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Crime Scene Administration
and Management
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Evidence Response Team
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Instructional Goal
• To provide the participant with an
understanding of the fundamentals of crimescene management as it pertains to the
collection and preservation of physical
evidence.
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Instructional O!ectives
The participant will e ale to...
• E"plain the steps for crime scene preparation
• Identify the purpose and operational structure
of a #rime $cene %nit• &escrie the asic si" team positions of a
crime scene unit
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Instructional O!ectives
• Identify the stages involved in evaluating a
crime scene• 'ist asic e(uipment re(uired to process a
crime scene
• &escrie asic safety considerations• &escrie methods of controlling crime
scene contamination
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Importance of )hysical
Evidence• *dmissiility in court
+ It doesn,t matter if you -now who did it if you
can,t convince a !ury
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/0 1hy is there a need to collectevidence correctly2
*0
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Three Types of Evidence
• #onfessions
• 1itnesses
• )hysical Evidence
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)otential )rolems with
Evidence
• #onfessions + The voluntary nature of the confession
will e (uestioned
+ &efense will claim it was coerced + 3iranda issues
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)otential )rolems with
Evidence
• 1itnesses
+ #rediility
+ Imperfect recollection
+ #onflicting statements
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)otential )rolems with
Evidence
• )hysical Evidence
+ 1as it collected properly2
+ 1as it handled properly2
+ 1as it processed properly2• 4ou can control the first two
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Two General Types of )hysical
Evidence• #lass Evidence
+ That evidence which can e matched to a classof individuals5 6consistent with7 e"emplars
from victim or su!ect
• 8airs and fiers trace
• Individual or Identifying Evidence + That evidence that can e matched to a specific
individual
• Fingerprints &9*
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'egality of a $earch
• There is no crime scene e"ception to the :th
*mendment
• Once a scene is secure e"igent circumstances
no longer e"ist
+ Get a warrant
+ Get consent
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*dvanced )reparation
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*dvanced )reparation
• *ccumulate pac-aging and collection ofmaterials necessary for typical crime scene.
• )repare format for the paperwor- needed to
document the crime scene search
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*dvanced )reparation
• Ensure specialists are aware of the proper
collection and documentation of evidence
li-ely to e encountered.• Before arrival discuss the crime scene search
with involved personnel.
• Before arrival designate a person;in;chargeand ma-e preliminary personnel assignments.
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*dvanced )reparation
• #lothing• #ommunication
• 'ighting assistance
• $helter
• Food and li(uids• 3edical assistance
• $cene security
• E(uipment < $upplies
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)ersonnel Responsiilities
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Team 'eader
• *dministrative log
• 9arrative description
• )reliminary survey
• $cene security
• Final decision ma-ing
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)hotographer
• Ta-es the appropriate photographs
• Responsile for preparing
photographic log + &ictate to designated scrie
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$-etch )reparer
• &raw the s-etch + &epict spatial relationships
• &ocumentation of items
collected on s-etch + 3atch item =,s
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Evidence Recorder
• )repare the evidence logdocuments
• Function as the Evidence
#ustodian
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Evidence #ollectors
• Balance of team memers
• #onduct search
• #ollect and pac-age evidence
+ 3a-e sure all items collected are photographedlocated on s-etch and logged
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$pecialists
• #onsider what specialists might e
necessary to assist with the processing ofthe crime scene
• $pecialists include pathologists
anthropologists entomologists otanistsgeologists fingerprint specialists om
technicians engineers etc...
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Important #onsiderations
• )rolonged searches
+ Estalish personnel re(uirements ; shifts + 3ultiple shifts that overlap
• #ommunications
+ *ncillary services >e.g. medical e"aminer &*etc.?
+ Organi@e a command post for ma!or cases
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Important #onsiderations
3ulti;!urisdictional events
+ Estalish liaison with other !urisdictions + &evelop memoranda of understanding
+ )ool availale resources
+ &esignate media A press coordination
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$teps of #rime $cene $earch
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$tep )rocess
• *pproach the scene
• $ecure and protect• Initiate a preliminary
survey
• Evaluate the physicalevidence
• )repare a narrative
description
• )hotograph the scene
• )repare a s-etch• #onduct a detailed search
• Record and collect the
physical evidence• #onduct a final survey
• Release the crime scene
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*pproach $cene
• Be alert for all forms of physical evidence
• 3a-e pertinent notes concerningoservations
• Be in the frame of mind to ta-e control
• #onsider personal safety
• #onsider all resources needed for
processing the scene
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$ecure and )rotect $cene
• Ta-e aggressive control upon arrival
• &etermine the e"tent of the scene protectionupon arrival
• #hec- for ade(uate scene security
• Otain all information possile regardingthe original condition of the crime scene
• *ppoint one individual as person;in;charge
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$ecure and )rotect $cene
• )erson;in;charge has final decision and
resolution ma-ing authority
• Ta-e e"tensive notes ; do not rely on yourmemory >or others,?
• Record all entries and e"its from the scene
+ 9ame
+ &epartment
+ Reason for entering
• Ceep unauthori@ed personnel out
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Initiate )reliminary $urvey
• Initial cautious wal- through of the scene• Identify the e"tent of the search area ; may
re(uire e"panding initial perimeter
• Organi@e the methods and proceduresneeded to process the scene
• &etermine manpower and e(uipment needs
•3a-e personnel assignments
Organi@ational stage to plan search0
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)reliminary $urvey
• Identify and protect all transient physical
evidence
• &evelop a general theory of the crime
• 3a-e e"tensive notes to document physical
and environmental conditions assignments
and movements of personnel
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Evaluate )hysical Evidence
• Evaluation egins upon arrival at the scene
• Becomes more detailed in preliminarysurvey stage
• #oncentrate on the most transient evidence
first and wor- towards least transient• Insure you have appropriate pac-aging
material for evidence to e collected
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9arrative &escription
• 9arrative is a running general description
of the condition of the crime scene
• )resent an overall general to specificdescription of crime scene
• 9ote items that catch your attention
• 3ethods of narrative can e0
*udio Dideo1ritten
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#rime $cene )hotography
• )urpose0
+ Record Original $cene < #onditions
+ &ocument *ppearance of Evidence
+ #apture )ermanent Record
• *dmissiility Issues0
+ )hoto must e relevant
+ 9on;pre!udicial
+ &istortion;free
+ *ccurate representation
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$cene )hotography
• )hotograph the scene completely to include0
+ )oints of entryAe"it + $urrounding areaAneighorhood
• Ta-e photographs at eye level
• )hotographs supplement s-etches and notes; they do not stand alone
• FI'3 I$ #8E*) %se it
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8omicide )hotography
• %se #olor Film
• Body wA *ngles
• #lose;up of Ovious 1ounds• 1eapons
• Trace Evidence
• $igns of )rior *ctivity• Evidence of $truggle
• 1itness )erspective $hots
• *utopsy
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$cene )hotography
&Os and &O9,Ts
• &o ta-e your time
+ &oing more is etter than less
• &on,t Reposition Evidence• &on,t destroy in the process
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&iagramA$-etch
• )ermanent record of items estalishes
distanceAsi@e and their spatial relationships
• Rough s-etch may e drawn at scene ;never to scale.
+ Retain in file
• Final s-etch in officeAla + #an e to scale
+ 3ay utili@e personnel with drafting or
computer s-ills
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&iagramA$-etch
• $hould &epict
+ Features• Buildings• Furniture• )lants
+ Items of evidence• 9umers or letters
+ 3easurements• In ad!acent tale
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Record and #ollect )hysical
Evidence
'ocate evidence
Record evidence
#ollect evidence )ac-age evidence
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'ocate )hysical Evidence
• In open areas consider using speciali@ed
search patterns0 + 'ine
+ Grid
+ $piral
• Be sure to address areas aove and elow
normal eye level
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Strip or Line Search
• 'anes must e estalished• Overlap to ensure full coverage
• 'ane width should e
manageale• 3ultiple personnel on line within
a lane re(uire e"tra discipline
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Spiral
• $tart at center and spiral
out
• 3ay have advantages ifwor-ing alone
• &ifficult to manage
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Grid
A B C D
1
2
3
4
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'ocate A#ollect
)hysical Evidence
• #onsider speciali@ed forensic techni(ues
+ 'atent fingerprits
+ 8airs and fiers
+ Trace evidence
+ Blood and odily fluids + Toolmar-s
+ Impressions
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'atent Fingerprints
• 'atent fingerprints are a marvelous tool
for solving crimes ut they havelimitations0
+ 'iftaility
+ Identifiaility
+ 3atchailiy
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'atent Fingerprints
'iftaility
• The fact that one can locate and develop a
latent fingerprint at the scene does not meanthat print can e lifted
+ $urface characteristics
• )hotograph efore lifting
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'atent Fingerprints
Identifiaility
• The fact that one can locate and see a latentfingerprint does not mean that it contains
identifiale finger ridge detail
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'atent Fingerprints
3atchaility• The fact that one can locate develop and
lift a good latent fingerprint does not meanthat it can e matched to a su!ect or victim
+ #an,t lways sumit a partial print to *FI$ and
get a match
+ 3ust first develop a suspect through other
investigative means
+ Then attempt to match latent to hisAher prints
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TraceA8airs < Fiers
Edmund 'ocard,s Transference
Theory061hen any two o!ects come in
contact there is always a transfer of
material from each o!ect on to theother7
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Two Types of Transfer0
• &irect Transfer
+ Dictim to $uspect
+ $uspect to Dictim
• Indirect Transfer
+ $uspect to suspect,s car to victim
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Blood Evidence
• Bloodstain pattern analysis
+ Estalishes what happened
• Blood collection and analysis
+ Blood typing and &9*
+ Estalishes who was leeding
d d ll h i l
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Record and #ollect )hysical
Evidence
• )hotograph all items efore collection
• Record in the )hotography 'og
• %se scale when necessary
• 3ar- evidence locations in diagramAs-etch• #omplete the Evidence 'og
d d # ll h i l
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Record and #ollect )hysical
Evidence
8ave at least two persons0
+ Oserve the evidence in place efore collection
+ Oserve the evidence eing collected
+ $elect the proper pac-aging material
+ 3ar- the evidence directly or
+ 3ar- the evidence containers for identification
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Record and #ollect )hysical
Evidence
If feasile5
• 8ave one person as Evidence #ustodian
• $eal the evidence containers at the scene
• Otain control samples where needed• #hec- all logs and evidence for accuracy
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Evidence )ac-aging
• General Rules
• For latent fingerprints0
+ )orous material goes in paper pac-aging
+ 9on;porous material goes in plastic
• $ecure so it doesn,t move
• Blood and odily fluid evidence0 + )orous pac-aging
• 9EDER in plastic
+ &ry efore pac-aging
R d d # ll t )h i l
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Record and #ollect )hysical
Evidence
Four asic premises to consider0
+ The est search options are usually the most
difficult and time;consuming
+ 4ou cannot over;document the physical evidence
collected
+ There is only O9E #8*9#E TO &O IT RIG8T + $tart your search out #*%TIO%$'4 and finish
DIGORO%$'4
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#onduct Final $urvey
• #ritical review of all aspects of the search
• &iscuss the search !ointly with all personnel
for completeness
• &oule chec- documentation to detect
inadvertent errors or omissions
• Ta-e e"it photographs
• Ensure all evidence is accounted for and the
scene is secure efore departing
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#onduct Final $urvey
• Insure you have all of your e(uipment prior
to departing• 3a-e sure that nothing has een overloo-ed
• Before you leave the scene ma-e sure you
have collected everything you could to helpsolve the case
• Only one chance to do it right
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Release the #rime $cene
• Release only after final survey is complete
• &ocument the
+ TimeA&ate of release
+ ToABy whom scene was released
• Insure appropriate receipts and inventory have
een provided as necessary• Once you have released scene reentry may
re(uire getting a warrant
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Release the #rime $cene
• Before you release the scene5.
• Insure you have utili@ed all appropriateresources such as loodstain pattern analyst
om technicians forensic anthropologist
ehavioral scientist etc. to review thescene.
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$afety #onsiderations
• Ensure personnel have personal protective
e(uipment
• Treat all lood and ody fluids as infectious
• Diew crime scene as source of
contamination
• 9ever place hands where you can,t see
• &o not eat drin- or smo-e at crime scene
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#rime $cene #ontamination
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#rime $cene #ontamination
#ontrol Techni(ues
• &ont touch face with contaminated gloves
• &oule glove and change gloves fre(uently
• %se shoe covers and remove when you
leave crime scene
• *void using same personnel to search crime
scene and su!ect,s car or home
• If you decide to use same personnel ensure
their clothing and shoes are changed
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#rime $cene #ontamination
#ontrol Techni(ues
• #ollect all trash generated y crime scene
team• &o not wear !ewelry at crime scene
• &o not smo-e at scene
• %se face mas-s and eye protection when
dealing with ody fluids