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Psychological MotivesPhysiological motives and emotions deal primarily withcontinuing life
SexHomeostasis – food, water,Emotions
Fear – avoiding injuryDisgust – avoid sic ness
!nger " aggression # confront threat
$hat a%out other things that do not aid survival&$hy have ho%%ies, play games, ma e 'or %rea ( things,sociali)e with others, etc*$hy certain survival choices 'occupation( and not others –engineering vs* psychology&
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Psychological Motives+rain re-uirements. not necessarily essential forsurvival
/ery important for health and happiness
0hings people re-uire to thrivePeople can survive without these things %ut not prosper
Doing these things %rings enjoyment1pleasure
2ust as fulfilling physiological needs 3food, sex, etc*4 does
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Identifying candidates for psychological motives
Sheldon, Elliot, :im, " :asser ';887(Descri%e most satisfying event in last wee ,month, or semester 'three studies(
8 differentstatements '? point scale@ not at all to very much(
that my choices were %ased on my true interests andvalues. 'autonomy(
that 6 was successfully completing difficult tas s andprojects. 'competence(
a sense of contact with people who care for me, and whom6 care for. 'relatedness(
that 6 had many positive -ualities. 'self#esteem(
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Identifying candidates for psychological motives
0hree statements each from 78 different dimensions'e*g*, autonomy(
that my choices were %ased on my true interests and values.
free to do things my own way.that my choices expressed my Atrue selfB.
Highest scores for C 'of the 78( -ualities a%oveSatisfaction associated with things that
raise our view1attitude toward self 'self#esteem(
involve significant others 'relatedness(demonstrate that we are competent 'competence(that were self#determined 'autonomy(
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Identifying candidates for psychological motives
$hy might these %e important&0hese types of things can %e associated withnearly any %ehavior
Ho%%ies, games, activities, etc* can all %e viewedthrough these dimension
Psychological needs help reinforce and guide%ehavior toward success
See further challenges in domainHelp people find vocational niches in social system
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CuriosityEarly exploration into psychological motivesScientific rigins
+ehaviorismDrives 'hunger, thirst, sex( energi)e %ehavior
!nimals encounter drive reducing stimulusearn " %ecome efficient at finding stimuli
Exploration is innate and not just produced %y drives6ntelligent animals will explore o%jects even when there isno reason 'drive(5ovelty – interest in o%jects gradually diminishes as theo%jects are explored
Preference for complex stimuli
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Exploratory Behavior
6mportant for survivalFinding food, shelter, mates, avoiding danger,
etc*Positive Feed%ac
5ovel things are explored
Gnderstanding them is rewardingExplore other novel things
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Exploratory Behavior oderators
5egative affect – fear, anxietySurvival ta es precedence over exploringSecure attachment in infants
6ndividual Differencespenness to Experience
Extroversion !nxietySensation See ing
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Origins of Curiosity9uriosity
Evident in all intelligent animals5ot major source of satisfaction 'from a%ove study(
9uriosity 'Exploratory +ehavior( allowscompetence " autonomy:nowing environment, people, o%jects that you encounterto %etter do other things – find food, avoid danger, havesex, find shelter, etc*
!llows for more autonomy9hildren explore so they are less dependent on others !utonomy relative to group – couples will speciali)e indifferent tas s so together they are autonomous
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Intrinsic Motivation9ore. Psychological otives !utonomy 'control(
9ompetence
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic
otivation from within self 0ypically refers to psychological motives
6nherent pleasure associated with %ehavior
Extrinsicotivation due to environmental incentives1conse-uences
+ehavior is not inherently enjoya%le+ehavior is done %ecause of anticipated conse-uences'e*g*, money, food, social rewards, etc*(
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation+ehaviors
Same %ehavior might %e driven %y different motives indifferent people
Example competition – athletic, mental, social, etc*6ntrinsic motivation – enjoy the tas , enjoys competitionExtrinsic motivation – social ac nowledgement ofaccomplishment
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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation !ssessing whether %ehavior is due tointrinsic or extrinsic motives can %e difficult
+ehavioral measures 'choice, intensity,persistence( can %e used only when certain thatthere is not extrinsic motivationPhysiological measures do not have this precisionyetSelf#reports might disentangle extrinsic fromintrinsic if well designed and people reporthonestly
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Instrumental ConditioningExternal cue provides sign that certain %ehaviorwill result in positive or negative conse-uence
9lassic example
9age with lever !nimal presses lever !nimal gets food
Extrinsic otivation – external events that altersli elihood of future %ehavior
6mpact on primary needs 'physiological, psychology,emotional( !ct as intermediate reinforcer 'money(
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Instrumental Conditioning5egative
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Instrumental ConditioningPunishers
Stimuli or events that ma e unappropriate. %ehavior lessli ely to occur in a given situation
earning what 5 0 to do5egative Punisher
Stimulus that decreases the li elihood of future %ehaviorwhen removed
!versive stimuli that are presented when %ehavior occursSpan ing
5egative punishers are intended to stop unwanted%ehaviors5egative reinforcers are intended to encourage wanted%ehaviors
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Instrumental ConditioningPositive Punisher
Stimulus that decreases the li elihood of future %ehaviorwhen presented
Positive stimuli that are removed when %ehavior occurs0a ing away toy,Positive punishers are intended to stop unwanted %ehaviors
Some things can %e %oth positive and negative punisherstime#out. is ta ing way freedom 'positive punisher( and
might also %e aversive 'negative punisher(
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Effects of PunishmentShort term intended effect of compliance
ong 0erm 9onse-uences
ay lead to other negative conse-uences 'e*g*,increased aggression, lower -uality relations,etc*(Studies are mostly correlational in nature
Punishment focuses on what not to do5eed to also teach1reinforce what to do
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Instrumental Conditioning6nstrumental vs* 9lassical 9onditioning
9lassical – learning the association %etween twostimuli – one stimulus predicts another 6nstrumental – learning the association %etweena %ehavior and stimulus 'conse-uence(
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic motivation
otivation driven %y inherent pleasure associated with%ehavior
Extrinsic motivationotivation driven %y external reward for doing %ehavior How does using extrinsic motivation influenceintrinsic
9ompetence " autonomy 'and curiosity( will ma echildren interested in reading, math, etc*$hat happens to this motivation if reinforcement orpunishment is applied&
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivation6ntrinsic motivation prefera%le for many%ehaviors
e*g*, %ehaviors that are generally healthy. –
mental1physical exercise 'reading, education, physicalactivities, etc*(5o need for external reward '%ehavior is more consistent(6ntrinsically driven %ehavior tends to %e %etter.
Extrinsic – focus on reward not -uality of %ehavior 6ntrinsic – focus on %ehavior and learning 'improvement(,more creativity
6ntrinsically %ehavior is more enjoya%le and fulfilling
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivationotivational rientations
9omplex %ehaviors 'wor , school( often involve%oth motivations9ertain tas s are driven %y extrinsic and others%y intrinsic
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivation$hat happens when extrinsic motivation is applied to%ehavior that is driven %y intrinsic motivation&
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivation$hat happens when extrinsic motivation is applied to%ehavior that is driven %y intrinsic motivation&
Iiving extrinsic reward can reduce intrinsic motivation6nitial results in children have %een replicated in adults and using avariety of tas s 'e*g*, solving pu))les, playing games,(
Gnder what conditions is intrinsic motivation reduced
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Effects of Extrinsic Motivation9an extrinsic reward lead to intrinsic&
ess research in this area %ut it is possi%le
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ensation ee!ingPreference for varied, novel, and complexsensations and experiences and willingness tota e ris s
0a e test on pp* >CC#>C? of Fran en6ndividual difference related to curiositySome evidence that this relates to levels of %rainchemicals
High monoamine oxidase which relates to low levels of5orepinephrine, dopamine " serotoninExperience greater rewards from pleasant. activities thatinvolve dopamine – drugs, sex, food,
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ensation ee!ingDimensions
!dventure See ing
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Play
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Play0ic ling
Form of pleasure associated with play that helpsencourage playSensitive s in areas for tic ling 'children – %acof nec " around ri%s
nly sensitive to others # canBt tic le yourself
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PlayFunctions&
Social
+onding, cooperation, leadership, etc*5on#socialPhysical fitness, coordination, s ills, etc*