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Product SelectionConsiderations
Product SelectionConsiderations
Provides functionality and features you needtoday
Capacity and performance
Easy installation and centralized management
Provides network reliability
Investment protection in existing infrastructure
Migration path for change and growth
Seamless access for mobile users andbranch offices
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Selection Issues:
Scale of the routing features needed
Port density/variety requirements
Capacity and performance
Common user interface
Cisco
700/800
Series
Cisco
1600/1700
Series
Cisco
2500Series
Cisco
3600
Series
AS5000
Series
Small Office Solutions
Branch Office Solutions
Central Site Solutions
Cisco
12000 GSR
Series
Cisco
7000Series
Cisco
10000
Series
Home Office Solutions
Cisco
2600
Series
Cisco Router ProductsCisco Router Products
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Visual ObjectiveVisual Objective
Use the product selection tool to
select Cisco Equipment
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Router ± 7200Router ± 7200
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Router ± 7300Router ± 7300
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Router ± 7500Router ± 7500
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Router ± 7600Router ± 7600
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Router ± 10000Router ± 10000
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Router 12000Router 12000
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Fixed and Moduler InterfacesFixed and Moduler Interfaces
Some Cisco Routers have fixed interfaces while other aremodular.
± 2500 series routers have set interfaces that can¶t bechanged.
The 2501 Router has two serial connections one10BaseT AUI interface.
If you need to add a third serial connection you needto buy a new router.
± The 1600, 1700, 2600, 3600 and higher routers havemodular interfaces.
These Routers allow you to buy what you need andadd almost any type of interface you may need later.
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Fixed InterfacesFixed Interfaces
2500 Router²rear view
Serial WAN ports can be fixed
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Console
1603 Router²rear view
Ethernet AUIEthernet 10BaseT ISDN BRI S/T
Serial WAN ports can be modular
3640 Router²
rear view
Modular InterfacesModular Interfaces
Module
WAN
Interface
Card
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Router Internal ComponentsRouter Internal Components
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RAMRAM
It contains the software and datastructures that allow the router tofunction. The principal softwarerunning in RAM is the Cisco IOSimage and the running configuration.
Some routers, such as the 2500series, run IOS from Flash and notRAM.
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ROM FunctionsROM Functions
Contains microcode for basic functions
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ROMROM
Bootstrap code : the bootstrap code
is used to bring the router up duringinitialization. It contains microcode for basic functions to start and maintainthe router. It reads the configuration
register to determine how to bootand then, if instructed to do so, loadsthe IOS software.
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ROM monitor : A low-level operating systemnormally used for manufacturing, testing andtroubleshooting.
A ³partial´ IOS : This partial IOS can be used toload a new software image into Flash memoryand to perform some other maintainence
operations. It does not support the IP routingand most other routing functions. Sometimes,this subset of the IOS is referred to as RXBOOTcode.
ROM
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Flash memoryFlash memory
Flash memory : is used to contain theIOS software image. Some router runIOS image directly from Flash and do not
need to transfer it to RAM.
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NVRAMNVRAM
NVRAM : is used mainly to store theconfiguration. NVRAM uses a battery tomaintain the data when the power isremoved from the router.
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Configuration Register Configuration Register
Configuration Register : is used tocontrol how the router boots up.
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Configurations can comefrom many sources.
Configurations will act indevice memory.
External ConfigurationSources
External ConfigurationSources
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Basics of Cisco IOS Basics of Cisco IOS
IOS Software delivers Network Services and enables networkservices.
Cisco IOS enable the following network services:
± Features to carry the chosen network protocols &functions.
± Connectivity to provide high-speed traffic between devices.
± Security to control access and discourage unauthorized
network use. ± Scalability to add interfaces and capability as the need for
networking grows.
± Reliability to ensure dependable access to networkedresources.
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Cisco IOS software delivers networkservices and enables networked
applications.
Cisco IOS Software FeaturesCisco IOS Software Features
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± A CLI is used to enter commands.
± Operations vary on differentinternetworking devices.
± Users type or paste entries in theconsole command modes.
± Enter key instructs device toparse and execute the command.
± Two primary EXEC modes areuser mode and privileged mode.
± Command modes have distinctiveprompts.
Cisco IOS User InterfaceFunctions
Cisco IOS User InterfaceFunctions
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Setting Up A ConsoleConnection
Setting Up A ConsoleConnection
± PCs require an RJ-45-to-DB-9 or RJ-45-to-DB-25adapter.
± COM port settings are 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no
parity, 1 stop bit, no flow control.
± This provides out-of-band console access.
± AUX switch port may be used for a modem-connected console.
Device with Console
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Console ConnectionConsole Connection
Console connection is required to configure the router for the first time.
± All Cisco devices are shipped with one Console cable.
± It allows you to connect a device and configure, verifyand monitor it.
± The cable is a rollover cable with RJ-45 connectors
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Setup terminal emulation program to run at
± 9600 bps
± 8 data bits
± no parity
± 1 stop bit
± no flow control
Most of the router has an auxiliary port which can connect
to a modem ± This will give you console access to a remote router.
± The console port and auxiliary port are considered out-of-band management since you are configuring router out of the network
± Telnet is considered in-band.
Console Connection
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± System startup routines initiate router software
± Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed
Initial Startup of the CiscoRouter
Initial Startup of the CiscoRouter
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Router Power-On/BootupSequence
Router Power-On/BootupSequence
1. Perform power-on self test (POST).
2. Load and run bootstrap code.
3. Find the Cisco IOS software.
4. Load the Cisco IOS software.
5. Find the configuration.
6. Load the configuration.
7. Run the configured Cisco IOSsoftware.
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Router Configuration fromCLI
Router Configuration fromCLI
First method of Router configuration is Setup utility
± allows a basic initial configuration
Command Line Interface (CLI) can be used for more complex
and specific configurations
CLI provides following modes of operation:
± User Mode
± EXEC Mode
± Terminal Configuration / Global Configuration Mode
Terminal configuration Mode gives you access to differentconfiguration Modes.
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Unconfigured Versus Configured Router
Bootup Output from the Router Bootup Output from the Router
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Router#setup
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: yes
At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivityfor management of the system, extended setup will ask youto configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no
Setup: The InitialConfiguration Dialog
Setup: The InitialConfiguration Dialog
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Setup Interface SummarySetup Interface Summary
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
BRI0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Ethernet0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Interfaces Found During Startup
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Setup InitialGlobal Parameters
Setup InitialGlobal Parameters
Configuring global parameters:
Enter host name [Router]: wg_ro_c
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to
privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, afterentered, becomes encrypted in the configuration.Enter enable secret: cisco
The enable password is used when you do not specify anenable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images.Enter enable password: sanfran
The virtual terminal password is used to protectaccess to the router over a network interface.Enter virtual terminal password: sanjoseConfigure SNMP Network Management? [no]:
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Setup InitialProtocol Configurations
Setup InitialProtocol Configurations
Configure LAT? [yes]: noConfigure AppleTalk? [no]:Configure DECnet? [no]:
Configure IP? [yes]:Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: noConfigure RIP routing? [no]:
Configure CLNS? [no]:Configure IPX? [no]:Configure Vines? [no]:Configure XNS? [no]:Configure Apollo? [no]:
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Setup InterfaceParameters
Setup InterfaceParameters
BRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configured Valid switch types are :
[0] none..........Only if you don't want to configure BRI.[1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany[2] basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada[3] basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada
[4] basic-net3....NET3 switch type for UK and Europe[5] basic-ni......National ISDN switch type[6] basic-ts013...TS013 switch type for Australia[7] ntt...........NTT switch type for Japan[8] vn3...........VN3 and VN4 switch types for France
Choose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]:
Configuring interface parameters:
Do you want to configure BRI0 (BRI d-channel) interface? [no]:
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [no]: yesConfigure IP on this interface? [no]: yesIP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.255.255.0Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24
Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [no]:
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Setup ScriptReview and Use
Setup ScriptReview and Use
The following configuration command script was created:
hostname Routerenable secret 5 $1$/CCk$4r7zDwDNeqkxFO.kJxC3G0enable password sanfranline vty 0 4
password sanjose
no snmp-server!no appletalk routingno decnet routingip routingno clns routingno ipx routingno vines routing
no xns routingno apollo routingisdn switch-type basic-5ess
interface BRI0shutdownno ip address!
interface Ethernet0no shutdownip address 10.1.1.31 255.255.255.0no mop enabled !interface Serial0shutdownno ip address
<text omitted>end
[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
Enter your selection [2]:
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Logging In to the Router Logging In to the Router
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There are two main EXEC modes for entering
commands.
Cisco IOS Software EXECMode
Cisco IOS Software EXECMode
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± You can abbreviate a command to the fewestcharacters that make a unique character string.
Router User-ModeCommand List
Router User-ModeCommand List
wg_ro_c> ?Exec commands:
access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryatmsig Execute Atm Signalling Commandscd Change current deviceclear Reset functions
connect Open a terminal connectiondir List files on given devicedisable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connectionenable Turn on privileged commandsexit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help system lat Open a lat connection
lock Lock the terminallogin Log in as a particular userlogout Exit from the EXEC
-- More --
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Cisco IOS Software EXECMode (Cont.)
Cisco IOS Software EXECMode (Cont.)
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wg_ro_c#?Exec commands:access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entryaccess-profile Apply user-profile to interfaceaccess-template Create a temporary Access-List entry
bfe For manual emergency modes settingcd Change current directoryclear Reset functions
clock Manage the system clockconfigure Enter configuration modeconnect Open a terminal connectioncopy Copy from one file to anotherdebug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug')delete Delete a filedir List files on a filesystem disable Turn off privileged commandsdisconnect Disconnect an existing network connection
enable Turn on privileged commandserase Erase a filesystem exit Exit from the EXEChelp Description of the interactive help system
-- More --
You can complete a command string by entering the
unique character string, then pressing the Tab key.
Router Privileged-ModeCommand List
Router Privileged-ModeCommand List
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Access to Configuration
Modes
Access to Configuration
Modes Interface configuration Mode
± Support commands for per-interface basis configuration
± Promp looks like
Router(Config-if)#
Subinterface Configuration Mode
± Support command that configures multiple virtual(Logical) interfaces on single physical interfaces.
± Prompts looks like
Router(config-subif)#
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± Support commands that configures IP RoutingProtocol
± Prompt looks like
Router(Config-router)#
IPX-router Configuration Mode
± Support command that configures the Novell
Network Layer Protocol
± Prompts looks like
Router(config-router)#
Router Configuration Mode
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Exit command will take you one level back andeventually allowing you to log out.
CTRL+Z can also be used instead of Exit command
Exiting Configuration Mode
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show version Commandshow version Command
wg_ro_a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System SoftwareIOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reload System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"(output omitted)
--More--
Configuration register is 0x2102
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Viewing the ConfigurationViewing the Configuration
Console
IOS
Setup utility
showstartup-config
showrunning-config
Setup saves the configuration to NVRAM
ConfigConfig
RAM NVRAM
h i d hh i d h
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show running and show startup Commands
show running and show startup Commands
wg_ro_c#show startup-configUsing 1359 out of 32762 bytes!version 12.0!
-- More --
wg_ro_c#show running-configBuilding configuration...
Current configuration:!version 12.0!
-- More --
In NVRAMIn RAM
Display current and saved configuration
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Overview of Router ModesOverview of Router Modes
Router(config)#
Router>enable
Router#config term
Exit
Ctrl-Z (end)User EXEC mode
Privileged EXEC mode
Global configuration
mode
ConfigurationMode Prompt
Interface Router(config-if)#
Subinterface Router(config-subif)#Controller Router(config-controller)#Line Router(config-line)#Router Router(config-router)#IPX router Router(config-ipx-router)#
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C fi i R tC fi i R t
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Configuring Router Identification
Configuring Router Identification
Sets local identity or message for theaccessed router or interface
Router Name
Router(config)#hostname wg_r o _c
wg_ro_c(config)#
Message of the Day Banner
wg_ro_c(config)# banner motd # A cc ounting Depar tmentYou have enter ed a sec u r ed system. A utho r ized acc essonly! #
C fi i R tC fi i R t
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Configuring Router Identification
Configuring Router Identification
± Sets local identity or message for theaccessed router or interface
Router Name
Router(config)#hostname wg_ro_c wg_ro_c(config)#
Message of the Day Banner
wg_ro_c(config)# banner motd # Accounting DepartmentYou have entered a secured system. Authorized accessonly! #
Interface Description wg_ro_c(config)#interface ethernet 0 wg_ro_c(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18
R t P dR t P d
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Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password cisco
Console Password
Virtual Terminal Password
Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password sanjose
Router PasswordConfiguration
Router PasswordConfiguration
R t P dR t P d
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Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password cisco
Console Password
Virtual Terminal Password
Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)# password sanjose
Enable Password
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Secret Password
Router(config)#enable secret sanfran
Router PasswordConfiguration
Router PasswordConfiguration
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Router(config)#interface type number Router(config-if)#
Configuring an InterfaceConfiguring an Interface
type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi,loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, and tunnel
number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config-if)#exit
Quit from current interface configuration mode
Router(config)#interface type slot/po r tRouter(config-if)#
For modular routers
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Configuring a Serial InterfaceConfiguring a Serial Interface
Enter globalconfiguration mode
Router(config)#interface serial 0Router(config-if)#
Router#configure term Router(config)#
Specify interface
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Configuring a Serial InterfaceConfiguring a Serial Interface
Enter globalconfiguration mode
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#
Router#configure term Router(config)#
Router(config-if)# bandwidth 64Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#exitRouter#
Specify interface
Set clock rate(on DCE interfacesonly)
Set bandwidth
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Router#show interface serial 0Serial0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is HD64570Internet address is 10.140.4.2/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)Last input 00:00:09, output 00:00:04, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters neverInput queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0Queueing strategy: weighted fairOutput queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)
Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total)Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
(output omitted)
Verifying Your ChangesVerifying Your Changes
BW 64 Kbit,
address is 10.140.4.2/24
Di bli E bliDi bli E bli
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Disabling or Enabling anInterface
Disabling or Enabling anInterface
Router#configure term
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
Enables an interface that is administratively shutdown
Router#configure term
Router(config)#interface serial 0
Router(config-if)#shutdown%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down
Administratively turns off an interface
Router show interfacesRouter show interfaces
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Router show interfacesCommand
Router show interfacesCommand
Router#show interfacesEthernet0 is up, line protocol is upHardware is Lance, address is 00e0.1e5d.ae2f (bia 00e0.1e5d.ae2f)Internet address is 10.1.1.11/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:07, output 00:00:08, output hang neverLast clearing of "show interface" counters neverQueueing strategy: fifoOutput queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
81833 packets input, 27556491 bytes, 0 no bufferReceived 42308 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
1 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 1 ignored, 0 abort0 input packets with dribble condition detected 55794 packets output, 3929696 bytes, 0 underruns0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
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Router#show interfaces serial 1
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570Description: 64Kb Line to San Jose:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Operational..................
Connection problem...
Interface problem........Disabled ......................
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Serial1 is up, line protocol is down
Serial1 is down, line protocol is downSerial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
KeepalivesCarrier Detect
Interpreting Interface StatusInterpreting Interface Status
Serial Interface show controllerSerial Interface show controller
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Serial Interface show controller Command
Serial Interface show controller Command
Router#show controller serial 0HD unit 0, idb = 0x121C04, driver structure at 0x127078
buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable...
Shows cable type of serial cables
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ROUTINGROUTING
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To route a router need to know:
± Destination addresses ± Sources it can learn from
± Possible routes
± Best route
± Maintain and verify routing
What is Routing?What is Routing?
172.16.1.010.120.2.0
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What is Routing? (cont.)What is Routing? (cont.)
NetworkProtocol
DestinationNetwork
ConnectedLearned
10.120.2.0172.16.1.0
ExitInterface
E0S0
Routed Protocol: IP
± Routers must learn destinations thatare not directly connected
172.16.1.010.120.2.0
E0S0
Identifying Static and DynamicIdentifying Static and Dynamic
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Static Route
Uses a route that anetworkadministrator entersinto the router manually
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that anetwork routingprotocol adjusts
automatically for topology or trafficchanges
Identifying Static and DynamicRoutes
Identifying Static and DynamicRoutes
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Static Routing: The administrator must hand-type all network locations into the routing
table. ±In Static Routing, the administrator is
responsible for updating all changes byhand into all routers.
STATIC ROUTING
IP Ro te commandIP Ro te command
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IP Route commandIP Route command
ip route [destination_network ][mask] [next_hop_address or exit interface
]
It is a Global configuration modecommand.
Above command is used for configuring
routing table in Static Routing
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The following list describes each command in the string:
ip route The command used to create the static route.
destination network The network you are placing in the
routing table.mask Indicates the subnet mask being used on
the network.
next hop address The address of the next hop router thatwill receive the packet and forward it to the
remote network. This is a router interfacethat is on a directly connected network. You
must be able to ping the router interface before you add the route.
Static Routing
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Stub Network
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
172.16.2.1
SO
Static Route ExampleStatic Route Example
172.16.1.0
B172.16.2.2
NetworkA B
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a routeconfigured in the opposite direction.
Default RoutingDefault Routing
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Default RoutingDefault Routing
Default routing is used to send packetswith a remote destination network not inthe routing table to the next hop router.
You can only use default routing on stubnetworks, which means that they haveonly one exit port out of the network.
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Stub Network
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
Default RoutesDefault Routes
172.16.2.1
SO
172.16.1.0
B172.16.2.2
Network A B
This route allows the stub network to reach all knownnetworks beyond router A.
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Static RoutingStatic Routing Static Routing is the process of an administrator manually adding
routes in each router¶s routing table.
Benefits of S tatic Routing
±No overhead on the Router CPU
±No Bandwidth usage between routers
±Security (Administrator can allow routing to selected networks)
Disadvantage of S tatic Routing
±The administrator must really understand the full internetwork to
configure routes correctly. ± If one network is added to the internetwork the administrator
must add a route to it on all routers.
± It is not feasible in large networks because it would be a full-time job.