CRedcarbon reduction
Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality:
What UEA is doing?
Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
Energy for Innovation: Norwich 4th February 2009
Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvCRed
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality:
What UEA is doing?
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
Original buildings
Teaching wallLibrary
Student residences
Nelson Court 楼
Constable Terrace 楼
Low Energy Educational Buildings 低能耗示范建筑
Elizabeth Fry Building
伊丽莎白楼
ZICER楼
Nursing and Midwifery
School 护理与育产学院
Medical School医学院
Medical School Phase 2医学院 2 期
The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
8
Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.
Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Conservation: management improvements
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
ZICER Building
• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices
The ZICER Building –
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing
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Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space
Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming
air into the AHU
1212
Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间
Operation of Main Building
Air passes through hollow cores in the
ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层
Filter过滤器
Heater加热器
1313
Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Space for future chilling
将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物
Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气
The return air passes through the heat
exchanger空气回流进入热交换器
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量
Winter Day
Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment
Warm air
Warm air
Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into room
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中
板层也把热散发到房间内
Winter Night
In late afternoon
heating is turned off.
Cold air
Cold air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Draws out the heat accumulated during the day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day
把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器
Summer night
night ventilation/ free cooling
Cool air
Cool air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space
concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning
空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用
Summer day
Warm air
Warm air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
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Mean |External Temperature (oC)
En
ergy
Con
sum
pti
on (
kW
h/d
ay)
Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
800
350
Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%
原始供热方法 新供热方法
建造209441GJ
使用空调384967GJ
自然通风221508GJ
Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
与其他建筑相比 ZICER 楼的能量需求
Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输On site construction energy 现场建造Workforce Transport 劳动力运输Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
基本功暖 / 供冷能耗Functional Energy 功能能耗Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗Demolition Energy 拆除能耗
28%54%
34%51%
61%
29%
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150000
200000
250000
300000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Years
GJ
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.
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GJ
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality:
What UEA is doing?
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top
Floor
232323
Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
Cells active
Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow
Use of PV generated energy
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91% efficient
• Most use is for computers• DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient
• Need an integrated approach
Peak output is 34 kW 峰值 34 kW
EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
Gas
Heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
61% Flue Losses
36%
UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat
27
Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
2828
Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit
节流阀Throttle Valve
冷凝器
绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
高温高压
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
低温低压
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Compressor
压缩器
Absorption Heat Pump
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated
节流阀Throttle Valve
冷凝器
绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
高温高压
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
低温低压
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
外部热
Heat from external source
W ~ 0
吸收器
吸收器
热交换器
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements in summer
The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands
• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw
mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%
• 1990-2006 – 5870 -14,047 students
(239% INCREASE)– 138,000 -207,000 sq.m
(49% INCREASE)– 19,420 - 21,652 T of CO2
(10% INCREASE)
• 1990-2006– 3308 -1541 kg/student
(53% reduction)– 140 -104 kg/CO2/sq.m
(25%reduction)
• 2009 with Biomass in operation– 24.5% reduction in CO2
over 1990 levels despite increases in students and building area
– More than 70% reduction in emission per student
The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality:
What UEA is doing?
Target Day
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
36
The Behavioural DimensionElectricity Consumption
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No of people in household
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2 people
3 people
4 people
5 people
6 people
Variation in Electricity Cosumption
-100%
-50%
0%
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1
% D
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rom
Ave
rage
1 person 2 people 3 people4 people 5 people 6 people
Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption
Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich between mid November 2006 and mid March 2007
For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times.
When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times
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Degree Days
Mo
nth
ly C
on
su
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tio
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kW
h)
Relatively large scatter – indicative of poor controlAbnormally high consumption could be indicative of malfunctionUpper and lower bands drawn +/- 1.5 standard deviations would initiate around 2 reporting incidents a year (based on monthly reporting.
CRedcarbon reduction
Managing Heating Requirements in an Office Building
Electricity Consumption in an Office Building in East Anglia
CRedcarbon reduction
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Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct
2003 2004 2005
Co
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(k
Wh
)
• Consumption rises to nearly double level of early 2005.
• Malfunction of Air-conditioning plant.
• Extra fuel cost £12 000 per annum
• Additional CO2 emitted ~ 100 tonnes.
Low Energy Lighting Installed
Electricity Consumption in Office Buildings (kWh/m2)
CRedcarbon reduction
Annual Household consumption of Electricity in Norwich 3720 kWh
17885Typical140125289
9754Good Practice
Air-conditioned
Naturally ventilated Building 3Building 2Building 1
Local Authority Offices Commercial Buildings
Electricity Consumption per employee (kWh/annum)
Building 1 3817
Building 2 4695
Building 3 3226
40
A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary
4. Using Renewable Energy
5. Offset Carbon Emissions
3. Using Efficient Equipment
1. Raising Awareness
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Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
O
2. Good Management
41
World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management
Second cohort January 2009
A partnership between
• The Norwich Business School and • The 5** School of Environmental Sciences
Sharing the Expertise of the University
And FinallyLao Tzu (604-531 BC)
Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."See www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm for presentation