! olipqgt<!
biux<Xg<Gl<! ohiKuigs<! sqz! h{<Hgt<! dt<te! weh<hMgqxK/! hz<OuX! olipqgtqz<!
gi{h<hMl<! osiz<?! uig<gqb! njlh<Hgt<?! leqk! &jtbqe<! ke<jlbqeiz<!
dVuig<gh<hm<mjubikzqe<?! -ux<xqx<G! -jmOb! yx<Xjl! gi{h<hMgqxK/! weOu!
olipqk<kqxe<! leqk! Gpf<jkgTg<G!-bz<hie! ye<X/! olipqbqjeh<! hbe<hMk<Kukx<gie!
uqkqgt<! Gpf<jkgTg<G! -bz<higOu! Hzh<hMgqe<xe/! F{<{xqU?! h{<hiM! Oux<Xjl!
Ohie<xju! -kje! hikqh<heuigk<! okiqbuqz<jz/! yu<ouiV! olipqg<Gl<! nch<hjmbie!
Np<fqjz! njlh<H! (Deep Structure)! d{<ome<Xl<?! hz<OuX! olipqgtqe<! Olx<hvh<H!
njlh<hqz<! yx<XjlBt<tK! we<Xl<! Osil<̂ <gq! Gxqh<hqMgqxii</! -uvK! gVk<KgTg<G!
ohVltU!NkvU!gi{h<hMgqxK/!
! Osil<̂ <gqbqeqe<Xl<! liXhm<M! ^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<^<gqe<ei<! Ohie<Oxii<! olipqk<kqxe<! uti<s<sqbqz<!
Lbe<X!kuxqg<!gx<xz<! fMuqml<!ohXgqxoke<Xl<?!siqbie!olipqk<!Kzr<gz<gt<!hiqSgt<?!
ohx<Oxii<gtK!hivim<M!Ohie<xux<xqeiz<!uZh<ohXgqe<xe!we<Xl<!gVKgqe<xei</!
! nxqU! uti<s<sqObiM! olipq! uti<s<sqBl<! okimi<HjmbK/! -v{<M! Lkz<! WP!
ubkqx<Gt<! keK! $p<fqjz! sii<f<k! ohiVt<gtqe<! ohbi<gjtg<! %xUl<?! wtqb!
48
Okjugjtk<! kib<olipqbqz<! )uQm<M! olipqbqz<*! %xUl<! Gpf<jk! gx<Gl</! GMl<hk<kqevK!
gz<uq!lx<Xl<!h{<hiM!fqjzgt<!Gpf<jkbqe<!osiz<zim<sqjbh<!hikqg<Gl</!
! Gpf<jkgtqe<!uti<s<sqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!sqz!fqjzgjt!-eq!gi{<Ohil</!
i*! Ohs<Sg<G! Lf<jkb! fqjz!*! Ohs<Sg<G! Lf<jkb! fqjz!*! Ohs<Sg<G! Lf<jkb! fqjz!*! Ohs<Sg<G! Lf<jkb! fqjz! (Pre-Speech Stage);;;;! -f<fqjzbqz<! Gpf<jk! GMl<hk<kivK!
Ohs<S!yzqgjtg<!gueqg<gqxK/!ds<siqh<H?!yzqg<Gl<!Ljx?!hiujegt<!Ohie<xju!njk!
=i<g<gqe<xe/!
ii*!ohiVtx<x!yzqgjt!wPh<Hl<!fqjz!*!ohiVtx<x!yzqgjt!wPh<Hl<!fqjz!*!ohiVtx<x!yzqgjt!wPh<Hl<!fqjz!*!ohiVtx<x!yzqgjt!wPh<Hl<!fqjz! (Babling Stage);!;!;!;!-f<fqjzbqz<!Gpf<jk!lpjzs<!
osiz<?!km<Mk<kMlixq!sqz!osix<gjtg<!%x!Lbx<sqk<kz<!Ohie<xju!&zl<!njeujvBl<!
lgqp<uqg<Gl</!
iii*! yx<jxs<! osiz<! Ohs<S! fqjz!*! yx<jxs<! osiz<! Ohs<S! fqjz!*! yx<jxs<! osiz<! Ohs<S! fqjz!*! yx<jxs<! osiz<! Ohs<S! fqjz! (Holophrasic Stage);;;;! yV! osiz<ziz<! gVk<jkk<!
okiquqk<kz</!lqVgr<gt<?!hxjugt<?!h,s<sqgt<!Ohie<xux<jx!yOv!osiz<ziz<!yV!okiGh<H!
LPujkBl<!%xz<!)H,s<sq?!lqbiu<.lqbiu<?!Oki!Oki//*!
iv*! osix*! osix*! osix*! osix<gjts<! Osi<k<Ks<! osiz<Zkz<!<gjts<! Osi<k<Ks<! osiz<Zkz<!<gjts<! Osi<k<Ks<! osiz<Zkz<!<gjts<! Osi<k<Ks<! osiz<Zkz<! (Words-Combining Stage);;;;! -K! Gpf<jkg<G! 29!
likl<! Lkz<! -v{<M! ubkqx<Gt<! gqm<Ml<! kqxeiGl</! osix<oximi<gt<! -zg<g{!
Ljxh<hcObi?!LPjl!ohx<Oxi!-Vg<giK/!
v*! olipqbxqjuh<! ohxz<;*! olipqbxqjuh<! ohxz<;*! olipqbxqjuh<! ohxz<;*! olipqbxqjuh<! ohxz<;! &e<X! Lkz<! NX! ubkqx<Gt<?! kie<! osiz<z! uqVl<Hujk!
kqg<Gk<!kq{xq!LP!uig<gqbr<gtigg<!%x!Gpf<jkbiz<!LcBl</!
! weOu!lpjzbi<! gz<uq! okimr<g!&e<X!ubkiuK! fqvl<hqbqVg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<X!
%xh<hMgqxK/!
! kib<olipqjb! fe<G! Ohsg<! gx<Xg<! ogi{<M! uVl<! Gpf<jkgt<! okimg<gh<ht<tq!
uGh<Hgtqz<!wPkg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!Nvl<hqg<gqe<xei</!Lkzqz<!wPk<Kgjt!ds<siqh<OhiM!
wPkqh<!hpGui</!hqe<H!YovPk<K!osix<gt<?!=ovPk<K!osix<gt<?!osix<oximi<gt<?!uig<gqbl<!
we!hch<hcbig!Le<Oexqs<! osz<ui</! wPKkz<!kqxOeiM!uisqk<kz<! kqxEl<! Oll<hMgqxK/!
fMfqjzh<!ht<tq!uGh<Hg<G!osz<Zl<OhiOk!kib<olipqbqz<!Ohs?!wPk?!hcg<g!Gpf<jkgt<!
gx<Xg<!ogi{<M!uqMgqe<xei</!!
2.6.‘HzjlHzjlHzjlHzjl’!!!!we<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjxwe<hke<!ujvbjx!!!!(Defiition of Mastery)!!!!
olipqh<! Hzjl! we<hK! gx<xzqz<! hbEt<t! lix<xk<kqz<! fl<hk<kGf<k?! Ohix<xk<kg<g!
osbzig<gligUt<tK/! li{ui<gt<?! himh<ohiVt<! suizie! Gxqh<Hgjt! Hiqf<Kogit<tz<?!
49
kqxe<gt<?! nxqju! hbe<hMk<Kukqz<! sg\fqjz! we<X! wh<ohiPK! njmgqxii<gOti!
nh<ohiPK!Hzjl!ohx<xui<gtigqe<xei</!
Hzjlbqe<! sivil<sl<! we<eoue<xiz<! hbEt<t! gx<xz<! lix<xk<kqz<! hjmh<hix<xzq<z<!
olV%m<MukiGl</! Hzjl! we<hK! ouXl<! okipqz<! Fm<h! nxqU! lm<Mlz<z/! Hzjl!
fl<hk<kg<gux<jx!Osikqk<K!hbEt<t!lx<Xl<!gim<sqgtig!himk<kqz<!osbz<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/7/2/!3/7/2/!3/7/2/!3/7/2/!himr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjlhimr<gtqZl<!Lkz<!olipqbqZl<!Hzjl!!!!(Mastery in First Language and Subject)!!!!
he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt<he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<Hgt< ( Nature of Multilingualism)!!!!
-f<kqbiuqz<!h{<jmb!gizf<okim<M?!uvzix<Xg<!gizl<!ujv!-eg<GPg<gt<!lx<Xl<!
yVuVme<!yVui<!okimi<H!ogit<tz<!ohiVm<M!Yiqmk<kqzqVf<K!lx<oxiV!-ml<!ohbi<ukiz<!
he<olipq! -Vf<Kt<tK/! OlZl<! ohiVtikiv! gm<mibk<kqx<gigUl<?! s&g! lX!
sQvjlh<hqx<gigUl<! sqXuti<s<sq! Olx<ogit<th<hm<M?! uvzix<X! gizf<okim<M! fie<G! olipqg<!
GMl<hr<gTg<Gt<! fQ{<mgizlig!hiKgik<K!uVgqxK/!Gxqh<hqm<m!olipqbqbz<!KjxbieK!
fz<z!Oll<him<M!fqjzbqje!wb<kqBt<tK/!
-f<kqb! hivl<hiqbk<kqz<! hz! olipqgt<! -el<?! olipq?! gzis<sivl<! Ngqbux<Xme<! -j{U!
ohx<Xt<tK/! Olx<gk<kqb! hGkqgtqz<! ohiVtikiv! uti<s<sqjb! gVk<kqz<! ogi{<M!
yk<kqjsuie! olipqk<Okjubqz<! -K! OuXhMgqxK/! yV! fim<cz<! olipqbqbz<!
he<Lgk<ke<jl! -Vh<hqEl<<! nkqz<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! yV! olipqbieK! nkqg! Nkqg<g!
Ohig<Gt<tkig! dt<tK/! Gxqh<hig! -l<olipqbqOzOb! gz<uq?! sm<ml<?! fqi<uigl<?! lg<gt<!
kguz<okimi<H!osbz<hMgqxK/!!
kguz<!okimi<hqz<!he<olipqk<ke<jlkguz<!okimi<hqz<!he<olipqk<ke<jlkguz<!okimi<hqz<!he<olipqk<ke<jlkguz<!okimi<hqz<!he<olipqk<ke<jl!!!!(Multilingual Communication)!!!!
dzglblig<gz<!fjmLjxg<G!uf<k!giv{k<kqeiz<!lg<gt<!yVuOviM!yVui<!okimi<hqje!
Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogit<uK! nusqbligqxK/! Gxqh<hig! fiMgTg<gqjmOb! lx<Xl<!
g{<mr<gTg<gqjmObbie! hz<OuX! giv{r<gTg<gig! kguz<! okimi<H!
gm<miblig<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! OlZl<! keK! osif<k! fim<cz<! GcObx<xl<! ! Neui<gt<?!
-Vfim<cx<gie!yh<hf<kr<gt<!dxUgt<?!fiM!uqm<M!fiM!-ml<ohbi<kz<!okipqz<Fm<h!kguz<!
okimi<H! Ohie<xju! he<olipq! -jmuqjegjt!nkqg! ntuqz<! dVuig<GgqxK/! lg<gt<!
hqxfim<M! lg<gTme<! dxju! Oll<hMk<kqg<! ogit<ukqZl<?! he<olipqk<! ke<jlbqz<! Hzjl!
ohXukqZl<! Wx<hMl<! sqg<gz<gjt?! klK! hivl<hiqb! olipqg<gx<xz<! Ljxbqje! ogi{<M!
he<olipq!Hzjl!ohXgqe<xei</!he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!Lke<jl!Ofig<glieK!fiMgtiZl<?!
50
s&gs<$pziZl<! hz<ujgbqz<! hqiqf<K! gqmg<Gl<! lg<gjt! Yi<! -ek<ke<jlbig!
dVuig<GuOk!NGl</!
!!!!
LcUjvLcUjvLcUjvLcUjv!!!!
! -f<k!nzgqz<!Lkz<olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjb!wu<uiX!Lbe<X!njmkz<!
we<hjkBl<?!uGh<hjxbqz<!Lkz<olipq!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!olipqjb!hbe<hMk<Kkz<?!olipq!
yV!ht<tqh<himlig!lx<Xl<!kguz<!okimi<H!sikelig!-Vh<hkx<gqjmOb!dt<t!OuXhiM?!
olipqh<Hzjl! lx<Xl<! himh<Hzjl! -jmbqzie! dxU?! Lkz<! olipq! lx<Xl<! himk<kqz<!
Hzjl?!-v{<mil<!olipq!lx<Xl<!himk<kqz<!Hzjl?!uGh<hjxbqz<!he<olipq!OhSkz<!lx<Xl<!
Hiqkz<!Lkzqbux<jxh<!hx<xq!nxqf<Okil</!
uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<uqeig<gt<!!!!
2/!olipq!we<hK!yV!himl<!we<hkx<gie!gtr<gjt!ujvbX/!
3/!olipqjb!Lbe<X!njmkz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
4/! Lkz<! lx<Xl<! -v{<mil<! olipqbqje! Lbe<X! njmukx<gie! OuXhim<cje!
uiqjsh<hMk<Kg/!
5/! Lkz<! olipq! lx<Xl<! -v{<mil<! olipqjb! Lbe<X! ohXkz<! Gxqk<k! d{<jlgjt!
uquiqg<g/!
6/!olipqh<Hzjl!lx<Xl<!himh<Hzjl!-jmObBt<t!okimi<hqje!uquiqg<g/!
7/!he<olipqk<ke<jlbqe<!-bz<hqjeBl<!nke<!nl<sr<gjtBl<!uquiqg<g/!
51
nzG!nzG!nzG!nzG!....4!uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!hr<G4!uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!hr<G4!uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!hr<G4!uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!hr<G!!!!
(Position of Mother Tongue in Classroom Instruction)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!(COURSE OBJECTIVES)
-h<himh<! ohiVtqjeg<! gx<x! hqe<H! Nsqiqb.li{ui<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<! -zg<Ggjt!
njmui</!
• uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!hr<jg!Hiqf<K!ogit<tz<!
• uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMk<kjz!uti<k<kz<!
• gx<xZg<gie!dhgv{r<gjt!nxqf<Kogit<tz<!
• Ogt<uqbqe<!ujggt<!Nsqiqbiqe<!fqi<uigl<!-u<xjx!nxqf<K!ogit<tz<!
4/4/4/4/Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!
! gQp<fqjz! okimg<gh<ht<tqgtqz<! kib<olipq! &zl<! gx<hqh<hjk! Dg<Guqh<hkx<G! yV!
Lg<gqb! giv{l<! -f<kqb! gzis<sivk<jk! hiKgih<hkzqe<! nusqbl<! NGl</! kib<olipq!
Dg<Guqg<gh<hm<m! OhikqZl<! Skf<kqvl<! njmf<k! hqe<! nkx<G! fz<z! uvOux<H!
ntqg<guqz<jz/! sqz!-mr<gtqz<! ht<tqgt<! kib<olipq! hbe<hMk<kh<hmOu{<cb! hGkqgtqz<!
Nr<gqzl<! &zl<! kie<! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<X! ux<HXk<Kgqe<xei</! <̂uQme<! olipqbqz<!
Kartbarn har manga hamn !we<x!nVjlbie!hpolipq!dt<tK/!yV!‘ne<hie!Gpf<jkg<G!
hz! ohbi<gt<!d{<M’! we<x! -ke<! olipq! ohbi<h<H! fil<! kib<olipq! we<X!njph<hkx<G!
lqgUl<!ohiVf<Kl</!
4/2/4/2/4/2/4/2/uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<uGh<hjxg<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kib<olipqbqe<!-ml<!!
kib<olipqjb!hiKgik<kz<!!kib<olipqjb!hiKgik<kz<!!kib<olipqjb!hiKgik<kz<!!kib<olipqjb!hiKgik<kz<!!!!!!
hz! olipqh<! hqiquqei<! kl<! s&g! -jtRi<gt<! kl<! olipq! h{<him<jm! gih<hke<!
nusqbk<jkh<! hx<xq! outqh<hjmbig! Ohsq! uVgqe<xei</! sqz! outq! fim<M! nvSgt<!
gz<uqbqz<! Gpf<jkgtqe<! Lkz<! olipq! kib<olipqg<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ogiMg<Gl<!
ogit<jggjt! uGk<Kt<tei</! UNESCO 2008 kbiiqk<Kt<t! likqiqgtqe<! okiGh<hqz<!
kib<olipq!&zl<!gz<uq!gx<xzqe<!lQK!uti<f<K!uVl<!Ni<ul<!kib<olipqbqz<!gx<xZg<gig!
kbiiqg<gh<hm<m! hzujgbie! likqiqgt<! dhgv{r<gt<! lx<Xl<! siker<gt<! hx<xqBl<!
uqtg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
!!!!
52
4/3/4/3/4/3/4/3/uGh<hjxbq<z<!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljx!uGh<hjxbq<z<!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljx!uGh<hjxbq<z<!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljx!uGh<hjxbq<z<!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljx!!!!!
!!!! ht<tqbqOzi! nz<zK! outqbqOzi! gx<xz<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! gVk<Kh<! hiqlix<xl<! lqg!
Lg<gqb! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/! hz! upqgtqz<! gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! gVk<K! hiqlix<xl<! osb<kOz!
NGl</! wz<zi!Nsqiqbi<gTl<!gVk<Kgjt!sqxh<hig! hgqi<f<K!ogit<hui<gt<!Nui</! gVk<K!
hiqlix<xl<! we<hK! ohiVt<! dt<t! osb<kqgjt! nEh<hHkz<! ohXkz<! we! ujvbjx!
osb<bzil</! hqOvigi<! )2:5:*! gVk<Kh<hc! okimi<H! ogit<Tkz<! we<hK! ohiVt<! dt<t!
osb<kqgjb!yVuiqmlqVf<K!lx<oxiVuVg<G!wMk<Ks<!osz<Zkz<!NGl</!
okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljxokimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljxokimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljxokimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljx!!!!
!!!! Lkziukig!Ofig<Gl<!OhiK!osb<kqgjt!yVuiqmlqVf<K!lx<xui<!leKg<G!ogi{<M!
osz<Zkz<!wtqjlbig!Okie<Xgqe<xK!we<xiZl<!-K!lqgUl<!sqg<gzie!yV!Ljx!NGl</!
Lkzqz<! nEh<hHui<! osb<kqjb! kib<! olipqbqz<! lix<xl<! osb<gqxii</! osb<kqjb!
ohXhuVg<G! wMk<Ks<! osz<z! WKuig! GxqbQMgjt! )hii<g<gg<%cb?! Ogm<mgg<%cb!
d{vg<%cb?! Vsqk<Kh<! hii<g<gg<! %cb?! ! Lgi<f<K! d{vg<%cb*! ujgbqz<! Oki<U!
osb<gqxii</! osb<kqjb! ohXhui<! uii<k<jkgtqe<! ohiVjt!nxqf<K!ns<osb<kqjb! okiqf<K!
ogit<gqxii</! -Vh<hqEl<! osb<kqbqZt<t! uii<k<jkgTg<G! wf<k! nch<hjm! ohiVTl<!
-z<jz/!nEh<HhuVl<!ohXhuVl<!nkx<G!ogiMg<Gl<!ohiVOt!Wx<Xg<!ogit<th<hMgqxK/!!
weOu!gVk<K!hiqlix<xl<!we<hK!gQp<g{<m!NX!nl<sr<gt<!ogi{<m!yV!sqg<gzie!fqgp<U!
NGl</!
2/2/2/2/ okimr<Gl<!-ml<!nz<zK!nEh<Hhui<okimr<Gl<!-ml<!nz<zK!nEh<Hhui<okimr<Gl<!-ml<!nz<zK!nEh<Hhui<okimr<Gl<!-ml<!nz<zK!nEh<Hhui<!!!!
!
3/ ososososb<kqjb!okimr<Ghui<!kie<!nEh<Hei<b<kqjb!okimr<Ghui<!kie<!nEh<Hei<b<kqjb!okimr<Ghui<!kie<!nEh<Hei<b<kqjb!okimr<Ghui<!kie<!nEh<Hei<!
osb<kq! hiqlix<xl<! okimr<Ghui<! nz<zK! nEh<Huiqml<! Nvl<hqg<gqxK!
-uVg<G!we<X!ohbi</!
!
4/ osb<kq!nz<zK!Gxqosb<kq!nz<zK!Gxqosb<kq!nz<zK!Gxqosb<kq!nz<zK!Gxq;!!
osb<kq!we<hK!nEh<HeiqmlqVf<K!ohXhuVg<G!nEh<hh<hMl<!uii<k<jkgtqe<!
ohiVt</! -kqz<! lx<x! fhi<! outqh<hMk<Kl<! w{<{r<gTl<!d{i<s<sqgTl<!nmr<Gl</!
-ju!uii<k<jkgt<!&zOl!osb<jggt<!&zOl!nEh<hh<hmzil</!
!
5/ Dmgl<;Dmgl<;Dmgl<;Dmgl<;!!
osb<kqjb!nEh<h!ohx!dkUukiz<!Dmgl<!weh<hMl</!
53
6/ ohXfi<;ohXfi<;ohXfi<;ohXfi<;!!
nEh<hHuiqmlqVf<K! uf<k! osb<kqjb! Hiqf<K! ogit<hui<! kie<! ohXfi<!
ohXfjv!Ofig<gqOb!osb<kq!nEh<hhMgqxK/!
!
7/ yzq!nz<zK!GXG<gQMyzq!nz<zK!GXG<gQMyzq!nz<zK!GXG<gQMyzq!nz<zK!GXG<gQM;!!
-V! fhi<gt<! okimi<H! ogit<Tl<OhiK! kuxig! Hiqf<K! ogit<tz<! fqgpzil</!
osb<kqjb! siqbig! outqh<hMk<k! nz<zK! Hiqf<K! ogit<t! -jmb,vig! dt<t!
K~{<MkOz! yzq! nz<zK! GXg<gQM! weh<hMgqxK/! -K! Ohie<x! yzqgt<! $p<fqjz!
nl<sr<gt<! )okVuqe<! Ohig<Guvk<K!!dxk<k!him<M*!dmz<!sl<hf<klie!giv{qgt<!
)Ogm<mz<! hii<ju! Gjxgt<*! -ux<xiz<! Wx<hmzil</! yzq! ohiVTjmbkigUl<!
-Vg<gzil</!
okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!ujggt<okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!ujggt<okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!ujggt<okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!ujggt<!!!!
! hzujgbie! okimi<H! ogit<Tl<! Ljxgt<! dt<te/! nux<xqz<! lqg! Lg<gqblie!
sqz!ujggt<!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
2/yVui<!keg<Gt<Tl<!lx<xuVmEl<!okimi<H!ogit<tz2/yVui<!keg<Gt<Tl<!lx<xuVmEl<!okimi<H!ogit<tz2/yVui<!keg<Gt<Tl<!lx<xuVmEl<!okimi<H!ogit<tz2/yVui<!keg<Gt<Tl<!lx<xuVmEl<!okimi<H!ogit<tz<!
! ngvikqbqe<hc! intro! we<hke<! ohiVt<! keg<Gt<! we<hkiGl</! yVui<! keg<Gt<Oti!
nz<zK!yV!GPuqEt<Oti!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<OhiK!-k<kjgb!hiqlix<xl<!fqgp<gqxK/!
! yV!fhi<! ke<! gVk<Kg<gjt!hqxVg<G!okiquqg<Gl<!Le<!ke<! gVk<Kg<gjt!kiOe!
Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! wf<k! gVk<Kg<gjt! kie<! nxqLgl<! osb<b! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk!
kQi<lieqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/uii<k<jkgt<!&zLl<!uii<k<jkgtqe<xqBl<!okimi<H!ogit<Tkz<!3/uii<k<jkgt<!&zLl<!uii<k<jkgtqe<xqBl<!okimi<H!ogit<Tkz<!3/uii<k<jkgt<!&zLl<!uii<k<jkgtqe<xqBl<!okimi<H!ogit<Tkz<!3/uii<k<jkgt<!&zLl<!uii<k<jkgtqe<xqBl<!okimi<H!ogit<Tkz<!!!!!
! olipqjb! nch<hjmbig! hbe<hMk<kq! okimi<H! ogit<Tkz<! yu<ouiV! sLkibLl<!
okimi<H! ogit<t! ye<X! nz<zK! nkx<G! Ol<xhm<m! olipqucur<gjt!
d{<mig<gqBt<tK/!uii<k<jkbqe<xq!okimi<Hogit<tz<!hzi<!sf<kqk<kUme<!ne<Hme<!jg!
GZg<Gkz<! Ohie<x! hz! d{i<Ugjt! outqh<hMk<k! dkUgqxK/! nK! d{i<Ugjt!
gim<mUl<! yVui<! Ohs! ke<! uib<h<jh! hbe<hMk<k! nz<zK! fqvigiqg<gUl<! dkUgqxK/!
uii<k<jkbx<x! Gxqgt<! yVui<! ohib<! OhSujk! gim<cg<! ogiMg<Gl</! dkiv{lig!
Wlix<Xl<OhiK!Gvz<!fqjz!dbi<f<K!-Vg<Gl</!
!
54
4/4/4/4/4/4/4/4/uGh<hjxbqz<!sqxh<hig!okimi<H!ogit<tZg<G!Wx<hMl<!-jmb,Xgt<!uGh<hjxbqz<!sqxh<hig!okimi<H!ogit<tZg<G!Wx<hMl<!-jmb,Xgt<!uGh<hjxbqz<!sqxh<hig!okimi<H!ogit<tZg<G!Wx<hMl<!-jmb,Xgt<!uGh<hjxbqz<!sqxh<hig!okimi<H!ogit<tZg<G!Wx<hMl<!-jmb,Xgt<!!!!!
!!!! nEh<HeiqmlqVf<K!ohXfVg<G!nEh<hh<hMl<!osb<kqBme<!GXg<gqMujk!okimi<Hg<G!
-jmb,X!we<gqOxil</!-f<k!-jmb,X!okimi<H!ogit<Tkjz!kMg<gqxK/!-ju!kuqi<g<g!
-bzikju/! -ux<jx! Lx<xqZl<! kuqi<g<g! Lcbik! OhikqZl<! nEh<HeVl<! ohXfVl<!
-jk!Gjxg<g!Lbzzil</!
!!!! osb<kqjb!nEh<Hhui<!nz<zK!ohXhuVg<Gt<!-jmb,X!Wx<hmzil</!dkiv{lig!
yV! fhVg<G! uquikqg<gh<hMl<! kjzh<hqx<G! wkqvie! w{<{r<gt<! -Vg<Gl<! OhiK!nK!
osiz<zh<hMl<!wf<k!gVk<jkBl<!hikqg<Gl</!
! hzi<! gVk<K! hiqlix<xl<! osb<Bl<! $pzqz<! njlh<H! -jmb,Xgt<! Okie<Xl<!
dkiv{lig!okimi<!fqgp<U!hiqlix<xl</!
uGh<hjx!okimi<H!Ljxjb!sqxf<kkig!Ng<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!uGh<hjx!okimi<H!Ljxjb!sqxf<kkig!Ng<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!uGh<hjx!okimi<H!Ljxjb!sqxf<kkig!Ng<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!uGh<hjx!okimi<H!Ljxjb!sqxf<kkig!Ng<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!!!!!
2/$p<fqjzjb! gVk<kqz<! ogit<tz<! nr<G! fqzUl<! $p<fqjz! ! osb<kqjb! ohXhui<!
-ux<jx!okimi<H!ogit<tz<!sii<f<Kt<tK/!
3/Ou{<MOgit<gt<! lx<xui<! hiqf<KjvgTg<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqk<kz<! -be<xujv!
uGh<hjx! okimi<H! ogit<tz<! gm<mjtbig! -z<zilz<! Ou{<MOgitigOui!
hiqf<Kjvg<gOui! njlg<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</! Nsqiqbiqe<! Ou{<MOgijt! wf<k! li{uVl<!
Wx<gilz<! -Vg<g! lim<mii<gt</! OlZl<! hiqf<Kjvgt<! osb<kqjb! ohXhuiqe<! ohiXh<jh!
nkqgiqg<g!dkUgqxK/!-f<k! fjmLjx!lqg<g!d{i<s<sqbjmbg<%cb!li{ui<gTg<G!
lqg!dgf<kkiGl</!
4////giv{r<gjt! ogiMk<kz<;;;;! yV! gVk<jk! uqx<hje! osb<kz<! Ohiz<! okiqbh<hMk<Kkz<!
sqxf<kK/! yV! Ou{<MOgit<! nz<zK! hiqf<Kjvbqe<! hqe<Et<t! giv{r<gjt! Hiqf<K!
ogi{<miz<!nuOti!nz<zK!nuOei!uqVl<hqb!Ljxbqz<!osbzix<Xui</!
5/hbLXk<Kkjz! kuqi<k<kz<;<;<;<;! sqxf<k! Ljxbqz<! okimi<H! ogit<t! ohXhujv!
hbLXk<Kujk!kuqi<g<g!Gph<hq!wkqi<h<jh!d{<mig<Gl</!
6/lqgUl<! kip<f<K! Ou{<Mkz<! kuqi<g<g!LbZkz<! -ux<jx! kuqi<g<g! Ou{<Ml</! lqgUl<!
kip<f<K! ose<XOu{<Mkz<! kguz<! kVhui<! lQKt<t! lkqh<jh! Gjxk<KuqMl<! we<hkiz<!
-jk!kuqi<g<g!Ou{<Ml</!
!!!!
55
4/5/4/5/4/5/4/5/uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ke<jl!uGh<hqz<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMk<Kkz<uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ke<jl!uGh<hqz<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMk<Kkz<uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ke<jl!uGh<hqz<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMk<Kkz<uGh<hjx!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ke<jl!uGh<hqz<!uib<olipq!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!!!!
! uGh<hjxbqz<! OhSl<! Ljx;uGh<hjxbqz<! OhSl<! Ljx;uGh<hjxbqz<! OhSl<! Ljx;uGh<hjxbqz<! OhSl<! Ljx;! uGh<hjxbqz<! OhSuK! yV! keqk<ke<jl! uib<f<k!
okimi<H!LjxbiGl</!uGh<hjx!djvbimzqe<! sqxh<H!nl<sr<gt<! sllx<x! Olzi{<jl!
okimi<H!OhSkzqz<!lx<xuVg<G!uib<h<htqk<kz<!gzf<Kjvbimz<!likqiqgt<!Ohie<xju/!
! uGh<hjx! djvbimz<! ucuk<kqZl<! Ofig<gk<kqZl<! lx<x! $p<fqjzgtqz<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! olipqbqzqVf<K! liXhm<mK/! Woeeqz<! nK! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<!
li{uiqe<!Gxqh<hqm<m!s&g!nf<k <̂K!lx<Xl<!nr<G!ohiKuig!fjmohXl</!osbz<gt<!
-ux<jxh<! ohiVk<kK/!nOeg!uGh<hjx! Oki<U!Ljxbqe<!nl<sr<gjt!ujgh<hMk<kq!
hii<g<jgbqz<! ohiKuig!Nsqiqbi<! &e<xqz<! -v{<M! hr<Gg<G! Olzie! Ofvl<! OhSgqxii<!
we<hKl<! yV! sqz! li{ui<gOt! nOeg! hkqz<gjt! kVgqe<xei<! we<hKl<!
li{ui<gjtuqm! li{uqgt<! nkqgl<! OhSgqxii<gt<! we<hKl<! hg<guim<cZl<! hqe<!
hGkqbqZl<! nli<f<Kt<t! li{ui<gjtuqm! uGh<hjxbqe<! Le<! hGkqbqZl<! lk<kqbqZl<!
dt<t!li{ui<gt<!nkqgl<!hr<Ogx<gqe<xei<!we<hKl<!okiqbuVgqxK/!h<Ovsi!Nz<oh^<m<!
)2::2*!we<hui<!uGh<hjx!djvbimzqz<!&e<X!ujggjt!g{<mxqf<Kt<tii</!
2/oltel2/oltel2/oltel2/oltel<;!)NsqiqbOv!lqGf<k!Ofvl<!OhSgqxii<!nu<uh<OhiK!sqz!Ofvr<gjt!Ogm<gqxii<*!
3/gm<Mh<hiM3/gm<Mh<hiM3/gm<Mh<hiM3/gm<Mh<hiM!)OlOz!Gxqh<hqm<mhc*!
4/osbz<hMkzosbz<hMkzosbz<hMkzosbz<hMkz<! )li{ui<gt<! yVuVme<! yVui<! OhSukx<G! Nsqiqbi<! Kj{! fqx<gqxii</!
gx<xz<! hx<xqb! hbet<t! gVk<Kgtqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! gx<hqk<kjz! lix<x! wMg<gh<hMl<!
slQhgiz! Lbx<sqgt<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! Gjxuie! Ogt<uqgt<! Ogm<gUl<! li{ui<gt<! kl<!
fl<hqg<jggjt! outqh<hMk<kq! nkx<G! sikglie! giv{r<gt<! dkiv{r<gt<! -ux<jx!
ogiMg<g! gx<Xg<! ogit<t! uib<h<Hgt<! ntqg<gUl<! hiqf<Kjv! osb<gqe<xe/! uGh<hjx!
djvbimzqz<!yV!Lg<gqb!nl<sl<!NsqiqbOv!lqGf<k!Ofvl<!OhSuKkie</!
4/6/4/6/4/6/4/6/uGh<hjx!djvbimzqe<!ujggtuGh<hjx!djvbimzqe<!ujggtuGh<hjx!djvbimzqe<!ujggtuGh<hjx!djvbimzqe<!ujggt<!!
ofbqz<! ol<i<o^i<! )2::7*! we<hui<! uGh<hjxbqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! &e<X! ujgbie!
OhSl<! Ljxbqz<! sqf<kqg<Gl<! Ljx! kVg<g! Ljx! NviBl<! Ljx! -ux<jx!
g{<mxqf<Kt<tii</!
!!!!
!!!!
!!!!
56
2/sqf<kqg<Gl<!Ljx!2/sqf<kqg<Gl<!Ljx!2/sqf<kqg<Gl<!Ljx!2/sqf<kqg<Gl<!Ljx!!!!!
! g{<mxqBl<! Ohs<S;! hr<GohXOuii<! yVui<! lx<xuiqe<! gVk<Kgjt! KVuq!
Nvib<gqe<xei</! wz<OziVl<! sllig! hr<Ogx<X! Ogt<uqgt<! Ogm<M! sqf<kqk<K! nxqju!
dVuig<Ggqe<xei</!
3/kVg<g!Ljx!3/kVg<g!Ljx!3/kVg<g!Ljx!3/kVg<g!Ljx!!!!!
lXh<H! okiquqg<Gl<! Ohs<S! -kqz<! gx<hui<gt<! wf<k! dme<hiOmi! Hiqf<K! ogit<TkOzi!
-e<xq!lXh<H!okiquqh<hkiz<!wf<kuqk!nxqU!uti<s<sqBl<!Wx<hMukqz<jz/!
4/NviBl<!Ljx4/NviBl<!Ljx4/NviBl<!Ljx4/NviBl<!Ljx!!!!
hbe<hice<xq! sii<f<k! Ohs<S;! ! -kqz<! hr<G! ohXOuii<! klg<Gt<! ohiKuig! dt<t!
gVk<Kgjt!KVuq!Nviblz<!Wx<Xg<!ogit<gqe<xei<</!
4/7/4/7/4/7/4/7/uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!Ohs<S!uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!Ohs<S!uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!Ohs<S!uGh<hjxbqz<!uib<olipq!Ohs<S!!!!!
! gx<xz<! kqxe<gjt! uti<g<g! uib<olipq! Ohs<S! lqgUl<! dkUgqxK/! uib<olipq!
Ohs<js! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<! uii<k<jkgt<! hx<xqb! nxqU! hck<K! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<!
-ux<Xg<gqjmOb!yV!uZuie!okimi<H!dt<tK/!yV!Gpf<jkjb!uib<olipq!ohSl<!
kqxe<!ntU!nue<!nut<!wPk<K!&zl<!dVuig<Gukqz<!gi{<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!wz<zi!
uGh<hjx! Ohs<Sl<! Gpf<jkbqe<! gz<uqk<! kqxje! uti<g<Gl<! we<hK! nz<z/! sqzujg!
Ohs<Sg<gt<! lx<xux<jxuqm! nkqg! hbet<tkig! -Vg<Gl</! -k<Kjxbqz<! Ni<uLt<t!
Nvib<s<sqbiti<gt<! sqzujg! uib<olipq! Ohs<S! Ljxgt<! lx<xux<jx! uqm! gz<uqbqz<!
hbEt<tK!we!gVk<K!okiquqk<Kt<tei</!nkiuK!sqz!ujg!Ohs<S!Ljxgt<!wPk<K!
ucu! olipqBme<! nkqg! okimi<Ht<t! nl<sr<gjt! ogi{<Mt<tK/! -f<k! sl<hur<gt<!
biju@!wPk<K!ucu!hjmh<Hgjt!gueqk<kiz<!nux<xqe<!&e<X!Lg<gqb!nl<sr<gjt!
g{<mxqbzil</!
wPk<K! ucu! olipq! wh<OhiKl<! $p<fqjzbqzqVf<K! fQg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! wPk<K!
$p<fqjzbqz<! -z<zik! ohiVt<gjt! hx<xqBt<tK/! wPk<K! ucu! olipq! hch<huVg<G!
oktquig! Hiqbikux<jxh<! hx<xq! Ogt<uqgjt! Ogm<g! uib<h<H! ogiMh<hkqz<jz/! wPk<K!
ucu!olipq!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!ujgbqz<!njlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!!
! -f<k! nl<sr<gtqzqVf<K! okiqbuVgqxK! biokeqz<! wPk<K! ucu! olipq! yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m! ucuqz! hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK! we<hkiGl</! wPk<Kucu! olipqbqe<! olik<k!
njlh<Hl<!Lg<gqblieK!njkh<hx<xqb!Okjubie!uquvr<gjt!ntqk<kZl<!Lg<gqbl<!
57
NGl</! wPk<K! ucu! olipq! sqg<gzie! uig<gqb! njlh<Hgjt! hbe<hMk<KgqxK!
we<hKl<! d{<jl/! Nbqe<! -K! wu<ujgbqz<! uib<olipq! Ohs<Sme<! okimi<H!
ogi{<Mt<tK! we<X! sqf<kqk<kiz<! sqzujg! Ohs<S! Ljxgt<! lx<xux<jxuqm! nkqg!
njlh<H! ogi{<migUl<! wPk<K! ucu! olipqbqe<! ! nl<sr<gjt! ogi{<mkigUl<!
-Vh<hjk!nxqbzil</!Gpf<jkgt<!kl<!nEhur<gjth<!hx<xq!fQ{<m!Ofvl<!OhSl<OhiK!
nkx<G! yV! ym<Molik<k! njlh<H! Okjuh<hMgqxK/! osb<kqjb! wtqkqz<! Hiqf<K!
ogit<Tl<!ujgbqz<!nK!njlg<gh<hmOu{<Ml<!nui<gt<!OhSl<!kjzh<H!uGh<hjxbqz<!
wz<OviVl<! gi{g<%cbkig! -Vg<Gl<! OhiK! OhSujkuqm! uGh<hjxbqz<!
-z<zikux<jxh<! hx<xq! OhSl<OhiK! Gxqh<hqm<m! olipq! nkqg! sqg<gzie! uig<gqb!
njlh<HgjtBl<! hbe<hMk<k! Ou{<cBt<tK/! uGh<hjxbqz<! -z<zikux<jxh<! hx<xq!
fQ{<m! Ofvl<! Ohs! uib<h<htqg<Gl<! osbz<hiMgt<! gx<xZg<G! sqxf<k! nch<hjmbig!
njlBl<!Nvib<s<sqbiti<gt<!uib<olipq!wPk<K!ucu!osb<kqgt<!ouu<OuX!olipqbqz<!
ouu<OuX!uqklig!njlg<gh<hMgqe<xe!we!%Xgqe<xei</!
uib<olipq!Ohs<sqe<uib<olipq!Ohs<sqe<uib<olipq!Ohs<sqe<uib<olipq!Ohs<sqe<!!!!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!!!!!
! Ohs<S!&zl<!olipqjb!hbehMk<KuK!yV!olipq!gx<hkqz<!lqgUl<!Lg<gqblieK/!
nK! Ohs<Sk<kqxEme<! okimi<Ht<tK/! uib<olipq! we<hK! kGf<k! Ljxbqz<! siqbie!
ds<siqh<H!nPk<kl<!-ux<Xme<! OhSukiGl</!uib<olipq! OhSl<! kqxje!uti<k<kz<! fl<!
nxqju! uti<g<g! dkUl<! sikeliGl</! uGh<hjxbqe<! wz<zi! osbz<hiMgTl<!
Ohs<Sk<kqxe<! Ogm<mz<! kqxe<! -ux<jx! nch<hjmbig! ogi{<Mt<te/! Ohs<Sk<kqxe<!
-Vf<kiz<!uGh<hqz<!fe<G!hcg<g!nK!dkUl/<!OhSl<!kqxe<!fe<xig!uqiquig!hcg<Gl<!
kqxje! uti<g<g! upq! uGg<gqxK/! fe<xig! olipqjbOhSl<! kqxje! njmBl<! OhiK!
uii<k<jkgjt!ohiVT{i<f<K!hbe<hMk<k!gx<Xg<!ogit<gqOxil</!-K!Ogm<mz<!OhSkz<!
hck<kz<!wPKkz<!Ngqb!fie<G!kqxe<gtqz<!dbi<f<k!-mk<jk!ugqg<Gl<!OlZl<!wPKl<!
kqxje!uti<g<gUl<!dkUgqxK/!
4/8/4/8/4/8/4/8/gzf<Kjgzf<Kjgzf<Kjgzf<Kjvbimz<!yV!gx<xZg<G!dkUl<!sikel<vbimz<!yV!gx<xZg<G!dkUl<!sikel<vbimz<!yV!gx<xZg<G!dkUl<!sikel<vbimz<!yV!gx<xZg<G!dkUl<!sikel<!!!!
!!!! uGh<hjxbqz<! gzf<Kjvbimz<! himr<gt<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkjz! uti<g<g! lqg!
Lg<gqblieK/! Nsqiqbi<gt<! gzf<Kjvbimjz! li{ui<gjt! =MhMk<kUl<! kl<!
gVk<Kg<gjt! lkqh<hQM! osb<bUl<! nu<xjx! siqbieK! weg<! gim<mUl<! lx<x! hz!
-mr<gtqzqVf<K! uf<k! osb<kqgTme<! yh<hqmUl<! nui<gt<! gx<xux<jxh<! hx<xqb! osif<k!
w{<{r<gt<!d{i<Ugjt!okiquqg<gUl<! hbe<hMk<kgqe<xei</!Gxqh<hig!okimg<g!fqjz!
li{ui<gt<! kl<! Sx<Xh<hHxk<kqZt<t! okim<Mh<! hii<g<gg<%cb! ohiVt<gt<! fqgp<Ugt<!
-ux<xqe<! &zl<! Hkqb! uii<k<jkgjt! gx<Xg<! ogit<gqe<xei</! dbi<fqjzh<! ht<tq!
58
li{ui<gt<! Gxqh<hig! Nsqiqbi<! sgli{ui<gTme<! djvbiMuke<! &zl<! gx<gqe<xei</!
dbi<fqjzh<ht<tq! li{ui<gTg<G! Hkqb! uii<k<jkgjt! okimi<H! ogit<t! dkUl<!
sikeligUl<!gx<xzqe<!Gxqg<OgitigUl<!dt<tK/!
! OhSujk! )gVk<K! hiqlix<xl<! osb<ujk*! K~{<MuKme<! uGh<hjx!
gzf<Kjvbimz<gt<!Le<Ejv!ogiMk<kz<!Hkqb!uii<k<jkgjt!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!uqiquig!
Nb<U!osb<kz<!Ohie<xux<xqx<G!uib<h<H!ntqg<gqxK/!
! uGh<hjx! gzf<Kjvbimzqe<OhiK! Nsqiqbi<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! upqgim<M! olipqbqz<!
guel<! osZk<kKkz<! )Lg<gqblie! nl<sr<gjt! %i<f<K! gueqk<kz<*! ohbiqMkz<!
)gVk<Kgt<! Bg<kqgt<! fqgp<Ugt<! -ux<xqx<G*lx<Xl<! uqiqUhMk<Kkz<! )osiz<zh<hm<m!
gVk<Kgt<! Ogt<uqgt<! -ux<jx! nui<gtqmlqVf<K! OlZl<! sqg<gzie! nxqU! sii<f<k!
uib<olipq!hkqz<gjt!uvujpg<g!dkUl<*!Ngqbju!nmr<Gl</!
! uGh<hjx! gzf<Kjvbimjz! fqi<uigl<! osb<Bl<OhiK! Nsqiqbi<gt<! gQp<g<g{<m!
upqgim<Ml<! Ljxgjt! olipqgtqz<! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</! okimi<HhMk<Kkz<! )lx<xui<!
gVk<Kme<! -j{f<K! djvbimjz! okimvs<! osb<kz<*! upqgim<Mkz<! )li{ui<gtqe<!
guek<jk!=i<k<K!okimi<Hgjt!Wx<hMk<k!upqgim<Mkz<*!
4/9/4/9/4/9/4/9/uGh<hjxbqz<!Ogt<uq!Ogm<mzqe<!ke<jlgt<uGh<hjxbqz<!Ogt<uq!Ogm<mzqe<!ke<jlgt<uGh<hjxbqz<!Ogt<uq!Ogm<mzqe<!ke<jlgt<uGh<hjxbqz<!Ogt<uq!Ogm<mzqe<!ke<jlgt<!!!!
! yV! Ogt<uq! we<hK! Ogt<uq! njlh<HmEl<! ohiVTmEl<! njlf<k! yV!
uig<gqbliGl</!uGh<hjx!$pzqz<!Nsqiqbiqe<! Ogt<uqgt<! gx<g! Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!
gim<Ml<! K~{<MOgitigUl<! nui<gt<! wjks<! osb<b! Ou{<Ml<! wh<hc! osb<b! Ou{<Ml<!
we<hjk! gim<Ml<! upqgim<cgtigUl<! hbe<hMgqe<xe/! -h<hGkq! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<!
Ogt<uq!Ogm<Gl<!fjmLjxg<Gl<!gx<xz<!fqjeuqz<!juk<kz<!li{ui<!hr<Ogx<hqe<!ntU!
Ohie<x! OuXhm<m! outqh<hiMgTg<G! -jmOb!dt<t! okimi<H! -ux<xqe<! lQK! guel<!
osZk<KgqxK/! -ke<! ohiVt<! Ogt<uq! Nb<uqzqVf<K! sqz! sqxqb! hGkqgt<! -f<k!
Nb<uqzqVf<K!!uqtg<gh<hm<Mt<tK!we<hkiGl</!dkiv{lig!-r<G!himk<kqOzi!nz<zK!
Oki<UgtqOzi! Ogm<gh<hMl<! Ogt<uqgt<! hx<xq! gVk<K! okiquqg<gh<hmuqz<jz/! gx<xz<!
kqxe<gjt! Ohikqg<Gl<! Ljxgt<! Ogt<uqgt<! Ogm<Gl<! Ljxgt<! )Bk<kqgt<*!
Ngqbux<jxh<! hx<xq! OlozPf<k! uiiqbig! gVKgqxK/! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<gt<!
Ogm<Gl<! Ogt<uqgtqe<! Ofig<gl<! we<e@! -jkh<! ohiVk<K! -zg<gqbk<kqz<! hzujgbie!
Ofig<gr<gt<!outqh<hMk<kh<hm<Mt<te/!
• Ni<uk<jk!uti<k<K!li{ui<gjt!himr<gtqz<!Ni<uk<Kme<!=Mhm!K~{<Mkz</!
59
• li{ui<! hr<Ogx<xjz! lkqh<hqmilz<! uQm<Mh<himl<! uGh<hjxbqz<! ogiMg<gh<hm<m!
Oujzgjt!Lck<kz<!-ux<jx!Osikqk<kz</!
• guek<Kme<! sqf<kqg<Gl<! kqxjeBl<! Ogt<uq! Ogm<Gl<! leh<hie<jljbBl<!
uti<k<kz</!
• Le<eiz<!fmf<k!himk<jk!lXhii<ju!osb<kz<!SVg<glig!wPKkz<!!
• Hkqb!okimi<Hgjt!outqg<gim<c!dx<X!Ofig<Gl<!kqxje!uti<k<kz<!!
• li{ui<gt<!kiligOu!nxqjuk<!Okm!K~{<Mkz</!
• Olx<g{<m!Ofig<gr<gTme<!Nsqiqbi<!uGh<hjxbqz<!Ogt<uqgjt!Ogm<gqxii</!-f<k!
hzujg!uqeig<gt<!yu<ouie<Xl<!li{uiqmlqVf<K!hkqjz!uvujpg<gqxK/!sqz!
oujzgtqz<!-f<k!hkqZg<G!Nsqiqbi<!ntqg<Gl<!yh<Hkz<!lXk<kz<!-ux<jxBl<!
dt<tmg<gqBt<tK/! -K! Ohie<x! fqgp<Ugtqz<! li{ui<gt<! sqzhcgjt! )LP!
fqjeUmOei! nz<zK! LP! guelqe<xqObi! Ogm<gh<hm<m! Ogt<uqgTg<G!
hkqztqg<g!hqe<!okimi<gqe<xei<*!
-h<hcgt<!hqe<uVliX-h<hcgt<!hqe<uVliX-h<hcgt<!hqe<uVliX-h<hcgt<!hqe<uVliX!!!!
• Ogt<uqjb!gueqk<kz<!!
• Ogt<uqbqe<!ohiVjt!Nb<U!osb<kz<!)hck<K!d{i<kz<*!
• ljxLglie! hkqjz! uvujpk<kz<! )ke<! lekqEt<! hkqjz! kbii<!
osb<kz<*!
• outqh<hjmbie!hkqjz!uvujpk<kz<!!
• hkqjz!lix<xqbjlk<kz<!)Nsqiqbi<!K~{<Mkz<!nch<hjmbqz<!lx<xuiqe<!
gVk<KgTg<G!lkqh<htqk<kz<*!
4/:/Ogt<uqbqe<!ujggTl<!Nsqiqbiqe<!gm<Mh<hiMl<!Ogt<uqbqe<!ujggTl<!Nsqiqbiqe<!gm<Mh<hiMl<!Ogt<uqbqe<!ujggTl<!Nsqiqbiqe<!gm<Mh<hiMl<!Ogt<uqbqe<!ujggTl<!Nsqiqbiqe<!gm<Mh<hiMl<!!!!!
Ogt<uq!ujggt<!Ogt<uq!ujggt<!Ogt<uq!ujggt<!Ogt<uq!ujggt<!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Lg<gqblie!Ogt<uqgt<!fie<G!ujgh<hMl<<Lg<gqblie!Ogt<uqgt<!fie<G!ujgh<hMl<<Lg<gqblie!Ogt<uqgt<!fie<G!ujgh<hMl<<Lg<gqblie!Ogt<uqgt<!fie<G!ujgh<hMl<<!!!!
• Olzi{<jl!ke<jl!uGh<H!fjmLjxjb!okimvs<!osb<Bl<!Ogt<uqgt<!
• uzqBXk<Kl<! ke<jl! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! gVk<jkObi! nz<zK! %x<jxObi!
uzqBXk<Kkz</!
• &cb! –! li{ui<! fqjeuqz<! juk<kqVh<hjk! Osikqg<gOui! nz<zK! yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m!gVk<kqe<!lQK!sqf<kjejb!osZk<kz</!
60
• kqxf<k! –! li{ui<gtqjmOb! gzf<Kjvbimz<! gVk<K! hiqlix<xl<! -ux<jx!
uti<g<g!dkUl<!Ogt<uqgt</!
• gQOp!Ogt<uq!ujggt<!nmr<gqb!hm<cbz<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!-jk!Ogt<uq!
Ogm<mjz! NvibUl<! li{ui<gjt! sqf<kqg<g! K~{<Ml<! hzujgbie!
Ogt<uqgjt!dVuig<gUl<!hbe<hMk<kzil<</!
2/Np<f<K!osz<Zl<!Ogt<uqgt<!2/Np<f<K!osz<Zl<!Ogt<uqgt<!2/Np<f<K!osz<Zl<!Ogt<uqgt<!2/Np<f<K!osz<Zl<!Ogt<uqgt<!!!!!
! Lkz<! li{ui<gtqe<! Lkz<! hkqjzk<ki{<cb! osiz<z! jug<Gl<! nMg<gMg<gie!
Ogt<uqgt<! li{ui<gt<! ogiMg<Gl<! hkqzqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! Nsqiqbiqe<! lx<x! Ogt<uqgt<!
njlBl</!
ujggt<ujggt<ujggt<ujggt<!!!!
n/!oktqUhMk<Kkzn/!oktqUhMk<Kkzn/!oktqUhMk<Kkzn/!oktqUhMk<Kkz<!
d.l<!fQr<gt<!%Xuke<!siqbie!ohiVt<!we<e@!
fQr<gt<!kbU!osb<K!dl<!%x<jx!OuX!ujgbqz<!%xLcBli@!
nf<k!gVk<jk!OlZl<!uqtg<gqg<!%x!LcBli@!
nf<k!osiz<Zg<G!kr<gt<!ohiVt<!biK@!
N/!KVuq!NviBl<!ke<jljb!nkqgiqk<kz<N/!KVuq!NviBl<!ke<jljb!nkqgiqk<kz<N/!KVuq!NviBl<!ke<jljb!nkqgiqk<kz<N/!KVuq!NviBl<!ke<jljb!nkqgiqk<kz<!!!!
d.l<!kir<gt<!we<e!b,gl<!osb<gqxQi<gt<@!
kir<gt<!nu<uiX!fqjeg<g!giv{r<gt<!we<e@nkx<G!nu<utU!kie<!ohiVt<!dt<tki@!
fil<!-r<G!wk<kje!uqeig<gTg<G!hkqztqg<g!Lbz<gqOxil<@!
-f<k!Ofig<gk<kqx<G!wkqvieui<!wu<uiX!fmf<K!ogit<tzil<@!
-/!kqVl<h!gueqk<kz-/!kqVl<h!gueqk<kz-/!kqVl<h!gueqk<kz-/!kqVl<h!gueqk<kz<!
d.l<!-K!d{<jlobeqz<!uqjtUgt<!we<e@!
\iEjmb!hkqz<!wu<ujgbqz<!okimi<H!dt<tK@!
-jk!dme<!okimi<H!hMk<kLcBli@!
nf<k!hkqjz!fil<!nzsqh<hii<h<Ohili@!
61
5/K~{<Mkz<5/K~{<Mkz<5/K~{<Mkz<5/K~{<Mkz<!!!!
d/l<!Nsqiqbi<;!\ie<!:5!-e<!ui<g<g!&zl<!we<e@!
\ie<;!nK!:g<Gl<!21g<Gl<!-jmbqz<!dt<tK/!
6/OuX!li{uVg<G!kqVh<Hkz<6/OuX!li{uVg<G!kqVh<Hkz<6/OuX!li{uVg<G!kqVh<Hkz<6/OuX!li{uVg<G!kqVh<Hkz<!!!!
d/l<!Nsqiqbi<!oal<lqr<Oubqe<!LkqbuVl<!gmZl<!we<x!Hk<kgk<kqe<!dm<ohiVt<!we<e@!
nK!yV!Lkqbui<!lQe<!hqck<kzqz<!yV!Lkqbuiqe<!jkiqbk<jkh<!hx<xqbK/!
Nsqiqbi<;!Oliq!-jk!fQ!Wx<Xg<ogit<gqxibi@!
nz<zK!Oliq!nK!nu<utU!wtqkieK!we!fqjeg<gqxibi@!
nz<zK!Oliq!silqe<!hkqjz!OlZl<!uqtg<gqg<%xLcBli@!
II d{<jlbieux<jd{<jlbieux<jd{<jlbieux<jd{<jlbieux<jxh<!hx<xqb!Ogt<uqgt<xh<!hx<xqb!Ogt<uqgt<xh<!hx<xqb!Ogt<uqgt<xh<!hx<xqb!Ogt<uqgt<!!
li{ui<gt<!Le<eiz<!gx<x!Gxqh<hqm<m!osb<kqjb!fqjeU!%x!jug<Gl<!Ogt<uqgt<!
-ux<xqz<!nkqglig!bii<!we<e@!wh<OhiK!wr<G!Ohie<xju!hbe<hMl<!ujggt</!
!!!!!!!!!!!!2/2/2/2/!!!!wtqb!kguz<!K{<Mgt<!wtqb!kguz<!K{<Mgt<!wtqb!kguz<!K{<Mgt<!wtqb!kguz<!K{<Mgt<!!!!!
! -v{<mil<! dzgh<! Ohiiqz<! Skf<kqv! hqvie<^<! fim<M! vi[uk<kqe<! kjzuvig!
-Vf<kui<! bii<@! lii<g<ovm<! jlg<Ogzqe<! we<x! fiuzqe<! )gjkbqe<*! Lg<gqb! gkihik<kqvl</!
O]g<̂ <hqbi<!wf<k!F~x<xi{<cz<!uip<f<kii<@!Ym!we<hkx<G! <̂Oheq]<!uqjts<!osiz<!wK@!
!!!!!!!!!!!!3/3/3/3/!!!!kikikiki<< <<g<g!iQkqbie!d{<jlgt<!)okimi<g<g!iQkqbie!d{<jlgt<!)okimi<g<g!iQkqbie!d{<jlgt<!)okimi<g<g!iQkqbie!d{<jlgt<!)okimi<!!!!fqgp<fqgp<fqgp<fqgp<Ugt<*Ugt<*Ugt<*Ugt<*!!!!
! y]<V!hqz<!sm<mlig!NGl<!Le<!wf<k!hcgjt!gmf<K!osz<gqxK@!bii<g<!mUeqz<!
noliqg<gi!hqvie<̂ <!fim<M!hjmgt<!wu<uiX!give<ouz<!lx<Xl<!hqiqm<c]<givi<gjt!nmg<g!
Lcf<kK@! l{zqz<! gizcs<! SuMgjth<! hii<k<kOhiK! vihe<se<! g<'Osi! wu<uiX! fmf<K!
ogi{<mii<@!jam<OviGOtiiqg<!nlqzk<jk!uqbihivk<kqx<G!dx<hk<kq!osb<Bl<!Ljx!biK@!
III liXhm<liXhm<liXhm<liXhm<m!Ogt<uqgt<!m!Ogt<uqgt<!m!Ogt<uqgt<!m!Ogt<uqgt<!!!!!
! siqbie! kuxie! uqjmbqz<zik! Nbqe<! uib<h<Hgjt! Nvib! K~{<Ml<! Ogt<uqgt<!
kGf<k!hkqztqg<g!ohiVt<!fqjxf<k!lx<Xl<!gVk<Kg<!ogi{<m!sqf<kjegt<!Okjuh<hMl</!
!
62
d/l<!!
noliqg<g! gir<gqv <̂! sqgovm<Mgtqe<! dx<hk<kq! lx<Xl<! uqx<hjejb! kjm! osb<Bl<!
sm<mk<jk!fqjxOux<xqeiz<!we<e!OfiqMl<@!
! dmz<! DeLt<tueig! -z<zilz<! \ie<! dbvl<! uzqjllqg<g! jhbeig!
-Vf<kqVf<kiz<!gjk!wh<hc!lixqbqVg<Gl<@!
dbi<fqjz!Ogt<uqgt<!dbi<fqjz!Ogt<uqgt<!dbi<fqjz!Ogt<uqgt<!dbi<fqjz!Ogt<uqgt<!!!!!
! -f<k! Ogt<uqgTg<G! hkqz<gjt! li{ui<gt<! kQi<lieqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! kuqv! nux<jx!
fqjeuqz<! juk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<mil</! d{<jlbqe<! nch<hjmbqzie! ohiKg<gVk<Kgt<!
ohiVTt<t!ucur<gtqz<!Okjuh<hMl<!ujggt</!!
lkqh<hQM!osb<kzlkqh<hQM!osb<kzlkqh<hQM!osb<kzlkqh<hQM!osb<kz<;!!
gVk<KgjtBl<! ohiVt<gjtBl<! Le<eiz<! kQi<lieqg<gh<hm<m! fqjzgTme<! yh<hqMuke<!
nch<hjmbqz<!lkqh<hQM!osb<kz<!Oki<U!osb<kz<!!
d/l<!!
-f<k!-V!Hk<kgr<gtqz<!wK!uqg<Omiiqbiuqe<!gizk<jk!Hiqf<K!ogit<t!dkUgqxK@!
We<@!
sllie!uib<h<Hgt<! -Vg<Gl<! fqjzbqz<! o\evz<! vihi<m<! zQ! bzQo^ <̂! gqvi{<m<! -Vuiqz<!
biVg<G!lqgs<!sqxf<k!kthkqbig!kQi<lieqh<hib<@!
3/!b,gqk<kz<3/!b,gqk<kz<3/!b,gqk<kz<3/!b,gqk<kz<!-kx<G!okiGh<H!Ljx!nz<zK!uqkquV!Ljx!Okjuh<hMgqxK/!
okiGh<HLjx!okiGh<HLjx!okiGh<HLjx!okiGh<HLjx!!!!!
keqh<hm<m!d{<jlgjt!Osgiqk<K!nux<xqzqVf<K!yV!ohiK!gVk<jk!g{<mxqkz</!
uqkquVLjx!uqkquVLjx!uqkquVLjx!uqkquVLjx!!!!!
! yV!ohiK!Ogim<him<ce<!lkqh<jh!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!hqvs<sjebqe<!&zl<!Osikqk<kz<!3l<!
-f<k!dzg!kjzui<gTg<gqjmOb!dt<t!ohiKuie!G{r<gjt!Osikqk<kxqf<Okil<</!-ke<!
nch<hjmbqz<!ohiKuig!kjzjlugqg<g!wf<k!G{r<gt<!Okju@!We<@!
! uiBuqe<! ouh<hfqjz! lixilz<! -Vg<Gl<OhiK! njk! 5111! nc! dbOv! wMk<Ks<!
ose<xiz<!nke<!nPk<kl<!we<euiGl<@!We<@!
63
4/4/4/4/!!!!yh<hqMkzyh<hqMkzyh<hqMkzyh<hqMkz<;;;;!
! -kqz<! li{ui<gt<! gVk<Kgt<! ohiVt<gt<! ye<xig! dt<tki! liXhm<M! dt<tki!
we<hjk!LcU!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!
! lr<o^z<!gqzil<!we<x!-V!gmz<uip<!hqvi{qgt<!ye<X!Ohie<x!h{<Ht<tki!nz<zK!
OuX!h{<Ht<tki@!
! zqr<gEjmb! ogm<c <̂hi<g<! Ohs<Sg<Gl<! ohiqgqt<tqe<! -Xkqs<! smr<G! Ohs<Sg<Gl<!
-jmObBt<t!yx<Xjl!Oux<Xjlgt<!biju@!
! 2:l<! F~x<xi{<ce<! dbi<fQkqle<xk<kqe<! osbZg<Gl<! , Social Dar Winism we<x!
gVk<Kg<Gl<!-jmOb!dt<t!okimi<H!we<e@!
hbe<hMk<kz<!yV!gVk<K!nz<zK!ogit<jgjb!kie<!gx<Xg<!ogi{<m!$p<fqjzbqzqVf<K!
liXhm<m!$pzqz<!li{ui<gjt!hbe<hMk<k!osb<kz<!!
gVk<KgVk<KgVk<KgVk<K!!!!
! ohiKuie!h{<Hgt<!dt<t!ohiVt<gt<!fqgp<Ugjt!ujgh<hMk<kz<!
ogit<jgogit<jgogit<jgogit<jg!!!!
! -v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<G!Olx<hm<m!-V!ogit<jggTg<gqjmObBt<t!okimi<H/!
)d/l<*)d/l<*)d/l<*)d/l<*gqovailqe<!uqkq!o\i<leqbe<!oub<li<!Gcbvsqz<!wu<uiX!fjmLjxh<hMk<kh<hm<mK@!!!!
)d/l<*!)d/l<*!)d/l<*!)d/l<*! fib<gt<! ogm<mju! we<x! gVk<Kme<! fQuqi<! uti<f<Kt<tQi<gt<! we! juk<Kg<!
ogit<Tr<gt</!fQr<gt<!sqXuvig!-Vg<Gl<OhiK!okimi<H!ogi{<m!hz!fib<gtqz<!ye<X!%m!
dl<jl! gcg<guqz<jz! weqz<! fQr<gt<! -h<OhiK! fib<gtqml<! wh<hc! fmf<K! ogit<uQi<gt<@!
dr<gt<!fmk<jk!fibqe<!ujg!ntU!-ux<jxh<!ohiVk<K!liXli@!-f<k!dkiv{k<jkh<!
hbe<hMk<kq!fl<!lekqz<!Le<ekig!dt<t!kuxie!gVk<Kgt<!hx<xq!uqtg<gUl</!!!!
V uti<s<sqgjt! K~{<Ml<! Ogt<uqgt<! -ju! li{ui<gtqe<! d{i<s<sqgt<,! nui<! lkqg<Gl<!
h{<Hgt<,!Ofig<G!-ux<jx!K~{<mg<%cbju/!
)d/l<*! -jkh<hx<xq! fQi<! wh<hc! d{VgqxQi<@! nK! dlg<G! Lg<gqblieki@! …………/J!
osb<b!uqVl<HuQvi@!
!
64
$p<fqjzg<!Ogt<uqgt<!!
-ju!gx<xz<!fjmohXl<!$p<fqjzBme<!okimi<Ht<tju!!
)d/l<*! WOkEl<! uqeig<gt<! dt<teui@! OlZl<! WkiuK! gVk<Kg<gt<! dt<teui@!
ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! yh<hjmU! oktquig! dt<tki@! njk! kqVl<h! %x! LcBli@!
okimi<f<K!gueqg<g!kbivig!dt<Otili@!
4/21/4/21/4/21/4/21/LcUjvLcUjvLcUjvLcUjv!!!!
! -h<hGkq! uGh<hjxbqz<! kib<! olipqbqe<! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk! oktqUhMk<KgqxK/!
li{ui<gTg<G! okimi<H! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<! wf<k! ntUg<G! Lg<gqblieK! we<hjk!
gim<MgqxK/! OlZl<! -h<hGkq! uqiqUjv! osb<Bl<! kqxe<! OhSl<! kqxe<! Ogt<uqbqe<! uqtg<gl<!
-ux<jxh<!hx<xq!uqiquig!li{ui<gTg<G!HiqBl<!ujgbqz<!uqtg<GgqxK/!
sqf<kqh<hkx<Gl<!gzf<KjvbimUl<!kGf<k!Ogt<uqgt<!sqf<kqh<hkx<Gl<!gzf<KjvbimUl<!kGf<k!Ogt<uqgt<!sqf<kqh<hkx<Gl<!gzf<KjvbimUl<!kGf<k!Ogt<uqgt<!sqf<kqh<hkx<Gl<!gzf<KjvbimUl<!kGf<k!Ogt<uqgt<!!!!!
2/kib<olipqbqe<! hr<G! -e<jxb! uGh<hjx! Ohikjebqz<! kib<! olipqbqe<!
Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jkh<!hx<xq!gzf<KjvbiMg/!
3/Ogt<uqgtqe<!ujggt<!Nsqiqbi<!gm<Mh<hiM!-ux<jxh<!hx<xq!SVg<glig!uqtg<Gg/!
4/uGh<hjxbqz<!okimi<H!ogit<Tl<!Ljxh<hx<xq!uquiqg<g/!
5/siqbie! Ohs<S! Ljxgjt! gx<Xg<! ogit<ukx<G! -f<kqb! li{ui<gt<! wkqi<ogi{<m!
ohiKuie!hqvs<sjegt<!biju@!
65
nzGnzGnzGnzG....5!gjzk<kqm<ml<LPuKl<!uqvuqBt<t!ol5!gjzk<kqm<ml<LPuKl<!uqvuqBt<t!ol5!gjzk<kqm<ml<LPuKl<!uqvuqBt<t!ol5!gjzk<kqm<ml<LPuKl<!uqvuqBt<t!olipqipqipqipq!!!!
))))Language Across Curriculum)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!!!(COURSE OBJECTIVES)
-h<himh<! ohiVtqjeg<! gx<x! hqe<H! Nsqiqb.li{ui<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<! -zg<Ggjt!
njmui</!
• hz<OuX!himr<gtqz<!olipqbqe<!hbee<him<jm!uquikqk<kz</!
• gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<uqvuqBt<tolipqupqOb!!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgk<kqe<! )Medium of
Instruction) kig<gk<jk!g{<mxqkz</!
• hck<K! Hvqf<Kogit<Tkzqe< (Reading Comprehensions)! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jkBl<!
nux<xqe<!hcfqjzgjt<(comprehension strategies)!nxqkz</!
• hx<xig<Gjx! ogit<jg! )Deficit Theory), lx<Xl<! okimi<s<sqbx<x! ogit<jg!
(Discontinuity Theory) Ohix<xux<jxBl<, nke<!hbe<him<jmBl<<!nxqkz</!
• uGh<hjx! -jmuqje! hbe<gt<! lx<Xl<! uGh<hjx! -jmuqjejb!
Dg<Guqg<Gl<!hcfqjzgjt!nxqkz</!
5/2/!nxqLgl<;5/2/!nxqLgl<;5/2/!nxqLgl<;5/2/!nxqLgl<;!!!!
olipq! we<hK! fl<Ljmb! sqf<kjegt<! lx<Xl<! d{i<Ugjt! hiqlix<x! dkUl<!
gVuqbiGl</Neiz<! kx<giz! gz<uqs<! $p<fqjzbqz<! olipqbieKdtuqbz<,! h{<hiM,!
s&guqbz<,!F~z<!gm<mjlh<H!Ohie<x!hz<OuX!hiqli{r<gjt!Nplig!Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<Og!
lqgUl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! kVgqxK/! -ux<jx! Hiqf<K! ogit<ukx<G! olipqbqEjmb! nxqU!
nusqbligqxK/! weOu! olipqbieK! wu<uiX! gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<uqvuqBt<tK! we<hjkBl<!
nke<!hbe<him<jmBl<!nxquK!hx<xq!-f<k!nzG!Nvib<gqxK/!
5/3/!himh<ohiVt<!)5/3/!himh<ohiVt<!)5/3/!himh<ohiVt<!)5/3/!himh<ohiVt<!)content)
2/yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!h{qg<gie!lx<Xl<!himh<hqvqUgTg<gie!gz<uq!
2/ sLg!nxquqbz</!
3/ nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!
4/ g{qkl</!
3/gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgk<jk!hx<xqb!sqg<gzie!lQt<hii<ju/!
4/hck<K!Hvqk<Kogit<Tkzqz<!hqe<kr<Gkz<!okimv<hie!giv{qgt</!
66
5/hck<K!Hvqk<Kogit<Tkz<!kqxje!utv<kz</!
6/olipq!okimv<hie!ogit<jg!
! 2/!hx<xig<Gjx!ogit<jg/!
! 3/!okimv<s<sqbx<x!ogit<jg!
7/!olipqbqEjmb!gz<uq!hbe<gt</!
8/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqjebqe<!ke<jljb!Hvqk<K!ogit<Tkz</!
5/4/!olipqwe<hK!yV!Gxqh<hq<m<m!hbe<him<cx<gie!gVu5/4/!olipqwe<hK!yV!Gxqh<hq<m<m!hbe<him<cx<gie!gVu5/4/!olipqwe<hK!yV!Gxqh<hq<m<m!hbe<him<cx<gie!gVu5/4/!olipqwe<hK!yV!Gxqh<hq<m<m!hbe<him<cx<gie!gVuq!q!q!q!!!!!
olipqbieK!olipqbqbzqz<!-v{<M!Lg<gqbh<!hbe<him<OmiM!okimi<HjmbK!!
2/ gz<uqbqZl<,!hbqx<sq!ntqh<hkqZl<!nke<!Okjujb!ohiVk<K!keK!
guek<jk!osZk<KgqxK/!
3/ hz<OuX!himh<hqiqUgtqz<!olipq!kig<gl<!wu<uiX!dt<tK,!we<hjk!Nb<U!
osb<ujk!Ofig<glig!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
5/5/!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hb5/5/!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hb5/5/!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hb5/5/!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sq!)qx<sq!)qx<sq!)qx<sq!)Education and training)
!!!! olipqg<gie! Gxqh<hqm<m! Ofig<gl<! we<hK! ohVl<hiZl<-v{<mil<! olipqbie!
nbz<fim<M!olipqgtqz<!gx<xz<.gx<hqk<kjz!Olx<ogit<uOk!NGl</nK!gx<huiqe<!Lg<gqbk<!
Okjugjth<! hx<xq! wMk<Kjvg<gqxK/! gx<huVg<G,! gx<xz<! Lck<k! hqxOgi! nz<zK!nui<!
yV!h{qjb!OkMl<!ohiPOki,olipqbieK!yV!sqxf<k!gVuqbig!nuVjmb!uip<jgbqz<!
gi{h<hMgqxK/yV! uquikqg<gkg<g! gjzk<kqm<ml<! we<hK! Nsqiqbi<! lx<Xl<!
li{ui<gt<,nui<gtTjmb! uqVh<hl< ,Okjugt,<! n[%zr<gt<,! upqgim<Mkz<gt<!
Ohie<xjugt<! yV! himh<hqiquqz<! uquikqg<gkg<gg<%cb! himh<ohiVtig! njlf<kqVg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!nu<uiX!-Vf<kiz<kie<!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sq!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sq!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sq!gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sq!sqxh<hiekig!njlBl</!
5/6/!olipqbqbzqz<!Nvib<s<sq!)5/6/!olipqbqbzqz<!Nvib<s<sq!)5/6/!olipqbqbzqz<!Nvib<s<sq!)5/6/!olipqbqbzqz<!Nvib<s<sq!)Research in Language)!!!!
Gxqh<hqm<m! Ofig<gk<kqx<gie! olipq! we<hjk! hbe<him<M! olipqbqbz<! we!
hbe<hMk<kzil</hbe<him<M!olipqbqbz<!we<hK!hz<OuX!himh<hqiqUgt<, hz<OuX!olipqbqbz<!
ujggt<, nux<xqe<! wkqi<gizl<! lx<Xl<! okipqz<! Fm<hl<! Ohie<xux<jx! yV! dXh<hqevig!
ogi{<M!hz<OuX!olipqgtqe<!dkuqBme<!yV!olipqjb!Nvib<uK!NGl</!
67
olipqbqbz<!Nvib<s<sq! we<hK! hqvs<sjeg<G!d{<mie! hvh<htUgtie!gz<uqbqbz<,
olipqdVlix<xl<osb<kz<, ngvikqgjt! ucujlk<kz<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! Nvib<s<sq!
Olx<ogit<uK/! hbe<him<M! olipqbqbz<! we<hK! yV! olipqbqbzqz<! djmb!
hz<Kjxh<hGkq,nK! olipqokimi<hie! fjmLjx,! uip<g<jgbqz<! dt<t! hqvs<sjegjt!
Nvib<f<K! nux<xqx<G! d{<mie! kQi<Ugjt! upr<GuOkhbe<him<M! olipqbqbz<!
weh<hMl</OlZl<! gz<uqbqbz<, dtuqbz<, okimi<hqbz<! Nvib<s<sq,! liEmuqbz<! lx<Xl<!
s&guqbz<!Ohie<x!gz<uq!okimi<hie!hqvs<sjegjt!hbe<him<M!olipqbqbz<!Nvib<gqxK/!
5/7/!g{qkk<kqz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!5/7/!g{qkk<kqz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!5/7/!g{qkk<kqz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!5/7/!g{qkk<kqz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<hiM!!!!!
! hqvs<sjegjt! Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<, gjkucuqz<! dt<t! gVk<Kg<gjt!
Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<, li{ui<gTg<G! sqX! gjkgtig! dt<t! uig<gqbg<! g{g<Ggt<! hx<xq!
sqf<kjejb! utv! osb<kz<, Ohie<x! osbz<hiMgTg<G! Dg<Guqk<kz<! we<hK!
nusqbligqxK/-f<k! Dg<Guqk<kzqeiz<! nl<li{ui<gt<! kie<! hck<kjk! dhObgqg<gUl<!
njk! lx<x! himh<ohiVTme<! okimi<HhMk<kUl<! LcBl</li{ui<gt<! Ogt<uq!
Ogm<gqe<xohiPK! nh<himh<hqiquqz<! =MhiM! lx<Xl<! Ni<ul<! nkqgiqg<gqxK/OlZl<! Nr<gqz!
olipqjb! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G! Nr<gqz! olipqbqZt<t! uig<gqbg<! g{g<Ggjt!
uquikqh<hkx<G! lqgUl<! wtqjlbig! -Vg<gqxK/! -u<ujgbie! sqf<kjegt<! li{ui<gt<!
kr<gt<!Hkqb!nEhur<gjt!kr<gTjmb!hjpb!nEhur<gOtiM!okimi<HhMk<kq!hii<k<K!
nkx<Gh<! hqxG! li{ui<gt<! wu<uiX! kr<gt<! Oki<f<okMk<k! hqvs<sqjeg<G! kQi<U! gi{<hK!
we<hjk!hx<xqh<!Hiqf<Kogit<ui</!
(Hyde, 2006)-uxqe<!%x<Xh<hc!li{ui<gTg<G!g{qk!Nsqvqbv<!hz<OuX!ujgbie!
osbz<!Ljxgt<)g{g<gqMuK,!hmr<gt<, ujvhmr<gt<, wPk<Kolipq,!GxqbQM,!nm<muj{gt<!
sle<hiMgt,<! osbz<hiMgt<, fjmLjx!dzgk<OkiM!njlf<k!$p<fqjzgt<*(manipulative,
pictures, graphs, written language, symbols, tables, equations, action movement, oral language,
or mental images of real world situations)upr<Guke<! &zl<<! g{qkk<kqz<! li{ui<gtqe!
olipq! kqxe<! nkqgxqg<Gl</! -ju! kib<olipqbqz<! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<Gl<! Lg<gqblig!
Nr<gqz!olipqgjt!gx<Gl<!li{ui<gTg<Gl<!hbEjmbkig!-Vg<Gl</!
li{ui<gTg<G! ! kir<gOt! Sblig! uig<gqb! g{g<Ggtqz<! wPKukx<G!
uib<h<Hgjt! upr<Guke<! &zl<! nui<gTjmb! w{<{x<x! wPk<K! kqxe<gTg<G! Yi<!
Nsqiqbi<! dkuLcBl</! -u<uiX! li{ui<gjt! uig<gqb! g{g<Ggjt! wPk!
=MhMk<Kl<ohiPK! nui<gt<! g{qkk<jk! Hiqf<Kogi{<m! uqkk<jk! osbz<LjxbigUl<!
68
uig<gqb! njlh<higUl<! gjzs<osix<gtigUl<! -zg<g{l<! lx<Xl<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m!
GxqbQMgtigUl<!Hiqf<Kogit<t!-bZl</!
uig<gqbg<!g{g<Ggjt!wPKukiz<!siqbie!SVg<glie!lx<Xl<!LPjlbie!gVk<Kg<gt<!
nkqgtuqz<! gqjmg<Gl</uig<gqbg<!g{g<Ggjt!wPKgqe<x!ohiPK!nui<gjt!nux<jxh<!
hcg<gs<! osiz<zq! nju! LPjlbie! ohiVjtk<! kVgqxki! we<hjk! dXkqh<hMk<kqg<!
ogit<Tkz<! nusqbl</! li{ui<gtqe<! hqe<E~m<mr<gjth<! ohiVk<K! nui<gTjmb!
hqvs<sqjejb!lQt<hii<ju!osb<bzil</!
g{qkl<! we<hK! g{<mxqbh<hm<m! yV! olipq! yV! sqz! uii<k<jkgt<! Nr<gqz! lx<Xl<!
g{qkk<kqZl<! hbe<hMk<Kukiz<(ex: square, similar, range)! flg<G! sqz! Gph<hr<gt<!
Wx<hmzil<! OlZl<! sqz! Gxqh<hqm<m! uii<k<jkgt<! Osi<f<K! flg<G! Gph<hk<jk!
Wx<hMk<kzil</F~X!lx<Xl<!F~x<Xli{l<!GXg<gQM!lx<Xl<!fqXk<kl</w/gi/!Equation, Expresion,
yV!sqz!nEGLjxbqz<!li{ui<gt<!dkuqBme<!osbz<Ljxgjt!osb<K!nu<uqmk<kqz<!
Olx<%xqb! uii<k<jkgt<! lx<Xl<! LPjlohxik! uig<gqbr<gt<! hx<xq! Nb<U! osb<K!
nux<xqZt<t!OuXhiMgTg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqk<K!hmr<gt<!ujzktrgt<!lx<Xl<!hqx!
ohiVt<gt<!Ngqbux<xqe<!dkuqBme<!nu<OuXhiMgTg<G!hqvs<sjejb!kQi<k<kz<!nusqbl</!
4.7. ujvh<hm!yVr<gqj{h<hitiqe<!hbe<gt<ujvh<hm!yVr<gqj{h<hitiqe<!hbe<gt<ujvh<hm!yVr<gqj{h<hitiqe<!hbe<gt<ujvh<hm!yVr<gqj{h<hitiqe<!hbe<gt<!!!!(Use of Graphic Organizers)
Graphic Organizerswe<hK!gx<hqk<kz<!Kj{g<gVuqgt<!-K!hii<g<gg<%cb!ujgbqz<!
gVk<Kg<gjt! yVr<gqj{h<hkiz<! gVk<Kg<gjt! Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<Gl<! fqjeuqz<!
juk<Kg<ogit<ukx<Gl<! lx<Xl<! hbe<hMk<Kukx<Gl<! wtqkig! njlgqxK/-f<k!
yVr<gqj{h<hiz<!li{ui<gTjmb!hcg<Gl<!Nx<xz<, wPKkz<!djvbiMkz<!Ohie<xux<xqz<!
uti<s<sqg<! gi{h<hMl</! g{qkk<kqz<! gVk<K! ujvhm! ujzktl<, ujvhmr<gt<!
ole<ujvhmr<gt<!Ohie<xjugt<!g{qkl<!gx<hqh<hkx<G!lqgUl<!hbEjmbkig!-Vg<gqxK/
Graphic Organizers li{ui<gjt! g{qkk<kqz<! Lg<gq! gVk<Kg<gjt! dVuig<g!
upqujg!osb<gqxK/gz<uq!lx<Xl<!hbqx<sqbqz<!dt<tK!Ohie<X!-r<Gl<!li{ui<gt<!kr<gt<!
hjpb! nEhur<gjt! Hkqb! nEhur<gOtiM! okimi<HhMk<kUl<! OlZl<! Graphic
Organizers, wPKkz<! lx<Xl<! uib<upqs<! osb<kqgt<! hcg<gg<%cb! Nx<xz<! Ohie<xux<xqz<!
uti<s<sq!lx<Xl<!Le<Oex<xl<!hck<kux<jx!lekqz<!fqXk<Kkz<, fqjeUk<kqxje!nkqgiqk<kz<,
Le<eEhuk<OkiM!sqf<kqk<kz<, Le<eEhuk<OkiM!hck<kz<, osbz<hiMgjt!osbz<hMk<Kkz<!
Ohie<xux<jx!-f<k!yVr<gqj{h<hiti<!dkuqObiM!sqxh<hig!Olx<ogit<t!LcBl</!
69
hz<OuXujgbie! hqvkqfqkqk<Ku! ujvhmr<gt<! li{ui<gtqe<! olipq! lx<Xl<!
gjzs<osix<gt<! uti<s<sqg<G! lqgUl<! dXKj{big! dt<tK/-f<k! ujvhmr<gtqz<!
li{ui<gt<! wPukqe<! &zl<! ohiKjlg<! gVk<Kg<gjt! Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz! ujvhmk<kqe<!
&zl<! uqtg<Gkz<! gjzs<osix<gt<! GxqbQMgt<! Ohie<xux<jx! -j{g<g! yV! uib<h<H!
upr<gh<hMgqxK/!
5/9/!fuQek<Ku!sqf<kjeg<G!li{ui<gjt!hpg<gh<hMk<Kkz<!)5/9/!fuQek<Ku!sqf<kjeg<G!li{ui<gjt!hpg<gh<hMk<Kkz<!)5/9/!fuQek<Ku!sqf<kjeg<G!li{ui<gjt!hpg<gh<hMk<Kkz<!)5/9/!fuQek<Ku!sqf<kjeg<G!li{ui<gjt!hpg<gh<hMk<Kkz<!)Modeling of Think Alouds)!!!!
Nsqiqbi<gt<! sqf<kqk<kzqe<! hz<OuX! hcgtqz<! dhObigqk<K! hqvs<sj{g<Giqb!
gVk<Kg<gjt! li{ui<gjt! hcg<gs<! osb<K! nke<! &zl<! nh<hqvs<sjeg<G! d{<mie!
Nsqiqbiqe<!nEhur<gjt!li{ui<gTg<G!upr<gOu{<Ml</hz<OuX!$p<fqjzgtqz<!Nsqiqbi<!
kbiiqk<k! likqiqgjt! li{ui<gTg<G! gi{<hqk<K! ke<! sgf{<hi<gTme<! nl<likqiqjb!
hbqx<sq! osb<ukx<G!Nsqiqbi<! nElkqg<g! Ou{<Ml</nu<uiX! osb<uke<! &zl<! li{ui<gt<!
hqvs<sjegjt! kQi<h<hkqz<! yk<Kjph<hOkiM! lm<Mlz<zilz<! kr<gt<! kqxe<gjt!
outqg<ogi{<MuVukx<G!yV!uib<h<hig!njlgqxK/!
5/:/!kqe!lx<Xl<!lik!hk<kqiqjggjth<!hck<kz<!)5/:/!kqe!lx<Xl<!lik!hk<kqiqjggjth<!hck<kz<!)5/:/!kqe!lx<Xl<!lik!hk<kqiqjggjth<!hck<kz<!)5/:/!kqe!lx<Xl<!lik!hk<kqiqjggjth<!hck<kz<!)Learning daily and monthlyJournals).!!!!
hk<kqiqjggtqz<! dt<t! hkqUgjt! hcg<gqe<xOhiK! nh<hkqUgt<! hbeitqgtie!
li{ui<gTg<G! lqGf<k! dkuqgvlig! -Vg<Gl</! Hkqb! ujgbie! g{qk! likqiqgjt!
hbe<hMk<KuKl<! lx<Xl<! Hkqb! osbz<Ljxgtqz<! nui<gTg<G! hbqx<sq! ntqh<hKl<!
nui<gTjmb! Nvib<s<sq! kqxje! uti<h<hkx<G! -f<k! kqe! lx<Xl<! lik! hk<kqiqjggjt!
uisqh<hK! we<hK! lqGf<k! dXKj{big! -Vg<Gl</wf<k! yV! Hkqb! gVuqjb!
outqbqMl<ohiPK! nf<k! gVuqjb! hbe<hMk<KuK! hx<xqb! LPjlbie! nxqU! Nsqiqbi<!
okiqf<kqVg<g! Ou{<Ml</li{ui<gTg<G! hk<kqiqjg! osb<kqgjt! yVr<gqj{k<K! wPKukqz<!
WOkEl<! sqvlr<gt<! -Vh<hqe<! Nsqiqbi<! nui<gtqml<! djvbiMukx<G! Ofvk<jk!
oszuqmOu{<Ml<! sqz! Ofvr<gtqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! wK! Okjuh<hMgqxOki! nux<jx!
hk<kqiqjg! hkqUgtqzqVf<K! OhiKlie! dkiv{k<Kme<! li{ui<gTg<G! upr<GuK! yV!
NsqiqbVjmb!gmjlbiGl</!
5/21/!Ofvcbie!hck<kz<!lx<Xl<!sqf<kje!osbz<hiM5/21/!Ofvcbie!hck<kz<!lx<Xl<!sqf<kje!osbz<hiM5/21/!Ofvcbie!hck<kz<!lx<Xl<!sqf<kje!osbz<hiM5/21/!Ofvcbie!hck<kz<!lx<Xl<!sqf<kje!osbz<hiM!!!!
-f<k! osbz<himieK! li{ui<gjt! hcg<Gl<! osbz<him<cz<! =MhMk<KuK! -K! g{qk!
himr<gjt! hcg<gqe<xohiPK! hck<kz<! lx<Xl<! sqf<kjeg<G! hbEt<tkig!
njlgqxK/Ofvcbig! hck<K! sqf<kqg<gqe<xohiPK! yV! himk<kqZt<t! kjzh<Hgt<!
uii<k<jkgt<!ujvhmr<gt<! hmr<gt<!li{ui<gTjmb!dmecbie!hii<ju!nuxxqe<!lQK!
70
hMgqxK/-ke<&zl<! li{ui<gt<! fil<! wf<k! Lg<gqblie! gVk<Kg<gt<! hx<xq! sqf<kqg<gqOxil<!
we<hjk!hx<xq!DgQh<hi</OlZl<!li{ui<gt<!DgQh<<hK!wf<ktuqx<G!siqbig!dt<tK!we<hjk!
kQi<lieqh<hi</-f<k! -V! hcfqjzgt<! hch<hke<! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jkBl<! nui<gt<! wf<ktuqx<G!
=MhiM!djmbvig!dt<tii<gt<!we<hjkBl<!outqh<hMk<k!LcBl</!
5/22/!g{qkl<!5/22/!g{qkl<!5/22/!g{qkl<!5/22/!g{qkl<!....!!!!we<hK!yV!olipq!)we<hK!yV!olipq!)we<hK!yV!olipq!)we<hK!yV!olipq!)Mathematics - A Language)
g{qkl<! we<hK! yV! olipq,olipqbqz<!dt<t! giv{qgtie! wPk<Kg<gt<, wPKkz<,
hck<kz<! -zg<g{l<! djvfjm! Ohie<xux<jx! g{qkk<kqZl<! gi{zil</! fil<!
djvbimz<gjt! gmf<K! uVgqe<xohiPK! -f<k! djvbimz<gjt! sqX! Gpf<jkgt<!
hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xohiPK! -f<k! djvbimz<gjt! kr<gTg<Gt<! hiqlix<xl<!
osb<Kogit<ui</-u<uiX! osb<K! ogit<uke<! &zl<! gx<hui<! yV! Hkqb! okimi<Hgjt!
dVuig<g! Ou{<c! -Vg<gqxK/OlZl<! kr<gTjmb! sqf<kjegjtBl<! siqosb<K!
ogt<tOu{<cb! -Vg<gqxK/-u<ujg! kqxe<gjt! hqvs<sqjegjt! kQi<h<hkx<G! nck<ktlig!
njlgqxK/-g<g{qk<kqz<! olipqk<kqxeieKg{qk! nch<hjm! osbz<hiMgt<! osb<K! g{qk!
nch<hjmg<!gVk<Kg<gjt!fjmLjx!$p<fqjzgtqz<!hbe<hMk<KuK!siqbie!lkqh<hQMgjt!
dVuig<GuK/ujvhmr<gt<! lx<Xl<! olipqbqZt<t! g{qk! gVk<Kg<gt<! lqgh<ohiqb!
ntuqzie!uquvr<gjt!jgbiTkz<h{k<jkg<!jgbiTuK!ohiVt<gjt!-Vh<H!juh<hK!
Ngqbux<jx!Hiqf<K!ogit<uOk!g{qk!olipqk<!kqxe<!NGl</!!
%Mkzig! g{qkl<! uig<gqb! g{g<GgTg<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqk<K,! nux<xqx<G!
lkqh<hQM!njlk<K,! kGf<k!dkiv{k<Kme<! uqtg<gl<! ntqh<hOk! g{qk<kqe<! nch<hjmbqz<!
njlf<k!olipqk<kqxe<!NGl</!
5/23/!uvziX!lx<Xl<!olipq!)5/23/!uvziX!lx<Xl<!olipq!)5/23/!uvziX!lx<Xl<!olipq!)5/23/!uvziX!lx<Xl<!olipq!)Language and History)!!!!
uvziX! we<hK! olipqgjt! nkqgh<hcbigg<! ogi{<m! yV! himh<hqiqU/! uvzix<jx!
dVuig<Gukx<G! olipqbieK! lqg! Lg<gqbh<! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/! uvzix<xqz! dt<t!
nk<kje! fqgp<UgTl<! olipqbqe<! nch<hjmbqOzOb! hkqbh<hm<Mt<tK/gmf<k! gizk<kqz<!
fjmohx<x! sl<hur<gt<, d{i<Ugt<, $p<fqjzgt<! Ohie<xux<jx! Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<G!
olipqbqe<xq! fl<liz<! -bziK/! gmf<kgiz! olipqbqz<! dt<t! ni<k<kr<gt<! uqtg<gr<gt<!
outqhiMgt<! Ohie<xux<jx! kx<giz! li{ui<gtiz<! Hiqf<Kogit<t! LcbiK/weOu!
olipqbieK! kx<giz! HiqkZg<G! kGf<kix<Ohiz<! lix<xOu{<cbK!
nusqbligqxK/olipqbieK! hz<OuX! ujgbie! fqjeUgt<, ohiXh<Hgt<, uqtg<gr<gt<,
ki<g<giQkqbie! uquikr<gt<! djvbimz<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! jgbi{<M! njugt<! uVr<giz!
71
sr<gkqbqeVg<G! yV!dkiv{lig! uqtr<GgqxK/uvzix<xqz<! olipqbqe<! outqh<hiM! we<hK!
wPkh<hm<Mt<t! uquikk<kqx<G! d{<mie! gm<Mjvgjt! uqtg<glig! gx<hqh<hK! OlZl<!
ogiMg<gh<hMgqe<x! uqtg<gr<gt<! uvzix<X! fqgp<Ugjt! LPjlbigUl<! siqbie!
dkiv{k<Kme<!SVg<gliekigUml<!ujvhmk<KmEl<!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
olipqbqbzqz<li{ui<gt<! -vgsqbg<GxqbQMgt<! gjzs<osix<gt<! siqbie! uii<k<jk!
&zr<gt<! Le<Osi<g<jg! lx<Xl<! hqe<Osi<g<jg! ohbiqMkz<! ohiKuie! outqhiM!
Ohie<xjugjt!siqbie!uii<k<jk!&zr<gt<!ogi{<M!nxqb!li{ui<gt<!Lx<hmOu{<Ml</!
uvzix<xqz<! uvzix<X! $p<fqjzg<! Gxqh<Hgjt! hck<K! okiqf<kqVk<kz<! we<hK! yV!
li{ueqe<! lqg!Lg<gqb! gmjlbiGl</! OlZl<! ohiKuie! -zg<g{!njlh<hHgTg<gie!
olKuie! osiz<zimz<! lx<Xl<! uqjes<osiz<zqVf<K! ohbi<s<osiz<zqx<G! lix<xl<! osb<kz<!
Ohie<xux<jx!li{ui<gt<!okiqf<kqVg<gOu{<Ml</!
5/24/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!olipq!Le<Oex<xl<)5/24/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!olipq!Le<Oex<xl<)5/24/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!olipq!Le<Oex<xl<)5/24/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!olipq!Le<Oex<xl<)Science and Language development)!!!!
nxquqbz<!gx<xzqz<!olipqbieK!-v{<M!Lg<gqbh<!hr<Ggjt!ugqg<gqxK/!!
2/himiQkqbie! lx<Xl<! ki<g<giQkqbie! %x<XgTg<G! nxquqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! njlf<k!
Ogt<uqgTg<G!uqtg<gl<!ntqk<kz/<<!!
3/fMfqjzbie! sqf<kje! we<hK! Hvqf<K! ogit<Tkz<! lx<Xl<! LcUgjt!
wMk<kz<Ohie<x!osbz<hiMgTg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<gqxK/!
nxquqbzqz<! olipq! uti<s<sq! we<hK! -bx<jgbie!dzgl<! nux<xqz<! ofVg<glie!
okimi<jh! hx<xqg<! gx<xz<! Ohie<xux<jx! dt<tmg<gqbK/! nxquqbzieK! gz<uqbxquqe<!
Le<Oex<xk<kqx<gie! siqbie!$p<fqjzjb!upr<GuK/! OlZl<! olipq! gjzk<kqxe<! we<hK!
ohiKgVk<K!okimi<hie!uti<s<sqh<!hcfqjzg<G!dkUuK!lx<Xl<!nxquqbzqz<!hz!hbqx<sq!
osb<uK!Ohie<xux<jx!uqtg<GuK/!
dkiv{lig! fil<! hck<kjk! Hiqf<Kogit<t! siqbie! ohiVt<! HiqBl<hc!
uii<k<jkgjt! ogi{<M! wPKuK! djvbimz<gtqz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gTjmb! dx<X!
Ofig<gr<gjt! hkqUosb<Bl<ohiPKl<! nxquqbz<! himh<ohiVjt! dVuig<gGl<ohiPKl<!
nui<gTjmb! gVk<Kg<gjt! hiqlix<Xl<ohiPKl<! olipqk<kqxeqz<! dt<t! hz<OuX!
dk<kqgjt! jgbiTuK! nusqbl</yu<ouiV! Nvib<s<sqjbBl<! outqh<hMk<KuK!
djvbiMkz<! nux<jxhx<xq! wPKkz<! hck<kz<! Ohie<xux<xqe<! &zOl! li{ui<gt<!
kr<gTjmb!olipqk<kqxeqz<!Le<Oex<xl<!njmbLcBl</!
72
5/25/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!uisqk<kz<!gtl<!)5/25/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!uisqk<kz<!gtl<!)5/25/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!uisqk<kz<!gtl<!)5/25/!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!uisqk<kz<!gtl<!)Science and Reading domain)!!!!
Le<hVug<! gz<uq! fqjzbr<gtqz<! %m! kqxe<! nch<hjmbqzie! Hk<kgl<! lx<x! hcg<Gl<!
&zr<gt<! Ofvcbie! uquikk<kqx<gie! kjzh<H! Ohie<xux<jx! upr<Guke<! &zl<!
li{ui<gtqe<! nxquqbz<! gx<xz<! hvh<jh! uqiqU! osb<b! -bZl</siqbig! Hiqf<Kogi{<M!
Le<hVu! gz<uq! li{ui<gTg<G! dkuq! osb<b! yV! Nsqiqbi<! nxquqbz<! himh<ohiVtqz<!
kqxe<ohx<xuvig!-Vk<kz<!nusqbl</likqiqjbg<!ogi{<M!gx<hqh<hK!uGh<HgTg<G!-jmOb!
Ogt<uqgjt! Ogm<hK! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! himh<ohiVtqe<! nux<xqe<! jlbg<! gVk<K! lix!
u{<{l<! SVg<gq! wPKuK! Ohie<xux<xqe<!&zl<! li{ui<gtqjmOb!nxquqbz<!Ni<uk<jk!
uti<g<g!LcBl</!
5/26/!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/26/!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/26/!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/26/!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)Medium of instruction)!!!!
-ke<!ohiVt<!yV!gz<uq! fqXuek<kqz<!njek<K!himh<hqiqUgtqZl<! wf<kolipbqe<!
&zl<!gx<hqk<kjz!Olx<ogit<gqOxil<!we<hkiGl</flK!fim<jm!ohiXk<kujv!ohVl<hizie!
gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<<!nh<hGkqbqe<!um<miv!olipqbigOui!nz<zK!kib<olipqbigOui!nz<zK!
Nr<gqzligOui! dt<tK/yVsqz! gz<Ziiqgtqz<! Oksqb! olipqbie! -f<kq! gx<hqk<kz<!
olipqbig!dt<tK/um<miv! olipqgt<! kib<olipqbig!-Vg<gqe<xohiPK!gx<xhui<gTg<Gl<!
gx<hqh<Ohii<g<Gl<! kr<gt<! gVk<Kg<gjt! outqh<hMk<Kukx<G! wtqjlbig!
dt<tK/-Vf<kOhikqZl<! Nr<gqzolipqbqz<! gx<hqk<kz<! hz! fe<jlgt<! -Vf<kiZl<!
gx<huVg<G! kr<gt<! w{{r<gt<! outqh<hMk<Kukqz<! sqz! GjxhiMgt<! -Vg<gqe<xe!
we<hkqz<!Jblqz<jz/!
5/27/! kib<olipq! we<hK! yV! gx<hqk<kz<Dmgl<! )5/27/! kib<olipq! we<hK! yV! gx<hqk<kz<Dmgl<! )5/27/! kib<olipq! we<hK! yV! gx<hqk<kz<Dmgl<! )5/27/! kib<olipq! we<hK! yV! gx<hqk<kz<Dmgl<! )Mother Tongue as the Medium of
Instruction)
-f<kqbi! hz! olipqgjtg<! ogi{<m! yV! fiM! -f<kqbiuqe<! hz<OuX! olipqgt<!
hz<OuX! lifqzr<gtqz<! Ohsh<hMgqe<xe/33! olipqgt<! Oksqb! olipqgtig! fl<Ljmb!
sm<mk<kqz<! nElkqg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/-f<kq! nZuzg! olipqbigUl<! lx<Xl<! 41%! lg<gTg<G!
-f<kq!Lke<jl!olipqbig!dt<tK/955!olipqgt<!hz<OuX!lifqz!lg<gtiz<!Ohsh<hMgqxK/
nvsqbz<!iQkqbig!ui<g<g!iQkqbig!Nr<gqzl<!we<hK!lqGf<k!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ohXuK!
Ohie<X! ucujlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/njek<K! lifqz! gz<ZiiqgTl<! kr<gTg<Gt<!
hz<OuXgx<hqk<kz<! olipqjb! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</kib<olipqjb! gx<hqk<kz<! gVuqbig! fil<!
Olx<ogit<Tl<ohiPK! dzgtiuqb! sqf<kjegt<! ohiVtikivkl! gzis<sivl<! F{<{xqU!
Ohie<xux<xqzqVf<K!uqzgq!fqx<g!Ou{<cb!$p<fqjzbqz<!fil<!-Vh<Ohil</!!weOu!hz<OuX!
73
dzgtiuqb!F~z<gjth<!olipqlix<xl<!osb<K!njk!nf<kf<k!um<miv!olipqgtqz<!hkqk<K!
upr<Guke<!&zl<! Olx<Gxqb!hqvs<sjegTg<G!kQi<U! Wx<hMl</!nvSl<, hz<OuX!hz<gjzg<!
gpgr<gTl<, oki{<M! fqXuer<gTl<! -u<ujgbie! Fiz<gjt! olipqlix<xl<! osb<uke<!
&zl<!fil<!dzg!nvr<gqz<!wtqjlbig!kr<gTjmb!hjmh<Hgjt!Le<!jug<g!-bZl</!
5/28/!Nr<gqz!olipq!we<hK!!yV!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/28/!Nr<gqz!olipq!we<hK!!yV!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/28/!Nr<gqz!olipq!we<hK!!yV!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)5/28/!Nr<gqz!olipq!we<hK!!yV!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!)English Language as the Medium of
Instruction)!!!!
-f<kqbiuqz<! lm<Mlz<ziK! hz<OuXfiMgtqz<! gx<hqk<kz<! olipqbig! dt<tK!
Nr<gqzOl/fil<! Skf<kqvl<! ohx<X! %m! hz! Oksqb! kjzui<gt<! gz<uqbiti<gt<!
Ohie<xui<gtqe<! hii<jubieK! Nr<gqzl<! we<hK! fuQe! dzgk<Kme<! Ohim<c! OhimUl<!
dzgtiuqb! okimi<jh! Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogit<ukx<Gl<! lqGf<k! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! kVukigOu!
gVKgqxe<xei</!
oltziei! nh<Kz<gzil<! )2:85*! Nr<gqzl<! we<hK!dzgtiuqb! olipq,! -j{h<H!
olipq! s&g!-bg<gk<kx<gie!Lg<gqbk<Kul<! uib<f<k! olipq,! keq! leqk!uti<s<sq! lx<Xl<!
Le<Oex<xk<kx<G!lqg!Lg<gqb!olipq,!dbi<g<gz<uq!Le<Oex<xl<!F~zg!olipq!Ohie<xux<jx!
uti<h<hkqz<! Nr<gqzl<! lqg! Lg<gqb! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/-K! hvf<k! lqg! nkqg! ntuqz<!
-zg<gqbr<gjt!ogi{<Mt<tK/!Dzgtiuqb!Oujz!uib<h<Hgjt!ohXukx<Gl<!hz!Hkqb!
Fm<hlie!F~z<gjt!nxqf<K! ogit<ukx<Gl<!Nr<gqzl<!nusqbligqxK/-ke<!giv{ligOu!
hz<OuX!gz<uq!fqXuer<gt<!Nr<gqzolipqjb!gx<hqk<kz<!olipqbig!njlk<Kt<tei</!
ziM! olg<gOz! )2946*ziM! olg<gOz! )2946*ziM! olg<gOz! )2946*ziM! olg<gOz! )2946*uqMkjz! njmBl<ujv! Nr<gqzl<kie<! dbi<gz<uq!
fqjzbr<gtqz<! gx<hqg<gh<hm<mK/uqMkjzg<G! hqxG!Nr<gqzl<!nZuzg!olipqbig!-f<kqb!
hiviTle<xk<kiz<! nElkqg<gh<hm<mK/%Mkzig! -f<kqjb! nZuzg! olipqbig!
hbe<hMk<kqg<!ogit<tzil</!
Nr<gqzk<kqxje! uti<h<hjk! uqm! Nr<gqz! ht<tqgTg<G! kr<gt<! Gpf<jkgjt!
nEh<HuK!s&g!nr<gqgivligOu!hii<g<gh<hMgqxK/lg<gtqe<!lqGf<k!guek<jk!ohXukx<G!
giv{l<! -zg<gqbl<! lx<Xl<! nxqU! -f<k! olipqbqz<! nkqgl<! -Vh<hOk/ohVl<hizie!
ujtGmi!fiMgtqz<!Nr<gqz!olipqOb!gx<hqk<kz<!olipqbig!dt<tK/!
5/29/!gx<hqk<kz5/29/!gx<hqk<kz5/29/!gx<hqk<kz5/29/!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmgl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!)Dmgl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!)Dmgl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!)Dmgl<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!)Significance of Medium of Instruction)!!!!
2/2/2/2/-f<kqbiju!Ohie<X!hz<OuX!olipqgjth<!hqe<hx<Xl<!fiMgTg<G!
gx<hqk<kz<Dmgl<!!lqGf<k!hqvs<sjeg<GxqbkigOu!dt<tK/!!weOu!yu<ouiV!
74
lifqzLl<!kr<gtK!um<miv!olipqOb!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmglig-Vk<kz<!fzl<!we!
gVkh<hMgqxK/!
3/sqz!Oksqb!uikqgt<!-f<kq!olipqOb!gx<hqk<kz<!olipqbig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<!we<X!
uquikl<!osb<gqe<xei</!
4/Nr<gqz!upqg<!gx<xOz!dzgtiuqb!okipqz<Fm<h!uti<s<sqbqz<!lqgh<ohiqb!ntuqz<!
uqjvuie!uti<s<sqjb!njmb!LcBl<!we<x!fl<hqg<jgjb!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
5/2:/!hck<K!Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<5/2:/!hck<K!Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<5/2:/!hck<K!Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<5/2:/!hck<K!Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<!!!!))))Reading comprehension)!
gueqk<kz<!we<x!d{i<uix<xjz!uqm!hck<kz<!we<hK!Gjxf<ktOu!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!
ohXgqxK/weqEl<! olipq! uib<olipq,! wPk<Kolipq! we<El<! hz<OuX! ntjuBme<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hm<M! -Xkqbqz<! hz! sqg<gzie! ucuk<jk! ohXgqxK/! weOu!!!! hck<K!hck<K!hck<K!hck<K!
Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<! we<hK! gueqk<kz<! kqxje! sii<f<kK/weOu!!!! hck<K! Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<hck<K! Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<hck<K! Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<hck<K! Hiqk<Kogit<Tkz<,!
gueqk<kz<<! we<hK! %Mkzie! dk<kqbig! -Vg<gqe<xK/lx<oxiV! uqkk<kqz<!
okimi<HhMk<Kl<ohiPK! hck<K! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<! we<hK! lejk! hikqg<gg<%cb!
likqiqgjtg<! ogi{<M! uquvr<gjt! nkqgligUl<, uqiquigUl<! njlg<gh<hMl<!
himh<ohiVt<gjt! hch<hjk! sii<f<kjlgqxK/-s<$p<fqjz! likqiq! himh<Hk<kgk<kqe<!
yVr<gqj{f<k!SVg<glie!himh<ohiVjt!gx<hqk<kzig!njlBl</!-jk!hz!Ogt<uqgTg<G!
uqtg<gl<!ntqh<hke<!&zl<!lQt<!Nb<U!osb<bzil</!
5/31/!hqe<kr<gqb!li{ui<gt<!hck<kzqz<!Wx<hMgqe<x!Gjxhim<cx<gie!giv{r<gt<!5/31/!hqe<kr<gqb!li{ui<gt<!hck<kzqz<!Wx<hMgqe<x!Gjxhim<cx<gie!giv{r<gt<!5/31/!hqe<kr<gqb!li{ui<gt<!hck<kzqz<!Wx<hMgqe<x!Gjxhim<cx<gie!giv{r<gt<!5/31/!hqe<kr<gqb!li{ui<gt<!hck<kzqz<!Wx<hMgqe<x!Gjxhim<cx<gie!giv{r<gt<!!!!!
))))Factor related to the poor reading comprehension)
2/2/2/2/uii<k<jkgjt!hbe<hMk<Kukqz<!GjxhiM!
3/OhSkz<!kqxjlbqz<!GjxhiM!!
4/ns<scg<gh<hm<m!Hk<kgr<gjt!nkqghcbig!hcg<gijl!!
5/hck<kzqz<!wkqi<ljxbie!leh<hie<jl!
5/32/!OlOz!dt<t!GjxhiMgjt!Ohig<g!Nsqiqbi<!osb<b!Ou{<cbK!5/32/!OlOz!dt<t!GjxhiMgjt!Ohig<g!Nsqiqbi<!osb<b!Ou{<cbK!5/32/!OlOz!dt<t!GjxhiMgjt!Ohig<g!Nsqiqbi<!osb<b!Ou{<cbK!5/32/!OlOz!dt<t!GjxhiMgjt!Ohig<g!Nsqiqbi<!osb<b!Ou{<cbK!!!!!
2/2/2/2/ li{ui<gTg<G! Skf<kqvl<! nz<zK! wtqjlbie! upqgtqz<! himHk<kgk<jk! hcg<gs<!
osiz<ZuK!!!!!
3/3/3/3/ sqz!Oujzgtqz<!gueqk<kzqz<!lm<MOl!osb<K!Lcg<gs<!osiz<ZuK/!!!!
75
4/4/4/4/ hcg<gqe<xOhiK!nu<Oujzgjth<!hx<xq!gujzg<!ogit<tilz<!-Vh<hK/!!!!
5/5/5/5/ wtqbLjxbqz<!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Oujzgjts<!osb<uK/!!!!
6/6/6/6/ himr<gjt!osb<Kgim<mz<!Ljxbqz<!uqtg<GuK!Oujzgjt!Lcg<gGl<!kqxEg<G!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqh<hK/-Xkqbqz<!LcUgjt!siq!osb<uK/!!!!
7/7/7/7/ h{qgjt!upr<gh<hm<m!hqxG!osb<uK/wr<Og!kuXgt<!osb<Okil<!we<X!g{<mxquK/!!!!
!
lqg!Lg<gqblig!gx<hqk<kz<!wz<jzgjtg<!njlh<hkx<G!hkqzig!gQp<g{<m!
uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtqk<kz<!Ou{<Ml<!!!!!
2/2/2/2/Gpf<jk!wf<kh<!hGkqjb!siqbig!osb<b!Lcbuqz<jz@!
3/3/3/3/yV!h{qjb!Lcg<g!wf<k!sqX!hcfqjzgt<!Okjuh<hMgqe<xe@!
4/4/4/4/Gpf<jkgOt!kir<gt<!Sblie!hcfqjzgjts<!osb<K!nf<k!Oujzgjt!
Lcg<gqe<xii<gti@!
5/5/5/5/yV!h{qjb!Lch<hkx<G!wf<k!ujgbie!gjzs<osix<gt<!Okjuh<hMgqxK/nz<zK!
nf<k!Gpf<jk!OhiKlie!gjzs<osix<gjt!ohx<Xt<tki@!
Nsqiqbi<gt<!li{ui<gtqe<!uti<s<sqg<gie!siqbie!gx<hqk<kz<!dk<kqgjt!g{<mxquK!
nusqbl</dkiv{lig! yV! Gpf<jk! lx<xui<gtqe<! d{i<Ugjt! nr<gqgiqh<hkqz<!
Okiz<uq! njmf<kiz<! himohiVtqzqz<! nf<k! -bz<Hgjt! d{i<U! ujvumk<kqe<!
&zlig! njlk<K! nu<U{i<ju! outqh<hMk<kOu{<Ml</! -f<k! upqbqz<! Gpf<jkgt<!
Hiqkz<! sl<lf<klie! dk<kqgjt! wu<uiX! ohXuK! we<hjkBl<! nu<Uk<kqgjt!
Hiqf<Kogit<ukqz<! wr<ogz<zil<! hqvs<sjegt<! Okjuh<hMgqe<xOki! wh<hc! njkh<!
hbe<hMk<KuK!we<hjk!li{ui<gt<!okiqf<Kogit<uK!nusqbl</!
5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!5/33/!himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<!dt<t!-bx<jgbie!GjxhiMgOt!li{ui<gtqe<!Hiqkz<gjt!
nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/nOfglig!hikqg<gqe<xe/!!!!
2/ uii<k<jkgt<!lqg!nmi<k<kqbiekig!dt<tohiPK!!
3/ nkqghcbig!Hiqbik!sqg<gzie!uii<k<jkgt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xohiPK!
4/ F~z<!Nsqiqbiqe<!uii<k<jkgtqe<!nEGLjx!
5/ -zg<gqb!fjmgt<!okiqf<kjubig!dt<tki@!
6/ nxqkqxe<! lx<Xl<! gz<uq! nxqU! ucujlh<hqx<Gk<! Okjubie! nEhur<gtqz<!
Wx<hMgqe<x!GjxhiM!Ohie<xju!lqg!Lg<gqblig!Gxqh<hqmh<hmOu{<cbju/!
!!!!
!!!!
76
hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!hck<K!HiqkZg<gie!Jf<K!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!dk<kqgt<!!!!!
2/ g{qh<H!!
3/ Ogt<uq!Ogm<hK!
4/ oktqUh<hMk<Kkz<!
5/ gx<hje!osb<kz<!!
6/ SVr<gg<!%XuK!!
5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!5/34/!g{qh<H!!!!!
! gx<hje! we<hK! lefqjz! gx<hjebqe<! hbjeg<Gxqg<gqxK/yV! uig<gqbk<kqe<!
lefqjz!likqiqjb!lkqh<hqMuke<!&zl<!uig<gqbk<kqe!Hiqkjz!dbi<k<KgqxK/lqgnkqglig!
oux<xqbjmf<k!Hiqkz<!ke<jl!djmbui<gt<!kr<gtqe<!gx<hjegjt!okimi<s<sqbig!olipq!
lix<xl<! osb<gqe<xei</wMk<Kg<gim<mig! hml<! wMh<hK! gx<hjegjt! lix<xq! gjkbig!
dVuig<GuK/Gpf<jkgt<! -f<k! gx<hjejb! Sblig! osb<K! himk<kqe<! jlb!
gVk<Kg<gjt!wu<uiX!yVr<gqj{h<hK!Ohie<xux<jx!hx<xq!hbqi<s<sq!ntqh<hK!nusqbl</!
5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!5/35/!SVr<gg<!%XuK!!!!!
SVg<glig%XuK! we<hK! $pfqjz! likqiqObiM! ofVr<gqb! okimi<HjmbK/OlZl<!
SVr<g!wPKkz<!we<hK!njek<K!nl<sr<gjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/okimi<s<sqbig!gVh<ohiVt<!
we<hK!hx<xqb!LPjlbie!uquvl<!yk<k!gVk<Kg<gjt!yVr<gqj{k<K!LPjlhMk<KuOk!
Ohie<x! dm<%Xgjt! dt<tmg<gqbK/! OlZl<! lkqh<hQm<M! Ljxgt<! lefqjz! lx<Xl<!
dVuig<Gukqz<!ohiKjlh<hMk<Kkz<!Ohie<x!dm<%Xgjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/OlZl<!SVr<gg<!
%Xkz<! we<hK!nch<hjm!olipq! kqxe<!nEliel<! sii<f<k! kqxe<gt<!uig<gqbk<Kme<! yV!
=MhiM!lx<Xl<!nux<jxh<!hx<xqb!nxqU!Ohie<xju!nusqbligqe<xK/!
Fiwghl;LfFiwghl;LfFiwghl;LfFiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (; Nfhl;ghL (Deficit theory)::::
Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ gpd;jq;fpa khzth;fs; gs;spfspy; cah; tpfpjq;fspy;
Njhy;tpia mDgtpg;gJ Vd; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahf 1960fspy; cUthdJ. . . .
Fiwe;j r%f nghUshjhu tPLfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfs; nghUshjhu
Fiwghl;bdhy; tskpy;yhj tha;nkhopiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf mwpTWj;JfpwJ. Vnddpy;
mth;fs; tPLfspy; tha;nkhopf;fhd Jhz;ly; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gNjahFk;.
ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd nkhopapay; tsq;fs; vJTkpd;wp gs;spapy; Eiofpd;wdh;. ,e;j
tskpy;yh tha;nkhopiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; cz;ikapy; jpwikahd
nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jgth;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jq;fs; nkhopj; jpwid ep&gpf;ff;
$ba #o;epiyfs; mikahJ Nghdjhy; mth;fs; tha;nkhop Fiwe;jjha; fhzg;glyhk;.
Fiwe;j r%fg; nghUshjhu tFg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfshy; KOikahd
77
thf;fpaj;ijg; Ngr KbahJ. nghJthf nghUl;fspd; ngah;fs; njhpahJ, fUj;Jfis
cUthf;f KbahJ my;yJ jUf;f vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;j KbahJ kw;Wk;
tha;nkhop ntspg;ghLfs; kpf nrhw;gkhd mstpYk; juj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W
Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ. vdNt gpd;jq;fpa FOtpy; ,Ue;J tUk; Foe;ijfs;
Fiwthd nkhopapay; tsh;r;rpapd; tpisthf mwpthh;e;j epiyapy; gpd;jq;fp cs;sdh;
vd;W Fiwghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ.
4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (4.5.2. njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL (Discontinuity theory):):):):
nkhopapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfis jq;fs; mbg;gil Cfq;fspd;gb
gphpf;fyhk;. nkhop vd;gJ xU rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ ntWkNd
xd;wpkpy;yhikapypUe;J Njhd;wp ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; ek; Kd;Ndhh; eLtpy; Ke;ija
nkhopapay; mikg;gpy; ,Ue;J cUthfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L rpy Nfhl;ghLfs; cs;sd. . . . ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vy;yhk; njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;W miof;fg;ngWk;.
nkhopia kdpj ,dk; my;yhjJ eLtpy; fhzg;gLk; vijAk; nfhz;L xg;gpl
KbahJ vd;W nrhy;YksT jdpg;gl;l kdpjg; gz;G nfhz;lJ. vdNt kdpj ,dk;
jsph;f;Fk; Kd;dpiyapypUe;J Muk;g kdpjDf;F khWk; NghJ jpBnud Njhd;wpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfSf;F vjph; Nfhzj;jpypUe;J rpy
Nfhl;ghLfs; vOe;jd. mtw;iwj; njhlh;gpd;ik rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;W
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
nkhop ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy; njhlh;r;rp rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; ek; Kd;Ndhh; eLtpy;
njhlq;fp kf;fs; Ngr;R jw;NghJ cs;sJ Nghy xj;jpUf;Fk; tiu nkhop gbg;gbahf
gy;NtW epiyfspy; tsh;e;J gy;NtW mk;rq;fshy; tsh;e;J te;jjhff; $Wg;gLfpwJ.
,jw;fpilapy; njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL kdpj nkhop xg;gpl;Lf; $Wk; msT $l Mjp
kdpjDf;F Kd; xj;j vJTk; ,y;iy. vdNt nkhop, kdpj rhpj;jpuj;jpy; jpBnud
Njhd;wpajhf cs;sJ vd;W $WfpwJ. ,J jdp egh; cs;Ns kugZ khw;wj;jpd;
tpisthf epfog;gl;L ek; Kd;Ndhh; topahf fle;J te;J ,Wjpapy; xU Nkyhjpf;f
jpwdhf nkhop khwp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
Kjy; njhlh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ kdpjj; njhlh;G kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; njhlh;G
,ilNa mbg;gil NtWghL ,y;iy vd;w ek;gpf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,UtUk; nra;jpiag; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba jq;fsJ ,dj;jhhpiliaNa jftiyg;
ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; ,UtUf;FNk jfty; njhlh;G
Njit kw;Wk; xypfs;, ,iur;ry; kw;Wk; mwpFwpfs; gad;gLj;Jjy; rk mstpy;
Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhj;jpakhd nra;jpfs; mstpy; Kuz;ghL ,Ue;jhYk; kw;Wk;
xypfs;, ,iur;ry;, mwpFwpfs; Nghd;wit NtWgl;lhYk; ,itaidj;Jk; xU tsh;e;j
nkhop my;yJ nkhopapd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy; njhlh;e;J tsUk; nkhopapd; tbtq;fshf
78
,Uf;fpd;wd. jfty; njhlh;G mikg;Gfspd; tsh;r;rp, nkhop Nehf;fpa xU Neh;topr;
rhiy vd;W ,e;jj; J}z;ly; Nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
vdpDk; Ez;zwptpy; kdpjh;fSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
kdpj Ez;zwpitf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ vd;W miof;f KbAk;. Vndd;why; nkhopapd; msit
mjpfhpf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; nghUl;fisAk; , rk;gtq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
#o;epiyfisAk; ngahpl KbAk;. ,e;j tifahd Ez;zwpT tpyq;Ffsplk; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gpl;l Ez;zwpT, nkhopf;F xU Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; mbg;gil rhuhk;rkhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
kdpj ghpzhkj;jpd; NghJ jpBnud;W Njhd;wpa nkhop xU jdpg;gl;l gz;ghFk;. – Nehk; Nehk; Nehk; Nehk;
Nrhk;];fpNrhk;];fpNrhk;];fpNrhk;];fp
njhlh;gpd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL cyfj;jpy; cs;s ve;j nkhopfisAk; tpl kdpj nkhop
mikg;G kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ vd;W fhl;LfpwJ. Nehk; Nrhk;];fp cyfpd; Kd;dzp
nkhopapayhsh;fspy; xUth;. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspy; xUtUf;F rhj;jpakhd kugZ
khw;wj;jhy; Ngr kw;Wk; nkhop Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mjd;
%yk; mth;fs; re;jjpapdUf;F flj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij xg;Gf; nfhs;fpwhh;.
4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (4.6. nkhopapd; fy;tp tpisTfs; (Educational implications of Language)::::
nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tpawpT Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f
Kf;fpa fUtpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; fUj;J tsh;r;rp gs;spapy;
,Uf;Fk; Mz;Lfspy; Foe;ijfsplk; njhlh;fpwJ. thrpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijfs; tsu tsu nkhopapd; Ghpjy; kw;Wk; gad;ghL ,d;Dk;
rpf;fyhfpwJ. ve;j ghlj;jpd; Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhYk; nkhop vt;thW
fw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ? kw;Wk; fy;tpr; #oy;fspy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? vd;w
mbg;gil Ghpjy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; midj;Jg; ghlf; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy;
nray;ghLfspy; nkhop ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tp tpthjq;fspy;
nkhopahdJ tha;nkhop FwpaPLfshyhd gfpug;gLk; mikg;G vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; nkhopahdJ xU nghJthd njhlh;G nfhs;Sk; epfo;T Fwpg;ghf fw;wypy;
tpsf;fq;fisj; juf;$ba njhlh;ghf tiuaWf;f KbAk;. Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fs;
xUtiu xUth; njhlh;G nfhs;s Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
gzpfis toq;f, fw;wy; nray;ghLfspy; <Lgl, fy;tp ghlg;nghUis toq;f, fw;wiy
kjpg;gpl, mwpT kw;Wk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;j kw;Wk; tFg;giw tho;f;ifia cUthf;f
nkhop gad;gLfpwJ. $Ljyhf khzth;fs; fw;Fk; midj;JNk nkhopahFk;. mth;fs;
thrpf;fTk; kw;Wk; vOjTk; (fy;tp vOj;J nkhop) fw;fpd;wdh;. gpw ghlj;Jiwfspd;
Ngr;R gw;wpAk; fw;fpd;wdh;. nkhopapd; ,U tiuaiwfSk; nkhop kw;Wk; fy;tpapd;
njhlh;igg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kf;fpakhdJ.
79
Foe;ijfs; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhop ,uz;bidAk; fw;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs;
nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd ,yf;fz fl;likg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijj;
njhlh;Gj;jpwd;(gy;NtW r%f #o;epiyfspy; nkhopiag; nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk; gaDs;s
tifapy; gad;gLj;j tpjpfs;) Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopiag; Ghpjy; kw;Wk; jq;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jk; topfs; Mfpatw;iw tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd
fy;tpj; jpl;lk; ngUk;ghYk; nkhopf; fw;wiy vspjhf;fpLk; ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;
topKiwfis typAWj;JfpwJ.
Ngr;R nkhopiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lq;fs; gy;NtW tiffspy;
cgNahfpf;Fk; KiwapypUe;J tUzidf;Fg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s tha;g;GfisAk;>
Kfghtid Kiwfisg; gapw;rp nra;jpl tha;g;GfisAk; typAWj;JfpwJ.
vOj;J nkhopapy; ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd tFg;giwfs; mfu vOj;Jf;fisAk;
vOj;J–xyp njhlh;igAk; mbg;gilf; fhl;rp nrhy;yfuhjp kw;Wk; Ghpjy; cj;jpfs;
Mfpatw;wpw;F tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. NkYk; ,sk; Foe;ijfSf;fhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fijfis thrpj;jYk; ,lk; ngWk;. Foe;ijfs; jq;fis vOj;J
nkhop %yk; vt;thW ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;W fw;wpLk; tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLk;. mit
vOj;Jf;fs; , nrhw;fs; , thf;fpak; kw;Wk; ciu fl;likg;Gfs; mikf;fTk; kw;Wk;
midj;ijAk; xd;whfr; Nrh;j;J vt;thW xU fij mikf;fg; ngWk; vd;Wk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;GfshFk;.
Foe;ijfs; ,ay;ghfNt nkhopf; fw;gth;fshf nkhopAld; gpd;dg;gl;L kw;Wk; ,J
mth;fis NkYk; J}z;LfpwJ. cah; nkhop #oy; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fw;wy;
fUtpfisj; je;J nkd;NkYk; mth;fspd; Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;J nkhopj; jpwd;fis
tsh;f;fpwJ vd;w khw;W tpthjKk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mrphpah;fs; nkhopf; fw;wiy
toq;fpdhYk; toq;fg;gLk; fw;wy; Kiw Kd;dNu jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lijg; ghpe;Jiug;gjhf
,Ug;gijf; fhl;bYk; Foe;ijfspd; Mh;tk; , <LghL kw;Wk; Njitfisg; gpd;gw;wpajha;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpf;fyhd nkhop nray;Kiwfspy;; Njitg;gLtJ Foe;ijfs; jdpj;j jpwd;
fw;Fk; nkhop nray;ghLfis tpl KOikahd my;yJ KO nkhop nray;ghLfspy;
mDkjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; jdpj;j jpwd; fw;wy; nkhop nray;Kiwiar;
rpijj;J NkYk; rpf;fyhf;fp tpLk; nkhopf; fw;wiy NkYk; fbdkhf;fp tpLk;. vOj;J
nkhopf; fw;wy;, Ngr;R nkhopf; fw;wypypUe;J NtWgl;ljhfg; ghh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt
Ngr;R nkhopf; fw;wypy; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; Kiwfis vOj;J nkhopf; fw;wYf;Fk;
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
cah;epiy kw;Wk; Nky;epiyg; gs;sp khzth;fs; nkhopiag; gue;j Jiwfspy;
fw;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspy; vt;thW thjpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspd; ciufisj; jq;fs; nkhopapd; kuNghL vOjTk;
kw;Wk; gbf;fTk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwfspy; fw;wy; nkhopia
80
Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpahpd; tphpTiu, Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;ly; ,
tpthjq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk; thrpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy; gzpfis mspj;jy; Mfpa
midj;Jk; nkhopapd; %yNk eilngWfpwJ. khzth;fs; thrpj;jy;, vOJjy; kw;Wk;
,izaj;ij Muha;jy; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; mspj;jy; , Mrphpah; tphpTiufisf;
Nfl;ly; , khzth;fspd; xg;gilg;Gfs; , KO tFg;giw kw;Wk; FO tpthjq;fs; ,
vOjg;gl;l ciu kw;Wk; nrhy;yfuhjp Mfpatw;iw kddk; nra;jy;;> Nghd;w
midj;jpYk; nkhopapd; %yNk fy;tp nray;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. fy;tpapy;
jha;nkhop kl;Lky;yhJ ,uz;lhk; nkhop kw;Wk; %d;whk; nkhopapYk; khzth;fs; Gyik
ngw;W cyifNa tyk; tUfpwhh;fs;.
5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz5/38/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<!
Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! -jmfqjz! lix<xl<! we<hk! hvf<k! d{i<UmEl<! lqGf<k!
hqj{h<Hme<!gi{h<hMl</-f<k!d{i<uqz<!Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<!-jmOb!lqGf<k!ntuqx<G!yV!
ofVg<gk<jk! Wx<hMk<KgqxK/gx<hui<! lx<Xl<! gx<hqh<hui<gTg<G! -jmOb! fjmohXl<!
-jmuqj{! nkqghcbig! kguz<! okimi<hqx<G! hbe<hMgqxK/! OlZl<! -ui<gtqe<!
-jmuqjebieK!uquikk<kqx<Gl<!lqGf<k!guek<kKmEl<!ucujlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/-ux<xqz<!
gx<hui<gt<! lvHgtqz<! uGh<hjxbqz<! fjmohXgqe<x! -jmuqje! lix<xk<jkuqm! krgt<!
yk<kGP! li{ui<gteqml<! outqh<hMk<Kl<! -jmuqje! lix<xOl! lqGf<k! hvf<k! ntuqz<!
hbEjmbkig!njlgqxK/!
-jmuqje! lix<xk<kqe<! &zl<! lx<x! GPg<gTme<! olipqsii<f<k! %Xgjt!
dVuig<Gukx<Gl<! hbe<hMk<Kukx<Gl<! lqGf<k! uib<h<htqg<gqxK/GPg<gTg<G!
gm<Mh<hMk<kh<hmik! ujgbqz<! h{qgjt! upr<gqe<xohiPK! nui<gt<! h{qjb! uqjvuig!
osb<K! Lch<hi</gx<huiqEjmb! hii<ujbqz<! olipqbieK! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! osbz<him<cx<G!
lqGf<k!-zihgvliekigUl<!Ohim<c!fqjxf<kigUl<!gi{h<hMgqxK/!
uGh<hjx!-jmuquGh<hjx!-jmuquGh<hjx!-jmuquGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xl<!ujggt<!je!lix<xl<!ujggt<!je!lix<xl<!ujggt<!je!lix<xl<!ujggt<!!!!!
2/olipqoutqbQM2/olipqoutqbQM2/olipqoutqbQM2/olipqoutqbQM!!!!
3/olipq!dt<tQM3/olipq!dt<tQM3/olipq!dt<tQM3/olipq!dt<tQM!!!!
!!!!
olipq!outqbQMolipq!outqbQMolipq!outqbQMolipq!outqbQM!
olipq!outqbQM!we<hk!Oljz!fim<M!li{ui<gTjmb!kqxe<!sii<f<kK/!-kEjmb!
Lg<gqb! Ofig<gl<! gx<hui<gjt! olipqk<k! kqxe<! hjmk<kui<gtig! dVuig<GuK! olipqh<!
81
Hiqkjz!uqjvUhMk<Kkz<!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<kjk!yV!nxquqbz<!sii<f<kkigUl<!
nxqju!uqiqujmbs<!osb<bg<%cbkigUl<!lix<Xkz</!
5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/39/!uGh<hjx!-jmuqje!lix<xk<jk!dbi<k<Kl<!upqLjxgt<!)Strategies of Promoting
Classroom Interaction)!!!!
Nr<gqz!uGh<hjxgtqz<!li{ui<gTg<G!nui<gTjmb!ke<ehqg<jg!lqgg<!Gjxf<k!
ntuqz<! gi{h<hMgqxK/sg! li{ui<gTme<! Okiz<uqbjmujk! nui<gt<! uqVl<Hukqz<jz/!!
weOu!-s<$p<fqjzbq<z<! uGh<hisqiqbi<! yu<ouiV!li{uiqmLl<! keqk<keqbie!-jmuqje!
lix<xk<jk!Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<cBt<tK/OlZl<!yu<ouiV!uqeiuqx<Gl<!njek<K!li{ui<Tl<!
uqjmbtqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<gqx! hpg<gk<jk! hbqx<sq! osb<b! Ou{<Ml</! -kqz<! njek<K!
li{ui<gTl<!hr<Ogx<hjk!dXkq!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</li{ui<gTjmb!guel<, hiKgih<H,!Sb!
d{i<U,! fl<hqg<jg! Ohie<xux<jxh<! hx<xq! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<!
uqtg<gltqg<gOu{<Ml</-f<k! uqVl<hkg<g! hpg<gk<jk! li{ui<gtql<! Nsqiqbi<! dVuig<g!
Ou{<Ml</!
5/3:/!olipqbqbzqz<!gx<hui<!njm5/3:/!olipqbqbzqz<!gx<hui<!njm5/3:/!olipqbqbzqz<!gx<hui<!njm5/3:/!olipqbqbzqz<!gx<hui<!njmBl<!hc!fqjzgt<!Bl<!hc!fqjzgt<!Bl<!hc!fqjzgt<!Bl<!hc!fqjzgt<!!!!!
yV! olipqg<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! hz<OuX! upqLjxgTl<! lx<Xl<! osbz<Ljxgjt! fil<!
Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tOtil</lqgUl<! wtqjlbie! olipqgjt!outqh<hMk<KuOk! okimg<g! fqjzbqz<!
dt<tui<gTg<G!Okjuh<hMgqxK/-jmfqjzbqz<!gx<hui<gt<!olipqjbh<!hx<xqnux<xqEjmb!
%Xgjth<hx<xqBl<! okiqf<K! juk<Kt<tei</okimg<gfqjzbqz<! dt<tui<gt<! gVk<kqbz<!
sii<f<k! uquikr<gjt! uqVl<Hukqz<jz/Neiz<! gVk<kqbqbzqz<! Le<Oeixqbui<gTg<G!
wtqjlbie! Ogt<uqgtqzqVf<K! okimr<gq! gcelie! Ogt<uqgTg<G! hbqx<sq! ntqh<hK!
nui<gTVjmb!olipqbqbz<!kqxEg<G!dkuqgvlig!njlBl</!
OlZl<! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! dhgv{r<gt<! &zl<! hbqx<sq! ntqh<hOk! hz<OuX!
osbz<Ljxgtqz<! =MhMk<KuK! lx<xui<gTme<! -j{f<K! osbz<hMuK! s&gk<kqz<!
hqe<kr<gqb! li{ui<gTg<G! dkUuK! Ohie<xjugjt! olipqbqbzqz<! gx<xz<! kqxe<!
hjmk<kui<gt<!=MhMk<kOu{<Ml</!
gx<hui<gt<! hz<OuX! ujgbie! s&g! hqe<eeqBmEl<! kqxEmEl<! dmx<s<! sii<f<k!
%XgTmEl<! gi{h<hMujk! yu<ouiVuVl<! yk<Kg<ogit<Tkz<! Ou{<Ml</-ux<jxg<!
gjtb! yu<ouiVuVl<! -j{f<K! osbz<hMuK, ogiMg<gh<hm<m! h{qgjt! fqjxOux<XuK!
hqvs<sjegjt! kQi<h<hK! Ohie<xux<jx! Nsqiqbi<! dkuqBme<! osb<kz<! nusqbl</-u<uiX!
-j{f<K!gx<hke<!&zl<!uip<g<jgbqz<!WX<hMgqe<x!hz<OuX!hqvs<sjegTg<G!kQi<U!gi{!
LcBl</!
82
5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )5/41/! Ofi<ljxbie! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<! yk<Kjph<jh! gm<mjlh<hK! )Building Positive
Teacher-learner Rapport)
!!!!
uGh<hjx! -jmuqje! lix<xk<jk! nkqgiqg<g! Ou{<Moleqz<! Nsqiqbi<!
li{ui<gTg<gqjmOb!gx<xz<!dxUgt<!nkqghcbig!njlf<kqVk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</yV!sqxf<k!
Nsqiqbi<! yu<ouiV! li{ui<! hx<xqBl<! LPjlbie! uquvr<gjt! Osgiqk<K! juk<kqVg<g!
Ou{<Ml</nkiuK! yV! li{uEjmb! nxqU! Hiqkz<kqxe<! s&ghqe<Hzl<!
Ohie<xjugt</lqgh<ohiqb! ntuqzie! d{i<Uh,i<ulie! Hiqkz<! Nsqiqbi<.li{ui<gTg<G!
nusqbl</uGh<hjxbqz<! -u<uqVuVg<GOl! sl! ohiXh<H! d{<M/nu<uiX! dt<tohiPOk!
Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<!yk<Kjph<hqz<!kvl<!lx<Xl<!h{<Hl<!Oll<hMl</!
5/42/!uGh<hjxg<gujzgjt!Gjxg<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/42/!uGh<hjxg<gujzgjt!Gjxg<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/42/!uGh<hjxg<gujzgjt!Gjxg<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!)5/42/!uGh<hjxg<gujzgjt!Gjxg<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!)Reducing Classroom Anxiety)
yV! Nr<gqz! uGh<hjxbqz<! yV! li{ue<! kie<! uqVl<hk<kg<g! ujgbqz<!
NsqiqbVmEl<! sg! Okipi<gTmEl<! -jmuqje! lix<xk<jk! Wx<hMk<kOu{<Ml</yV!
li{uEjmb! hz<OuX! NTjlgjt! gueqk<kz<! gzis<siv! hqe<Hzl<, Nr<gqzk<kqxe<,
Ni<ul<! Ohie<xux<jx! yV! Nsqiqbi<! hkqU! osb<kz<! nusqbl</! -ke<! &zl<!
li{ui<gTjmb! olipqk<kqxeqZt<t! gujzgjt! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! nui<gTjmb!
hqvs<sjejb! kQi<h<hkqZl<! nui<gTjmb! ke<ehqg<jg! ke<lkqh<H! Ohie<xux<jx! uqtg<g!
hz<OuX!ujgbie!uib<h<Hgjt!upr<g!Ou{<Ml</!
Question for discussion of reflection:
1. Explain uses of language in various subjects.
hz<OuX!himr<gtqz<!olipqbqe<!hbe<himjm!uquvq/!
2. Explain effectiveness of medium of instruction in language across curriculum.
gjzkqm<mk<kqz<! uqvuqBt<t! olipqbqeiz<! gx<hqkqkz<! Dmgk<kqz<! Wx<hMl<!
uqjtUgjt!uquvq/!
3. Explain advantage mother language as a medium of instruction and why?
Kib<!olipq!we<hK!yV!gx<hqk<kz<!Dmglig!dt<t!ohiPK!Wx<hMl<! fe<jlgt<!
biK/!We@!
!
!!!!
!!!!
83
nzGnzGnzGnzG....6!olipq6!olipq6!olipq6!olipq!!!!okimi<hie!!sqg<gz<gt<okimi<hie!!sqg<gz<gt<okimi<hie!!sqg<gz<gt<okimi<hie!!sqg<gz<gt<!!!!
(Language Related Issues)
himh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gthimh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gthimh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gthimh<ohiVt<!Ofig<gr<gt<<<<
-h<himh<ohiVjtg<! gx<x! hqe<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<H! Nsqvqb! li{uv<gt<! gQp<g<gi[l<! gx<xz<!
-zg<Ggjt!njmuv</!
� -Volipq?!he<olipq!gVk<Kg<gjtg<!hgqv<kz</!
� himh<ohiVtqe<!wPk<kix<xjz!uti<k<kz</!
� nxquix<xjz!outqh<hMk<Kkz</!
� wPk<kix<xjz!outqg<ogi{i<kz</!
Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv
leqk! uip<uqz<! olipq! Lg<gqb! hr<G! ugqg<gqxK/! sLkibk<kqz<! fqgPl<!
d{<jlgjth<! Hze<gtiz<! nxqb! dkUgqxK/! olipqbqe<! Lg<gqb! Gxqg<OgitieK!
lg<gtqjmOb! osb<kq! w{<{l<! Lkzieux<jxh<! hiqlixqg<! ! ogit<tUl<! nui<gtqe<!
gVk<jkk<!okiquqg<gUl<!dkUgqxK/!
yVui<! OhSl<OhiK! nuVjmb! Gxqg<Ogijts<! osbz<hMk<kUl<! gVk<kqjek<!
okiquqg<gUl<! olipq! dkUgqxK! yV! leqke<! olipqjb! hz<OuX! giv{r<gTg<gig!
hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xie</!
!yV! leqkeqe<! d{i<uqje! outqh<hMk<kq! dkuq! Ogm<hkx<<Gl<! lx<Xl<! le<eqh<H!
Ogm<hkx<gigUl<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
-Volipqbq-Volipqbq-Volipqbq-Volipqbqbbbbz<!z<!z<!z<!!!!!
-Volipq! Hzjl! we<hK! Gjxf<kK! -V! olipqbqz<! Hzjl! ohx<x! keq! fhjv!
Gxqh<hkiGl</!-K!Gpf<jkgTg<Gl<!ohiqbui<gTg<Gl<!OuXhMl</!
he<olipqbqbz<he<olipqbqbz<he<olipqbqbz<he<olipqbqbz<
he<olipqbqbz<!we<hK!hz!olipqgt<!Ohsg<%cb!keq!fhjvObi!nz<zK!Gxqh<hqm<m!
sLkibk<kqejvObi! Gxqh<hqMukiGl</! yV! olipq! OhShui<gjt! uqm! he<olipq!
OhShui<gjtOb!dzgqz<!nkqg!ntuqz<!gi{h<hMgqe<xei</!
84
dzglblig<GkZl<!gzis<sivLOl!!dzgqz<!he<olipq!dVuigg<!giv{ligqxK/!!
-j{bl<! lx<Xl<! keq! fhiqe<! outqh<him<M! Ni<ul<! he<olipqgjtg<! gx<X!
ogit<tUl<!nkje!hbe<hMk<kUl<!giv{ligqxK/!
hz<OuX! h{<him<M! hqe<eq! djmb! li{ui<gjtg<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqz<! dt<thz<OuX! h{<him<M! hqe<eq! djmb! li{ui<gjtg<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqz<! dt<thz<OuX! h{<him<M! hqe<eq! djmb! li{ui<gjtg<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqz<! dt<thz<OuX! h{<him<M! hqe<eq! djmb! li{ui<gjtg<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqz<! dt<t!!!!
suiz<gt<!!suiz<gt<!!suiz<gt<!!suiz<gt<!!!!!!
dzgtiuqb! li{ui<gtqe<! gz<uq! lx<Xl<! leg<gqti<s<sqjb! Ofig<Gl<! ohiPK!yV!
Hkqb! $pzqz<! nui<gt<! hbqZl<OhiK! gQp<g{<m! -u<uqv{<M! giv{qgTl<! dXKj{h<!
HiqgqxK/!
2/ dzg! li{ui<gt<! Ssi<zie<meqe<! ngvikqjb! hx<xq! okiqf<K! ogit<t!
Ou{<Ml</!
3/ nxqUjv! upr<Ghui<gt<! dzgtiuqb! li{ui<gt<! nui<gTg<G!
ogiMg<gh<hm<m! uib<h<Hgjt! LPjlbig! gqvgqk<Kt<tii<gti! we<hkje!
nxqf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!!!!!
• keK!Kjx!sii<f<k!gz<uqbqzqVf<K!uqzGkz<!hqxG!Osi<kz<!uib<h<Hgjt!siqbig!
Oki<f<okMk<kz</!
• ke<!Kjx!sii<f<k!gz<uqje!uqiquig!hbqZgqxii<gti@!!
• Skf<kqvlig!hbqZgqxii<gti@!!
• outqfiMgtqz<!-Vf<K!uf<K!hbqZl<!li{ui<gTme<!gz<uqbqz<!sllig!-Vg<g!
ke<! fim<cOzOb! hbqZl<! li{ui<gt<! ke<! Kjx! sii<f<k! gz<uqbqe<! Sjljb!
yu<ouiV! uVmLl<! Wx<Xg<ogit<t! Ou{<Ml<! -kje! hx<xq! Ofs<SvjzOs]e<!
Oujzgm<Mh<him<M!!dXh<hqei<!li{ui<gTg<G!fqjeu,m<m!Ou{<Ml</!
• gii<z<! me<eqz<! hbqZl<! dzg! ntuqzie! li{ui<gjt! sQvie! gx<xz<!
kqm<mk<kqje! nui<gOt! dVuig<gq! osbz<hMk<k! nui<gjt! Dg<Guqg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!!
• sQvie!hims<Sjl!we<hK!sQvie!ntuqzie!gx<xz<!wPKkz<!lx<Xl<!osbz<Ljx!
kqm<mk<kqOeiM! li{ui<gtqe<! Nr<gqz! olipqk<kqxjeg<! gVk<kqz<! ogi{<M!
Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!
85
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!kguz<gjt!outqh<hMk<Kl<!djvgjtg<!ogi{<m!F~z<gTl<!nux<jx!hck<Kh<!kguz<gjt!outqh<hMk<Kl<!djvgjtg<!ogi{<m!F~z<gTl<!nux<jx!hck<Kh<!kguz<gjt!outqh<hMk<Kl<!djvgjtg<!ogi{<m!F~z<gTl<!nux<jx!hck<Kh<!kguz<gjt!outqh<hMk<Kl<!djvgjtg<!ogi{<m!F~z<gTl<!nux<jx!hck<Kh<!
Hiqf <Kogit<TkZl<!Hiqf <Kogit<TkZl<!Hiqf <Kogit<TkZl<!Hiqf <Kogit<TkZl<!
• li{ui<gt<! Hkqb! dk<kqgjt! jgbi{<M! s&g! nxquqbz<?! nxquqbz<! lx<Xl<!
g{g<G! himr<jt! hbqZkz<! Ou{<Ml</! Woeeqz<! njugt<! kguz<gjt!
kVhju!
• kguz<gt<!gjk!lx<Xl<!gkihik<kqvk<kqje!nch<hjmbig!ogi{<mK/!
• Yu<ouiV! hg<gk<kqZl<! sqz! hk<kqgTl<! yu<ouie<xqZl<! hz! uig<gqbr<gTl<!
osix<gTl<!njlf<K!gi{h<hMl</!!
• -K!gVk<Kg<gjt!uqiquig!uquiqg<g!hbe<hMgqe<xK/!
dt<tmg<gk<jk!hGk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<k <kz<dt<tmg<gk<jk!hGk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<k <kz<dt<tmg<gk<jk!hGk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<k <kz<dt<tmg<gk<jk!hGk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<k <kz<!!!!
• 2!Lkz<!5l<!uGh<Htqz<!hbqZl<!li{ui<gt<!Lkzqz<!hch<hkx<gig!gx<gqxii<gt<!
hqe<ei<!gx<hkx<gig!hbqz<gqe<xii<gt<!Nvl<h!gz<uq!hbqz<huigt<!gx<xz<!kqxje!
uti<k<K! ogit<ukqeiz<! Hkqb! kguz<gjtg<! gx<gqe<xei</! uqiquie! uqtg<gl<!
djmb!gVk<Kgjt!dt<tmg<gqb!Hk<kgr<gtqz<!gVk<Kg<gt<!wu<uiX!njlbh<!
ohx<Xt<tK! we<hjk! ohiVk<Kk<kie<! nju! gx<Gl<! OhiK! li{ui<gTg<G!
wtqjlbieki!nz<zK!gcelieki!we<hkje!kQi<lieqg<g!LcBl</!
• uqiquie!uqtg<gLjmb!gVk<Kg<gjt!dt<tmg<gqb! Hk<kgr<gtqz<! gVk<Kg<gt<!
wu<uiX!njlbh<ohx<Xt<tK!we<hjk!ohiVk<Kk<Kk<kie<!nju!gx<g<Gl<!OhiK!
li{ui<gTg<G! wtqjlbieki! nz<zK! gcelieki! we<hkje! kQi<lieqg<g!
LcBl</!
• uqiquie!uqtg<gLjmb! Hk<kgr<gtqz<! gVk<Kg<gt<! ouu<OuXuqklig!njlbh<!
ohx<xkiz<!Nvl<h!gz<uq!hbqZl<!li{ui<gTg<G!nK!sqvllig!dt<tK/!
• sqz!hk<kqgtqz<!gVk<Kg<gt<!uqtg<gltqh<hkigUl<!lx<x!hk<kqgtqz<!gVk<Kg<gt<!
yh<hqm<Ml<! OuXhMk<kqBl<! %xqbqVg<gqe<xei</! lx<xjugtqz<! giv{! .! hze<gjt!
hx<xq!%xqbqVg<gqe<xei</!
• gz<uq! gx<xzqz<! d{i<f<K! gx<xz<! lx<Xl<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! gx<xz<! Ngqbju!
dkUgqxK/!
86
• fMfqjz! lx<Xl<! dbi<fqjz! gz<uq! hbqZl<! li{ui<gTg<G! uqiquie!
gVk<Kg<gjt!!djmb!Hk<kgr<gt<!lqGf<k!suiz<gjt!djmbkig!-Vg<Gl</!
uqiquie! uqtg<gLjmb! gVk<Kg<gt<! ouu<OuX! uqklig! njlbh<ohx<xkeiz<!
nkqg!ntuqz<!li{ui<gt<!nkje!gx<Gl<OhiK!gx<xzqz<!sqvll<!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!
nkEjmb!hze<!uqiquig!gx<xzqz<!wkqi<ljx!hbe<gjth<!dVuig<Ggqe<xK/!!
• uib<olipq!gx<xzqe<!Le<Oex<xl<uib<olipq!gx<xzqe<!Le<Oex<xl<uib<olipq!gx<xzqe<!Le<Oex<xl<uib<olipq!gx<xzqe<!Le<Oex<xl<!!!!
uib<olipqbqbz<!we<hK!Ogm<mz<!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!osix<gjt!hx<xq!nxqBl<!kqxe<!
nl<olipqbqe<! -zg<g{l<! lx<Xl<! yzqbqbz<! kqxe<! Ohie<xux<jx! dt<tmg<gqbkig!
-Vg<Gl</!uib<olipqbqbz<!kqxje!nkqgiqg<Gl<!osbz<gt</!
ohohohohiVm<gjtg<gim<c!osiz<Zkz<!iVm<gjtg<gim<c!osiz<Zkz<!iVm<gjtg<gim<c!osiz<Zkz<!iVm<gjtg<gim<c!osiz<Zkz<!!!!!
li{ui<gt<! ke<!uQm<czqVf<K!WOkEl<!yV!ohiVjt!ogi{<Muf<K!nkje!hx<xq!
%Xuii<gt<!nkje!okimi<f<K!lx<xui<gt<!nkje!hx<xq!Ogt<uq!Ogm<mhii<gt<!li{ui<gt<!
Wx<Hjmb!hkqz<gt<!ntqh<hii<gt</!!
kqeLl<!uib<olipqg<!gx<xz<kqeLl<!uib<olipqg<!gx<xz<kqeLl<!uib<olipqg<!gx<xz<kqeLl<!uib<olipqg<!gx<xz<!!!!
Nsqiqbi<! kqeLl<! kuxie! yV! osix<oximiqje! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPKuii<!
li{ui<gt<!nkje!keqk<keqbig!uf<K!nf<k!osix<oximjv!sibiekig!lix<x!Ou{<Ml</!!
dkiv{lig! lXfit<! fmk<Kl<! himk<kqZt<t! Nsqiqbi<! yV! uii<k<jkbqje!
Le<ekigOu!li{ui<gTg<G!osiz<zq!Hiqbjuh<hii<!hqe<ei<!li{ui<gjt!sqX!GPg<gtig!
hiqk<K!nf<k! osiz<zqx<gie! ohiVjt!%xq!nkjeh<! hx<xq! li{ui<gjt! Ohs!juh<hii</!
hqe<ei<! li{ui<gt<! nuvui<! GPg<gTme<! Osi<f<K! nf<k! osiz<OziM! ohiVf<kg<! %cb!
hmr<gjt!ujvui</!nke<!hqe<ei<!uGh<hjxbqz<!nkjeh<!hx<xq!NOzisqh<hi</!
3/!Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<gTg<G!vihi<m<!uqjtbiceie<!gqiqg<ogm<!we<x!uii<k<jkgjtg<!
ogiMk<K! nkje! siqbie! osix<oximvig! lix<xs<! osiz<Zuii<! hqe<ei<! nkje! uGh<hqz<!
dt<t!lx<xui<gtqml<!NOzisqh<hi</!
4/! ! uqbk<kGs<! osix<gjt! Nsqiqbi<! kie<! yV! uivk<kqx<G! gx<Xkvg<! %cb!
gii<Mgtqz<! wPkq! juk<kqVh<hi</! li{ui<gjt! um<m! njlh<hqz<! dm<giv! juk<K! yV!
li{uje!njpk<K!nuiqml<!yV!uii<k<jkjb!ogiMh<hii</!li{ue<!nf<k!osiz<zqx<gie!
ni<kk<jk!fck<Kg<!gim<Muii</lx<xui<gt<!nf<k!osiz<zqjeg<!g{<M!hqck<kUme<!nkjeh<!
hzLjx!osiz<zqBl<!wPkqBl<!wPk<Kg<%m<c!hck<Kl<!hbqx<sq!osb<ui</!
87
5/uquikl<!5/uquikl<!5/uquikl<!5/uquikl<!!!!!
li{ui<gtqml<! yV! kjzh<Hg<! ogiMk<K! nkjeh<! hx<xq! uquikl<<<<! fmk<Kkz</!
ogiMk<k! kjzh<H! hx<xq! nui<gtqml<! OhSkz<! kjzh<H! sl<lf<kh<hm<m! gVk<Kg<gjt!
nui<gTg<G!upr<Gkz</!
6/!uii <k <jkgjt!dVuig<Gkz<!6/!uii <k <jkgjt!dVuig<Gkz<!6/!uii <k <jkgjt!dVuig<Gkz<!6/!uii <k <jkgjt!dVuig<Gkz<!!!!!
osix<gtqe<! hGkq! lx<Xl<! uqGkqbqje! li{ui<gtqml<! ogiMk<K!nkqzqVf<K! Hkqb!
osix<gjt!dVuig<Gkz<! Ohie<x! hbqx<sqje! li{ui<gTg<Gg<! ogiMk<kz</! hqe<ei<! nf<k!
uii<k<jkgtqe<! okiGh<hqje! uGh<hjxbqz<! ym<Mukqeiz<! li{ui<gTg<G! nK! dkUl</!
kqm<ml<!sii<f<k!Ogim<h<hiM!!
7/Ogm<mz<!kqxe<!sii<f<k!hbqx<sqgt<!7/Ogm<mz<!kqxe<!sii<f<k!hbqx<sqgt<!7/Ogm<mz<!kqxe<!sii<f<k!hbqx<sqgt<!7/Ogm<mz<!kqxe<!sii<f<k!hbqx<sqgt<!!!!!
sqX! hqt<jtgjt! um<m! njlh<hqz<! nlv! juk<K!Nsqiqbi<! nui<! giKgtqz<! yV!
osix<oximjv!%Xuii<!yVui<!lx<xuiqml<!nkje!%Xui<!-Xkqbqz<!Nsqiqbi<!%xqb!LP!
osix<oximjv! LPjlbig! nui<gt<! %Xgqxii<gti@! we<hkje! Nsqiqbi<! gueqg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!
dbi<gz<uq! hbqZl<! li{ui<gTg<G! Nsqiqbi<! uGh<hqz<! %Xujk! gueqk<K!
Lg<gqblie!gVk<Kg<gjt!dt<uir<Gkz<!lx<Xl<!Gxqh<ohMk<kz<!kqxje!uti<g<gqe<xK/!
)wMk<Kg<gim<mig*!!
uGh<hqz<! himl<! fmk<Kl<! ohiPK! li{ui<gtqml<! sqz! uig<gqbr<gjt! ncg<gc!
osiz<Zukqeiz<! nui<gt<! Lg<gqb! osb<kqgjt! Gxqh<ohMk<Kg<! ogit<uii<gt<! d/k! -K!
Lg<gqblieK! -h<OhiK! fie<! %xh<OhiuK! Lg<gqblie! ye<X/! Lkzqz<! fQr<gt<! osb<b!
Ou{<cbK!
ohiVtmg<gk<kqohiVtmg<gk<kqohiVtmg<gk<kqohiVtmg<gk<kqje!hck<K!gi{<hqk <kz<!je!hck<K!gi{<hqk <kz<!je!hck<K!gi{<hqk <kz<!je!hck<K!gi{<hqk <kz<!
gx<xzqz<! sk<klig! hch<hK! lx<Xl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gt<! Lg<gqbliekig!
gVkh<hMgqe<xK/! fMfqjz! lx<Xl<! dbi<fqjz! ht<tqgtqz<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gt<! uqiquig!
gx<g%cb!gVk<Kg<gt<!ogi{<m!Hk<kgr<gt<!ohVl<!Sjlbig!dt<te/!-keiz<!gx<xzqz<!
nui<gTg<G!ouXh<H!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!nkeiz<!hch<hqz<!oux<xq!ohVuK!sqvllig!dt<tK/!
gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!kqxje!li{ui<gtqjmOb!uti<g<g!nui<gTg<G!
ogiMk<K!Hiqb!juk<kz<!nusqbliekig!-Vg<gqe<xK/!!
88
wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!!!!!
yh<hqMkz<!lx<Xl<!OuXhMk<Kkz<!gVk<Kg<gt<!hk<kqgtqz<!uVl<!ohiPK!li{ui<gt<!
sqz!uii<k<jkgjt!njmbitl<!osb<b!osiz<Zl<OhiK!nui<gtiz<!Szhlig!hbqzLcBl</!
li{ui<gtqe<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<! kqxje! uti<g<g! nui<gTg<G! Hkqb! uii<k<jkgjtg<!
gx<hqk<kz<! Lg<gqbliekiGl<! lx<Xl<! gcelie! himr<gTl<! nkEjmb! kjzh<H!
ujvhmr<gt<! gVk<kig<gl<!Lkzqbju!&zlig!li{ui<gTg<G!Szhlig!gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK!
nui<gTl<!Szhlig!nkje!gx<gqe<xei</!
li{ui<gtqe<! gx<xz<! kqxje!Osikqg<Gl<! ohiPK! Ogm<gh<hMl<! Ogt<uqgt<! likqiqk<!
Oki<Ugtqe<!Ogt<uqgOtiM!yk<Kh<OhiGl<!ntuqx<G!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<gjt! li{ui<gtqjmOb! uti<k<kz<! &zlig! uqiquie!
himr<gjt!li{ui<gt<!hcg<g!WKuig<gLcgqxK/!
li{ui<gt<!g{qkl<!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<Gl<OhiK!kjzh<H!Gxqh<H!
sm<ml<! ujvhmr<<gt<! &zlig! gx<hkeiz<! nui<gtiz<! gVk<Kg<gjt! yPr<GhMk<kq!
Hiqf<Kogi{<M!osbz<hMk<Kl<!ohiPK!gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!hch<hqz<!Le<Oex<xl<!lx<Xl<!Oki<s<sq!
gqjmg<gh<ohXgqe<xei</!
leh<hkqU!gm<mjlh<Hg<!Ogim<hiM!leh<hkqU!gm<mjlh<Hg<!Ogim<hiM!leh<hkqU!gm<mjlh<Hg<!Ogim<hiM!leh<hkqU!gm<mjlh<Hg<!Ogim<hiM!!!!!
nxqkqxe<! osbz<! kqbiq! nxqU! wu<uiX! ohxh<hMgqxK! osbz<hMgqxK! lx<Xl<!
yPr<GhMk<khMgqe<xK!we<hkje!hx<xq!%Xgqe<xK/!!
yVuEjmb!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!kqxe<!nui<gt<!nEhuk<kqZl<!dzg!nxqjuBl<!
dt<tmg<gq!-Vg<Gl</!!
yV! osbz<! hx<xq! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<! fmg<Gl<OhiK! nxUkieig! outqh<hjmbig!
Okie<Xgqe<xK/!
flK! nEhul<! &zl<! ohxh<hm<m! nxqjug<! Gxqg<gqxK/! fil<! osb<k! osbz<gjt!
fqjeu,m<m!-bZl<!lx<Xl<! flK!fmk<jkbqje!yPr<G!hMk<kqmUl<! hbe<hMgqe<xK/! hqe<!
uqjtUgjt!b,gqg<gUl<!nK!dkUgqe<xK/!!
! <̂gQli!we<hK!Gpf<jk!kie<!wkqi<ogit<Tl<!ohiVt<?!leqk!nz<zK!okimi<hig!
Hze<gt<! uibqzignjmBl<! le! iQkqbie! ke<jlgjt! outqh<hMk<KukiGl</! giz!
-jmoutq!njmBl</!gizk<kiz<!lix<xl<!uqiqujmBl<?!ke<jl!djmbK!Hkqb!kguz<gt<!
Osi<g<gh<hMuke<! giv{lig! -0K! uqiqujmgqxK/! Neiz<! Nplig! fqXuh<hm<m! ^<gQli!
89
olKuigUl<!lf<kliUl<!osbz<hmg<%cb!ye<xiGl</!-ke<!giv{lig!lg<gt<!sqzi<!hjpb!
gVk<Kg<gTme<!kr<gtK!hii<jubqje!lix<xqg<ogit<tilz<!uip<gqe<xei</!Hkqb!kguz<gt<!
gqjmg<g! ohXukqeiz<! njugt<! kx<OhiK! -Vg<Gl<! uqz<! dt<t! kguz<gjt! ye<X!
Osi<g<gqe<xK/!!
SVr<gg<! %xqe<! <̂gQli! we<hK! fil<! Hze<gtiz<! nxqf<K{vg<! %cb! kguz<gjt!
leiQkqbigh<!hkquqm<M?!okimi<Hjmb!leh<hkqUgjtg<!ogi{<M!dVuig<gh<hm<m!gm<mjlh<H!
NGl</! -k<e! &zOl! fil<! gx<xxqf<kux<jx! flK! fQ{<mgiz! fqjeUh<hGkqbqz<! Oslqk<K!
jug<gqOxil</!nkiuK!fqjeuqz<!nxqUk<okiGh<hig!fqjzfqXk<kqMgqOxil</!
Hkqb! kgui<gjt! fil<! fK! Sx<Xs<$pzqzqVf<K! ohx<xqMl<OhiK?! nux<jx! flK!
fqgp<giz!fqjeuqz<!dt<t!nxqUg<gm<mjlh<OhiM!yh<hqm<M!ohiVT{i<f<kxqgqOxil</!
nxqkqxe<!uti<s<sqBl<! <̂gQliuqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gTl<nxqkqxe<!uti<s<sqBl<! <̂gQliuqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gTl<nxqkqxe<!uti<s<sqBl<! <̂gQliuqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gTl<nxqkqxe<!uti<s<sqBl<! <̂gQliuqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gTl<!!!!
! leh<hkqUgt<! -j{f<K! ujzh<hqe<ez<! Ohie<x! njlh<H! dVuigqe<xK! we<Xl<?!
-kje!^<gQli!we<X!njpg<gqOxil<!we<Xl<!nxqf<Kt<Otil</!-f<k! <̂gQli!nz<zK!nxqUg<!
gm<mjlh<H?! Gpf<jkgtqe<! gx<xz<! nEhur<gt<! nkqgiqg<g! nkqgiqg<g! uqiq!
UhMk<KuOkiM?! lix<xLl<! njmf<K! okimi<f<K! Oll<hiM! njmgqxK/! weOu! sqX!
Gpf<jkgjt!uqm!ohiqbui<gt<!kgujzh<!hiqsQzqg<Gl<!Ljx!Oll<hm<Mg<!gi{h<hMuOkiM?!
nui<gtK!nxqUl<!dbi<fqjzbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
! <̂gQli! dVh<ohx<X! sQi<hMk<kh<hMkzqz<! nkiuK! nxqkqxe<! uti<s<sqbqz<! fie<G!
dm<%Xgt<! -ml<! ohXgqe<xe/! Njubiue! 2/ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<! 3/ohiVk<Kkz<!
4/-{r<Gkz<!5/yVr<gjlk<k<!-eq!-ju!hx<xq!SVg<gligh<!hii<h<Ohil</!
ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<!!!!
! Gpf<jk! keK! $p<fqjzbqzqVf<K! ohXl<! Hkqb! nEhuk<jk! ke<! lekqz<!
Wx<geOuBt<t! <̂gQliUme<! -j{k<kOz! ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<! weh<hMgqxK/! yV! <̂gQli!
dVuieUme<! nK! yu<ouiV! Hkqb! ohiVTg<Gl<?! Hkqb! fqjzjlg<Gl<! ohiVk<kqh<!
hii<g<gh<hm<M!ohiVt<!d{i<f<kxqbh<hMgqxK/!-ke<!giv{ligOu?!Gpf<jkgt<!Hkqbux<jxh<!
Hiqf<K! ogit<t?! Wx<geOu! ohx<Xt<t! nEhuk<! okiGh<jh! hb<ehMk<Kl<! kqxjeh<!
ohx<xqVg<gqe<xei</!
!!!!
!!!!
90
ohiVk<Kkz<ohiVk<Kkz<ohiVk<Kkz<ohiVk<Kkz<!!!!
!!!! ke<ubh<h<Mk<Kkjzk<! okimi<f<K?! ‘ohiVk<Kkz<’! we<El<! osbz<hiM! fqgp<gqxK/!
Gpf<jk! Hkqb! nEhuk<jkh<! ohXl<OhiK! nK! Wx<geOu! Gpf<jkbqml<! dt<t!
<̂gQliOuiM!ohiVk<kqh<!hii<g<gh<hm<M?!‘OuXhiMgt<’!nz<zK!Lv{<hiMgt<!-Vf<kiz<!njk!
sQi<osb<Bl<!ujgbqz<!Wx<geOu!dt<!-Vg<Gl<! <̂gQli!lix<xq!njlg<gh<hMgqxK/!-u<uiX!
nEhur<gt<! Osv! Osv?!^<gQli!lix<xljmf<K!ogi{<Om!uVgqxK/!nkiuK!Gpf<jkbqe<!
sqf<kjek<kqxe<!uti<s<sqbjmgqxK/!
-{r<Gkz<-{r<Gkz<-{r<Gkz<-{r<Gkz<!!!!
! Hkqb! nEhur<gjt! ^<gQliuqz<! Osi<k<kqMuK! ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<! NGl</!
ohiVk<Kkz<! uibqzig?! Hkqb! nEhuk<kqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! Wx<geOu! dt<t! ^<gQli!
uqiqujmgqxK!nz<zK!lix<xqbjlg<gh<hMgqxK/!-ke<!uqjtuig!Gpf<jk!kie<!wkqi<hMl<!
Hkqb!$p<fqjzg<G!Wx<h!ke<je!lix<xqbjlk<Kg<!ogit<gqxK/!-s<osbjzOb!-{r<Gkz<!
we<X!hqbiO\!njpg<gqxii</!wf<kouiV! <̂gQliUl<!fqvf<kvlieke<X!Hkqb!nEhur<gTg<G!
Wx<h!lix<xljmf<K!ogi{<OmbqVg<Gl</!lix<xqbjlg<g!Lcbik!$p<fqjzbqz<!Hkqb!^<gQli!
ye<X!Wx<geOuBt<t! <̂gQlijuk<!kuqv!Okix<Xqug<gh<hMl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<MwMk<Kg<gim<MwMk<Kg<gim<MwMk<Kg<gim<M!!!!
!!!! hqxf<k!Gpf<jkg<G!kib<h<hiz<!lm<Ml<!d{uig!ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/!Woeeqz<!nke<!
\Qv{!njlh<H!hijz!lm<Ml<!gqvgqk<Kg<!ogit<Tl<!ke<jl!hjmk<kK/!Sqz!likr<gTg<Gh<!
hqxG?! sqxqK! sqxqkig! %p<?! lsqk<k! gib<gxqgt<! Ohie<x! kqm! d{Uh<! ohiVm<gt<!
Gpf<jkg<Gg<!ogiMg<gh<hMl<OhiK?!slfqjz!hqxp<U!Wx<hm<M?!hbqx<Xh<Ohig<G!Wx<hmg<!%Ml</!
Neiz! sqz! fim<gtqOzOb! -K! fqe<X! ohib<! kqm!d{Uh<! ohiVm<gjtBl<! \Qv{qg<Gl<!
ujgbqz!nke<!\Qv{!njlh<H!lix<xljmgqxK/!
! -Ok! Ohie<X!Gpf<jkbqe<!nxqkqxe<! gm<mjlh<Hl<?! kie<! wkqi<ogit<Tl<! sqg<gzie!
gVk<KgjtBl<!ke<ubh<hMk<kqg<!ogit<Tl<!ujgbqz<!lix<xljmf<K!ogi{<Om!-Vh<hkig!
hqbiO\! gVKgqxii</! -u<uiX! nxqkqxe<! gm<mjlh<H! lix<xljmukiOzOb! Gpf<jkbqe<!
nxqU! uti<s<sq! Wx<hMgqxK/weOu!nxqkqxe<! uti<s<sq! we<hK! nxqf<kqVg<Gl<! ohiVm<gtqe<!
ntU! nz<zK! w{<{qg<jgh<! ohVg<gl<! lm<Mlz<z! Nvib<f<K! nxqBl<! LjxbqOzOb!
ohVk<k!lix<xr<gjtBl<!ohXuK!NGl</!
!!!!
91
yVr<gjlk<kz<yVr<gjlk<kz<yVr<gjlk<kz<yVr<gjlk<kz<!!!!
! hz! ^<gQlig<gt<! dVh<ohx<xqVg<Gl<! fqjzbqz<! nju! keqk<! keqbig! -br<gilz<!
ye<xqj{g<gh<hMkOz! yVr<gjlk<kz<! NGl</! Ng! Gpf<jkbqe<! nxqkqxe<! gm<mjlh<H!
okimi<f<K!lix<xljmf<K!Oll<hiM!njmgqxK/!
nxqkqxe<!gm<mjlh<H!!
2/yVr<gjlk<kz<!!
3/-{r<Gkz<!!
ohiVk<Kkiz<!!
ke<ubh<hMk<Kkz<!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig!! hii<k<kz<?! hx<Xkz<! we<El<! -v{<M! dmz<kqxe<gjth<! ohx<xhqe<?!
nux<jx! Ljxbig! -j{k<K?! kie<! hii<k<k! ohiVjt! ohiXg<gq! wMk<kz<! we<x!
osb<kqxjeh<!ohXkz</!
kqm <mhze<!kqm <mhze<!kqm <mhze<!kqm <mhze<!!!!!
kguz<gt<! kx<OhiK! osbz<hMl<! nz<zK! nK! okimi<Hjmbkqz<! lix<xl<!
dVuigqxK/! osbx<jg!nxqkqxe<! hGkqbqz<! -Vg<gqe<x! oux<xqohxik!LPjl!njmbik!
Lbx<sqbqe<!kig<gl<!uqz<!gi{h<hMgqxK/!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig!
!g{q{qbqje?! yV! Hk<kgk<jk! kieig! uisqg<g! osb<uOki! nz<zK! leqkje!
Ohiz! osbz<hm! osb<uK! -bzik! gqiqbl<! Woeeqz<! nkx<Ogx<x! kguz<gt<! Ng!
g{q{qbqz<!ohiVk<kh<hmOu{<Ml<!nu<uiX!osb<bik!fqjzbqz<!-K!sik<kqblqz<jz/!
ohiK! nxqU! lx<Xl<! Hkqb! gVk<Kg<gt<! lx<Xl<! Ogim<MhiMgTg<Gl<! Lg<gqbl<!
ntqg<gqe<xK/!Nsqiqbi<gt<!li{ui<gTg<G!gz<uq!gx<Gl<OhiK!Hkqb!nxqju!dVuig<gUl<!
lx<Xl<!nK!okimi<hig!Hkqb!kguz<gjt!dVuig<gUl<!hbe<hmOu{<Ml</!
djvbjlh<H!jvbjlh<H!jvbjlh<H!jvbjlh<H!!!
! ns<sqmh<hm<Omi! nz<zK!!!! wPkh<hm<mOmi! -Vg<Gl<! F~zqz<?! gVk<Kgjt!
outqh<hMk<Kukqz<!djv!njh<H!Lg<gqbliekig!dt<tK/djv!nz<zK!uig<gqbr<gtqe<!
okiGh<hjlh<H! okimi<s<sqbig! -Vf<kiz<kie<?! hch<hui<! wtqkqz<! Hiqf<K! ogit<t! LcBl</!
92
ohiKuig! yV! fz<z! djv! njlh<H! we<hK?! kguz<! nz<zK! gVk<K! wu<uiX! sqxf<k!
ljxbqz! hk<kqbqz<! njlbh<ohx<Xt<tK! we<hjks<! sii<f<kkiGl</djvbjlh<H! we<hK!
F~zisqiqbiqe<!w{<{r<gt<!gVk<Kgtqe<!ucu!njlh<hiGl</!
yV!fz<z!djv!njlh<H!gQp<g<g{<m!h{<Hgjtg<!ogi{<M!-Vg<Gl</!
• Le<Ejv!
• gVk<Kgtqz<!okimi<s<sq!
• ohiVk<klie!osix<gt<!jgbith<hmz<!
• gVk<K!uqtg<gr<gtqz<!okitqU!!
• Sjuhmg<!%xz<!!
• wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<!ogi{<M!uqtg<Gkz<!!
• yx<Xjl!)wjkh<!Ohie<X*?!Oux<Xjl!)wkx<G!lixig*!we<hjkg<!%xz</!
• hqjpbx<x!uig<gqbr<gt<!
• hpGolipqbqz<!li{ig<gi<!Hiqf<Kogit<Tl<!ujgbqz<!%xz</!
• Okjubx<x!gcjelie!osix<gjtBl<?!hqxolipqs<!osix<gzh<jhBl<!kuqi<k<kz</!
• uqeig<gTg<gie!uqjmjb!wtqkqz<!njmb!upqujg!osb<kqmz<!!
• gVk<Kgjt!wtqkqz<!okiGk<kxqBl<!ujgbqz<!njlk<kqmz<!
djvgjt?!nux<xqe<!ohiVt<!uqtg<Gl<!ke<jlbqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!hqe<uVl<!fie<G!
hqiqUgtig!ujgh<hMk<kqmzil</!
gjk!ucuqz!uquiqg<Gl<!djv!gjk!ucuqz!uquiqg<Gl<!djv!gjk!ucuqz!uquiqg<Gl<!djv!gjk!ucuqz!uquiqg<Gl<!djv!!
ohiPKOhig<G! okimi<hie! gjkgjt! uquiqg<Gl<! ujgbqz<! -u<Ujvbjlh<H!
-Vg<Gl</!
!!!!
!!!!
93
uqtg<Gkz<!djvuqtg<Gkz<!djvuqtg<Gkz<!djvuqtg<Gkz<!djv!!!!
ki<g<giQkqbig! kguz<gjt! ntqh<hkigUl<?! wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<! ogi{<M! gVk<Kgjt!
uqtg<Gl<!!LjxbqZl<!-u<ujg!djv!njlh<H!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
okipqzFm<hl<!nz<zK!nxquqbz<!sii<f<k!djv!okipqzFm<hl<!nz<zK!nxquqbz<!sii<f<k!djv!okipqzFm<hl<!nz<zK!nxquqbz<!sii<f<k!djv!okipqzFm<hl<!nz<zK!nxquqbz<!sii<f<k!djv!!!
ntqg<gh<hMl<! kguz<gt<! yV! osbz<him<ce<! nch<hjmjb! uqtg<Gukig!
-u<Ujvbjlh<H!uqtr<GgqxK/nkiuK!giv{.giiqb!okimi<hqje!Hiqbs<!osb<kZg<G!
Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqh<hkig!-u<ujg!djv!njlh<H!njlf<kqMl</!
Wx<Xg<ogit<tWx<Xg<ogit<tWx<Xg<ogit<tWx<Xg<ogit<tk<!K~{<cMl<!djvk<!K~{<cMl<!djvk<!K~{<cMl<!djvk<!K~{<cMl<!djv!!!!
okiquqg<gh<hMl<! gVk<Kgjt?! hch<Ohii<! Wx<Xg<! ogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<! giv{! –!
giiqbk<! okimi<hqje! Le<eqjzh<hMk<kq! upr<gqMl<! ujgbqz<! -k<kjgb! djv!
njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
djv!njlh<hqx<gie! sibieokiV!njlh<H! we<X! wKUl<! -z<jz/! wPKhui<gt<!
nuvui<! uqVh<hk<kqx<G! Wx<h! djvjb! njlk<kg<! ogit<gqe<xei</ohiKuig! djv!
njlh<Hgt<!hqe<uVliX!ujgh<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/!
yh<hQm<M!njlh<H!yh<hQm<M!njlh<H!yh<hQm<M!njlh<H!yh<hQm<M!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg!djv!-v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<G!Olx<hm<m!leqki<gt?<!fqgp<Ugt<?!gVk<Kgt<!
Ohie<xux<jx! yh<hqm<M?! nux<xqx<G! -jmOb! dt<t! yx<XjlgjtBl<!
Oux<XjlgjtBl<!Nvib<ukig!njlf<K!-Vg<Gl</!
giv{l<!giv{l<!giv{l<!giv{l<!....!!!!uqjtU!njlh<H!uqjtU!njlh<H!uqjtU!njlh<H!uqjtU!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg! djv?! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! fqgp<U! nz<zK! gVk<K?! nkjek<! okimi<f<K!
Wx<hMl<! uqjtU! nz<zK! gVk<K! Ngqbux<xqx<G! -jmObBt<t! giv{! –! giiqb!
okimi<jh!uqtg<Gukig!njlf<kqMl</!
uiqjsg<gqvl!njlh<H!uiqjsg<gqvl!njlh<H!uiqjsg<gqvl!njlh<H!uiqjsg<gqvl!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg! djv! njlh<H?! fqgp<Ugjt! giz! uiqjsh<hMk<kqnjlk<Kl<?! yV!
osbz<Ljxjb!nke<!hcfqjzgt<!ogi{<M!uqtg<GukigUl<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
!!!!
94
hqvs<sje!kQi<U!njlh<H!hqvs<sje!kQi<U!njlh<H!hqvs<sje!kQi<U!njlh<H!hqvs<sje!kQi<U!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg!djvnjlh<H! yV! hqvs<sje!nz<zK! hqvs<sjegjt!Le<eqjzh<hMk<kq?!
nux<xqe<! -bz<Hgt<?! nux<xqx<gie! giv{r<gt<?! nux<jxk<! kQi<g<Gl<! upqLjxgt<!
we! biux<jxBl<! LPjlbig! uqtg<gqMuOkiM?! kQi<uqe<! kig<gl<! Gxqk<Kl<!
uquikqg<Gl<!ujgbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
ui<{je!njlh<Hui<{je!njlh<Hui<{je!njlh<Hui<{je!njlh<H!!!!
-u<ujg!djv!njlh<H!yV!gVk<K!nz<zK!fqgp<U!Gxqk<K!uqiquig!uquiqk<K?!
nK!hx<xqb!les<sqk<kqvk<jk!gx<hui<gtqml<!dVuig<gqMl<!ujgbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
uqeiuqeiuqeiuqei....uqjm!njlh<H!uqjm!njlh<H!uqjm!njlh<H!uqjm!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg! djv! njlh<H! yV! uqeiuqje! wPh<hq?! nkx<gie! kQi<U! Gxqk<K!
uquikqg<Gl<!ujgbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!!
Spx<sq!njlh<H!Spx<sq!njlh<H!Spx<sq!njlh<H!Spx<sq!njlh<H!!!!!
-u<ujg! djv! njlh<H?! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! fqgp<uqzqVf<K! okimr<gq?! nkjek<!
okimi<f<K! hz<OuX! uq]br<gjt! uquikqk<khqe<?! Lkzqz<! okimir<gq! fqgp<Ug<Og! uVl<!
ujgbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!
himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! dt<t! himh<ohiVt<! hGkqgjt! hck<Kh<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! gx<Xk<!himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! dt<t! himh<ohiVt<! hGkqgjt! hck<Kh<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! gx<Xk<!himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! dt<t! himh<ohiVt<! hGkqgjt! hck<Kh<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! gx<Xk<!himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! dt<t! himh<ohiVt<! hGkqgjt! hck<Kh<! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M! gx<Xk<!
Oki<s<sqbjmkz<Oki<s<sqbjmkz<Oki<s<sqbjmkz<Oki<s<sqbjmkz<!!!!
himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<!dt<t! himh<ohiVt<! hGkq! ye<jx! ohiVtxqf<K! hck<K?! gx<xz<! Oki<s<sq!
ohXukqz<!-ml<!ohXl<!hcgtiue!!!!!
hck<kxqb!Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!!
ohiVk<klie!hcgk<kxqBl<!dk<kqjb!Oki<U!osb<K!hbe<hMk<kqmz<!!
hcg<Gl<OhiK!ohiVk<klie!dk<kqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kq!Gxqh<ohMk<kz</!
hck<K!Lck<khqe<!Gxqh<Hgtqe<!Kj{g<ogi{<M!hck<k!himh<hGkqbqe<!gVk<Kgjt!!!!!!!!!!!!!
SVg<glig!okiGk<kz</!
himg<gVk<Kgtqe<!SVg<glie!okiGh<jh!yV!Ljx!uisqk<K!wPkqh<!hii<k<<kz</!
!!!!
95
hck<kxqb!Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!hck<kxqb!Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!hck<kxqb!Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!hck<kxqb!Ou{<cb!himh<ohiVt<!hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!!
hck<kxqb! Ou{<cb! himh<ohiVt<! hGkqjb!Nb<U!osb<K!nkqz<! -ml<! ohx<Xt<t!
kjzh<Hgt<?! Kj{k<kjzh<Hgt<?! Kj{k<kjzh<Hgt<! yu<ouie<xqZl<! -ml<! ohx<Xt<t!
Lg<gqb! gVk<Kgt<! nVR<osix<gt<?! ujvbjxgt<?! nm<muj{gt<?! ujvhm! uqtg<gr<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jxg<! g{<mxqkz<?! -h<hcfqjzbqz<! fjmohXgqxK/! nkiuK! himh<hGkqbqe<!
njlh<H!hx<xq!okiqf<K!ogit<ujkOb!himh<hGkqjb!hiqsQzqk<kz<!we<gqOxil</!-ke<!&zl<!
himh<hGkqbqe<! gm<mjlh<Hg<G! Wx<h?! ohiVk<klie! ‘uisqk<kz<! dk<kqjb’! okiqU! osb<K!
hbe<hMk<kqmzil</! ohiVT{i<f<K! uisqg<Gl<OhiK! Gxqh<ohMk<kz<! uqjthbe<! lqg<g!
gx<xZg<G! nusqbliGl</! nkiuK! Gxqh<ohMk<kZg<G! dkuqMl<! ujgbqzie! uisqk<kz<!
dk<kqjbk<! okiqU! osb<ujkk<kie<! ‘ohiVk<klie! uisqk<kz<! dk<kqjb! okiqU! osb<kz<’!
we<gqOxil<!
dr<gTg<G!ogiMg<gh<hMt<t!gm<Mjvbqe<!jlb!gVk<kqje!g{<mxqb!Ou{<Ml</!
Kj{k<kjzh<H!Kj{k<kjzh<H!Kj{k<kjzh<H!Kj{k<kjzh<H!!!!!
!gm<Mjvbqe<!jlb!gVk<K!wu<uiX!lx<x!gVk<Kg<gTme<!Osi<g<ghm<Mt<tK!lx<Xl<!
gm<Mjv!wu<uiX!dVuig<gh<hm<Mt<tK!we<hkjeg<!g{<mxqb!Ou{<Ml</!!
-kqz<!OuX!WOkEl<!Kj{g<!gVk<Kg<gt<!dt<tki!we<X!g{<Mhqcg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
Kj{!kjzh<Hgjt!fQr<gtig!dXuig<gqg<!ogit<tzil</!!
Lg<gqblig! gVk<Kg<gjt! lm<Ml<! keqbig! wPkUl<! OuX! kguz<gt<! nz<zK!
gVk<Kg<gt<! dt<teui! we<X! hii<g<gUl<! nu<uiX! -Vh<hqe<! sqxqK! -jmoutq! uqm<M!
Kj{k<!kjzh<H!gQOp!wPkqg<!ogit<tUl</!
LPjlbie! uig<gqbr<gjt! wPkg<%miK! Lcf<kujv! SVg<glieux<jx! wPk!
Ou{<Ml</!uii<k<jkgjtg<!SVg<glig!wPkUl</!!
osix<gtqe<! uqGkqbqje! nh<hcOb! juk<Kg<! ogit<tUl<! Woee<xiz<! hqe<ei<!
gm<Mjvjb!LPjlbig!hcg<Gl<OhiK!uqGkqgt<!Lg<gqblie!gVk<Kg<gjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<g!
dkuqbig!-Vg<Gl</!
SVg<glie!okiGh<H!SVg<glie!okiGh<H!SVg<glie!okiGh<H!SVg<glie!okiGh<H!!!!!
yV!gjk!nz<zK!gm<Mjvbqe<!Lg<gqb!gVk<Kg<gjtg<!SVg<glig!okiGh<hKkie</!!
96
fil<! hcg<Gl<! Hk<kgk<kqzqVg<Gl<! ohiqb! hk<kqgtqz<! dt<t! gVk<Kg<gjtg<!
SVg<gUl<! Nsqiqbi<! uqiqUjv! Nx<Xl<OhiK! lx<Xl<! ! kguz<! okimi<H! utr<gtqzqVf<K!
gVk<kig<gl<!LcBl</!!
gVk<kig<gl<!osb<uK!gVk<kig<gl<!osb<uK!gVk<kig<gl<!osb<uK!gVk<kig<gl<!osb<uK!!!!!
ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! hk<kqgtqz<!dt<t!Lg<gqb! lx<Xl<! jlb! gVk<Kg<gjt! lm<Ml<!
sqXokiGkqbig! lix<xq! njlg<gUl</! li{ui<gt<! kr<gTg<G! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!
gm<Mjvbqje!wf<k!ntuqx<G!Hiqf<K!ogi{<M!nkje!outqh<hMk<kq!dt<tei<!we<hkjes<!
Osikqg<g!-K!dkUl</!!
• Hkqb! kguz<gt<! kqvm<Ml<OhiKl<! lx<Xl<! Nvib<s<sq! osb<Bl<! OhiKl<! -K!
dkUgqe<xK/!
• ogiMg<gh<hMt<t! gm<Mjvbqje! OugligUl<! ohiVt<! d{i<f<K! hck<K!
nkeEjmb!jlb!ohiVjtg<!g{<mxqb!Ou{<Ml</!
• Lg<gqblie!gVk<Kg<gjt!Ogicm<M!jug<gUl</!
• gm<Mjvjb! LPjlbig! hck<K! nkqz<! dt<t! gqjtg<! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<!
Hiqf<K!ogit<tUl</!!
• Kj{k<! kjzh<Hgt<! lx<Xl<! ujvhmr<gt<! Ngqbux<jx! ujg! osb<K!
ogit<tUl<!!
• jlb!gVk<kqje!ye<X!nz<zK!-v{<M!uig<gqbr<gtqz<!wPkUl</!!
• hqxG! lx<x! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<! Osi<k<K! okiGg<gUl<! gjmsqbig! fQr<gt<!
wPkqb! hk<kqbqz<! wz<zi! Lg<gqb! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<! -j{f<Kt<tQvi! we<X!
siqhii<k<Kg<!ogit<tUl</!
gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!wPKkz<!okimi<H!gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!wPKkz<!okimi<H!gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!wPKkz<!okimi<H!gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!wPKkz<!okimi<H!!!!!
gz<uqbiti<gt<! gx<xz<! lx<Xl<! wPKkz<gTg<Glie! okimi<H! hx<xq! ncg<gc!
%Xuii<gt<!mig<mi<!Osm<gqe<osz<zi!sie<!hqvie<sq^<Ogi!gx<xz<!lx<Xl<!wPKkzqe<!okimi<H!
hx<xq!gQp<uXliV!%Xgqxii</!uqiquigUl<!kqesiqBl<!hcg<Gl<OhiK!yVuVg<G!wPk<Kk<!kqxe<!
uti<gqxK/!
• sqXubkqz<! hcg<Gl<! Ni<uLt<tui<gt<! hqf<fitqz<! fz<z! wPk<K! kqxjl!
ohx<xui<gtig!-Vh<hi</!
97
• kqesiq!hcg<Gl<!hpg<gk<kqje!yVui<!Olx<ogit<Gl<OhiK!nkEjmb!kig<gl<!
wPk<Kk<!kqxje!Oll<hMk<Kl</!
• utVl<!wPk<kiti<gt<!hqxi<!wPkqb!osbzig<gl<!djmb!fqjxb!hze<gjt!
djmb!gm<Mjvgjt!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!juk<Kg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
• Woee<xiz<! yVui<! ouu<OuX! fjmgtqz<! wPk! Ogm<Mg<ogit<th<hMl<OhiK!
nuviz<!Szhlig!OuX!fjmbqje!hqe<hx<x!LcbiK!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!!!!!
• yVui<! uz<Zfvig! -Vf<kiz<! nuviz<! Szhlig! wPk! -bziK/! gx<xz<!
lx<Xl<! wPKl<! kqxe<gjt! ye<xe<! hqe<! ye<xigk<kie<! li{ui<gTg<G!
gx<Xk<kv! Ou{<Ml</! -ju! -v{<MBl<! yOv! Ofvk<kqz<! gx<Xk<! kv! -bziK!
Nr<gqzl<!gx<Gl<OhiK!wPk<Kk<!kqxje!Dg<Guqh<hkx<gig!Olx<ogit<thm<m!
Lbx<sq/!-K!ogbqz<!oam<omb<zi<!we<hiviz<!%xh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• -tl<!wPk<kiti<gt<!Nvl<hk<kqz<!wPKl<!ohiPK!fqjxb!kuXgt<!osb<ui<!
nK! Wx<Xg<ogit<th<hm! Ou{<cb! ye<X/! hqxG! nkje! olKuig!
nui<gTg<G!d{i<k<Kukiz<!nkje!nui<gt<!Hiqf<K!ogit<uii<gt</!
• sqXui<gt<! kir<gt<! gx<xjk! hck<kux<jx! wPk<kqe<! &zl<!
hiqlixqg<ogit<ujk!Dg<Guqg<g!Ou{<Ml<!nu<uiX!osb<ukqeiz<!nui<gtqe<!
wPk<Kk<kqxe<!Oll<hMl</!
• li{ui<gt<! kr<gTg<G! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! kjzh<Hgt<! hx<xq! sqf<kqg<g!
nui<gtqe<! Nsqiqbi<! Dg<Guqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -r<Og! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<!
gVk<Kg<gjtg<! hgqi<f<K! ogit<t! Ou{<cb! nusqbligqe<xK/! nui<gt<!
wPk<kqe<! &zlig!nK! outqh<hMk<Kl<! ohiPK!Nsqiqbi<gt<! li{ui<gjt!
Dg<Guqk<K! nui<gt<! kr<gt<! gm<Mjvbqje! Oll<hMk<kq! wPk! dku!
Ou{<Ml</!
gVk<Kg<gjt!yVLgh<hMk<Kkz<gVk<Kg<gjt!yVLgh<hMk<Kkz<gVk<Kg<gjt!yVLgh<hMk<Kkz<gVk<Kg<gjt!yVLgh<hMk<Kkz<!!!!
-f<fqjzbqz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! gVk<Kg<gjt! yVLgh<hMk<Kkz<! Lg<gqb! hr<G!
uGg<gqe<xK/!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!kjzh<Hgtqz<!uig<gqbr<gt<!siqbig!dt<tki!gVk<Kg<gt<!
ye<xe<hqe<! ye<xig! njlf<Kt<tki! we<X! Nsqiqbi<! gueqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Lg<gqblie!
gVk<Kg<gt<! uqMhm<Mt<teui! lx<Xl<! kjzh<hqx<G! ohiVf<kik! gVk<Kg<gt<!
Osi<g<gh<hm<Mt<tki!we<hkje!g{<mxqb!Ou{<Ml</!!!!
98
lkqh<hqMkz<!yPr<GhMk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!lix<xr<gt<!osb<kz<!lkqh<hqMkz<!yPr<GhMk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!lix<xr<gt<!osb<kz<!lkqh<hqMkz<!yPr<GhMk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!lix<xr<gt<!osb<kz<!lkqh<hqMkz<!yPr<GhMk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!lix<xr<gt<!osb<kz<!!!!!
• -f<fqjzbqz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! gm<Mjvbqjeh<! hzLjx! hck<K! hii<k<K!
kuX!WOkEl<!dt<tki!lix<xr<gt<!osb<bzili!we<X!hii<g<g!Ou{<Ml</!
• gVk<Kg<gt<! ye<xe<! hqe<! ye<xig! osiz<zh<hm<Mt<tki! nz<zK! WOkEl<!
Lv{<hiM! dt<tki! we<X! hzLjx! hck<K! hii<k<K! gm<Mjvbqje!
yPr<GhMk<kq!LPjlbie!gm<Mjvbig!kbiiqg<g! Ou{<Ml</!Nsqiqbi<!nf<k!
gm<Mjvbqz<! hqjpgt<! -Vh<hqe<! nkje! lix<xq! njlk<K! siqbig<g!
li{ui<gTg<G!dku!Ou{<Ml</!
• li{ui<gt<! wPkqb! gm<Mjvgjt! Nvib<f<K! nui<gt<! %xuVl<!
ohiKg<gVk<kqje!nxqf<K{i<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
giv{k<OkiM!wPKkz<!giv{k<OkiM!wPKkz<!giv{k<OkiM!wPKkz<!giv{k<OkiM!wPKkz<!!!!!
li{ui<gt<!wkx<gig!wPKgqe<xei<!we<hkje!Nsqiqbi<!nxqb!Ou{<Ml<!Nsqiqbiqe<!
fe<lkqh<jh! ohx<X! fz<z!lkqoh{<gt<! ohXukx<gig! sqzi<! wPKui</!Neiz<!Nsqiqbi<gt<!
sqzi<!li{ui<gjt!Dg<Guqk<K!gm<Mjvgjt!wPkjuh<hi</!nui<gtqe<!gm<Mjvgt<!osb<kq!
kit<gTg<G!nEh<hq!jug<gUl<!lx<Xl<!gz<Z~iq!F~zgr<gtqz<!nui<gtK!gm<Mjvgt<!-ml<!
ohxUl<!Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<cbig!-vh<hii</!
li{ui<gTl<! kr<gt<! okiGh<hqje! hzVl<! hcg<g! WKuig! -Vg<Gl<! we<x!
Ofig<gk<OkiM! wPKui<! -u<uiX!Dg<gk<kqe<OeiM! wPKukqeiz<! fqs<sblig! nuEjmb!
gm<Mjv!oux<xjb!ohXl<!!
gx<hkx<Gl<!wPKukx<Gl<!Hiqf <Kogit<ukx<Gl<!dkUkz<!gx<hkx<Gl<!wPKukx<Gl<!Hiqf <Kogit<ukx<Gl<!dkUkz<!gx<hkx<Gl<!wPKukx<Gl<!Hiqf <Kogit<ukx<Gl<!dkUkz<!gx<hkx<Gl<!wPKukx<Gl<!Hiqf <Kogit<ukx<Gl<!dkUkz<!!!!! !!!!
wPKkz<!gx<hkx<G!we<X!we<El<! OhiK!li{ui<gt<! gm<Mjvg<gie!gVk<Kg<gjt!
sqf<kqk<kz<!lx<Xl<!yVr<gqj{k<kz<!we<X!gVKui</!
li{ui<gt<!kr<gt<!gm<Mjv!Hiqf<K!ogit<tLcbikuiX!dt<tK!we<X!gujzhm!
Okjubqz<jz! Woee<xiz<! nkje! biVl<! siqhii<h<hkqz<jz! -f<k! gVk<kqje! juk<K!
hii<g<Gl<ohiPK! wPKl<! gm<Mjv! lqg! siqbig! Kz<zqbliekig! -Vg<g! Ou{<cb!
nusqblqz<jz/!
!!!!
!!!!
99
uGh<hjxbqz<! hqe<uVl<! osbz<gt<! osb<ukuGh<hjxbqz<! hqe<uVl<! osbz<gt<! osb<ukuGh<hjxbqz<! hqe<uVl<! osbz<gt<! osb<ukuGh<hjxbqz<! hqe<uVl<! osbz<gt<! osb<ukqeiz<! gx<hkx<gig! wPkz<! kqxe<!qeiz<! gx<hkx<gig! wPkz<! kqxe<!qeiz<! gx<hkx<gig! wPkz<! kqxe<!qeiz<! gx<hkx<gig! wPkz<! kqxe<!
uti<g<gzil<!uti<g <gzil<!uti<g <gzil<!uti<g <gzil<!!!!!
oguqe<! oguqe<! we<hui<!oguqe<! oguqe<! we<hui<!oguqe<! oguqe<! we<hui<!oguqe<! oguqe<! we<hui<! ke<! li{ui<gjt! nui<gt<! GMl<hk<kqz<! nui<gt<!
wk<kjebiukig! hqxf<kei<! we<hkje! hx<xq! %xs<! osb<kii</! -u<uiX! osb<ukqeiz<!
nui<gt<!kr<gt<!GMl<h!hqe<eeqjb!okiqf<K!ogit<tUl<!nkje!ke<!sg!li{ui<gTme<!
hgqi<f<K!ogit<tUl<!dkuqbK!!
• li{ui<gjtg<!Ogm<Gl<!hbqx<sqgtqz<!nkqgl<!hr<ogMg<g!juk<kz<!!
• hqxG!nui<gjtk<!kir<gt<!gx<xjk!wPks<!osb<kz</!
• li{ui<gt<!hqvkqhzqh<H!hx<xq!wPks<!osb<kz<!!!!!
LcUjv!LcUjv!LcUjv!LcUjv!!!!!
-f<k!hGkqbqz<!olipqbqjeg<!gx<hkqz<!dt<t!sqvlr<gt<!hx<xq!NpligUl<!wPk<K!
kqxje!wu<uiX!Oll<hMk<kq!ogit<tzil<!we<hK!hx<xq!uqiquig!hii<g<g!LcgqxK/!!
himh<hGkq!uqeig<gt<himh<hGkq!uqeig<gt<himh<hGkq!uqeig<gt<himh<hGkq!uqeig<gt<!!!!
2/-Volipq!gVk<jkh<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3/he<olipqh<!gVk<jkh<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!
4/uib<olipqg<!gx<xzqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!uqtg<Gg/!
5/hz! gzis<sivl<! fqjxf<k! uGh<hjxbqz<! gx<hqg<Gl<! olipq! wkqi<ogit<Tl<!
njxg<%ujz!uqtg<Gg/!
6/gjk!ucuqz<! uquiqg<Gl<!djvg<Gl<! uqtg<Gkz<!djvg<Gl<! -jmOb!dt<tjk!
OuXhMk<Kg/!
7/gjzk<kqm<mk<kqz<!uqvuqBt<tolipq!wu<uiX!sqxh<hig!njlBl<!we<hjk!uqtg<Gg/!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!