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*hydro power*hydro power
HYDRO water
power from water
most widely used renewable source of energyhydroelectricity power generated by capturing
energy from water
hydro energy is available aspotential energyand as kinetic energy
harnessing this energy involve water flowthrough a turbine
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B.C : ~2000 yrs. ago, Greeks used waterwheels to grind wheat to flour
1700s : evolution of modern hydro powerturbine
: Bernard Forest de Belidor, Frenchhydraulic and military engineer describedusing a machine with a vertical axisinstead of a horizontal one
: hydro power was used mostly forpumping irrigation and milling lumber
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1880 : dynamo belted to a water turbine at theWolverine Chair Factorywas first used topower 16 lamps
1882 : opening of the first operationalhydroelectric generating station in theUnited States in Appleton, Wisconsin
producing 12.5kWof power
1900s : 40% of the electricity consumed in theU.S. was provided by hydroelectric power
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1950 : the largest dam built by the U.S. Bureauof Reclamation was the Roosevelt Dam inArizona
: its power output increased from4500kWto 36000kW
in20yrs. : around 300 hydroelectric plants becameoperational around the world
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TODAY
the size of hydro power plants rangesfrom several hundred kilowatts to
several hundred megawatts they have combined capacity of675000MWand produce over 2.3 trillionkWh of electricity worldwide (equivalent
to 3.6 billion barrels of oil) about 20% of the worlds power come
from hydroelectric power (REN21sRenewables Status Report)
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Two conditions required to generate hydroelectricpower:
1. source of flowing water
2. topographic reliefin the landscape
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Typical components:
1. dam
most important component
thicker at the bottom
2. reservoir
place behind the dam where water is stored
3. control gates (intake gates)
control the release of water
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4. penstocks (pipes)
carry the water from the reservoir to theturbines
5. powerhouse (power generation unit) contains the turbines and the generator
6. electrical substation
where the electricity produced by therotation of the turbine shaft is transmitted
here transformers increase the voltages toallow transmission
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the water in the reservoir is at a height above therest of the dam structure
the water in the penstocks possess both KE and PE
it is the turbine which converts the energy of water
into rotational motion of the shaft
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IMPOUNDMENT
is by far the most common type
makes use of a dam
typically a large hydro power system
turbines used are usually reaction turbines whoseblades are submerged fully in water
available energy depends on the head of the waterand on the volume of the waterflowing throughthe turbine
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The potential energy per unit volume:
PE/V = ghwhere:
- density of water (103 kg/m3)
h - height in meters (m)
g - acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
The power generated in the impounded case:
P = tghQwhere:
Q - volume flow rate (m3/s)
t- efficiency of the turbine
IMPOUNDMENT
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DIVERSION(run of river)
channels a portion of a fast flowing river
impulse turbines (partially submerged) are used infast-flowing run of river installations
Kaplan turbines (submerged) are used for deeper,slower-flowing rivers
available energy depends on the velocity of thewaterand on the volume of the waterflowingthrough the turbine
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The kinetic energy per unit volume:
KE/V = v2where:
- density of water (103 kg/m3)
v velocity of the water (m/s)
The power generated in run of river installments:
P = tv2Qwhere:
Q - volume flow rate (m3/s)
t
- efficiency of the turbine
DIVERSION
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PUMPEDSTORAGE
reuses water
water is pumped back to the upper reservoir atnon-peak times
water is released back to the lower reservoir togenerate electricity during periods of high demand
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LARGE produce up to 30MW of power
SMALL / MINI produce 100kW~30MW of power
efficiencies of about 65%
AC-Direct
MICRO produce up to 100kW of powerefficiencies of about 50%
AC is converted to DC for storage
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clean source of energy
inexpensive electricity and produce no pollution
only cost is capital cost
expensive installationsuitable site is difficult to find
destruction of surrounding (i.e. flooding)
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Ideally, water quality should be retained but thisis not the case in real applications.
Water often takes on a higher temperature, losesoxygen content, and gains phosphorus and
nitrogen content.
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Increasing the head difference and/or volume flowthrough the penstock increases the power delivered
by the plant.
Pimpounded = tghQ
Pdiversion = tv2Q
Other improvements may include reduction of possibleenvironment degradation and enhancing water
quality.
The new turbines designed were based on a redesign ofa pump impeller.
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~ Yangtze River in Sandouping, Yinchang, Hubei,China
~ capacity of 22500MWwhen completed
~ capacity of17600MWat present
~ planned to be completed in the year 2011
~ bottom side is 115m thick; top side is 40m thick
~ total length is 660km~ width is 1.12km
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~ there are over 420principal rivers andwatershed areas of about 25000km2
~ hydro power generation started in the 1900s in
the Northern mountains of Luzon
~ currently, there are 134 hydro power plants inoperation (27large, 52 mini-hydro, 61 micro-
hydro)~ in 2013: capacity from 2518MW to 5468MW
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Pump Storage
A power grid has a load pattern during one 24-hour period thataverages 600 MW during 18 hours and 1200 MW during 6hours. A pumped-hydro energy storage system with anelevation of 100 ft is considered.
Calculate: the power output of a power plant (in MW) thatwould meet the load demand with and without storage
Solution:Turnaround efficiency is assumed to be 65% (El-Wakil, Power Plant
Technology, p.680)
~ with storage:
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Part of the energy produced during non-peak hours when P is above
600 MW will be stored and will be released during peak hours when
energy is required to meet the 1200 MW demand.
0.65*(P 600)*18 = (1200 P)*6
P is the required power output.
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P is therefore:
P = 803.39 MW ANS.
~without storage:
Without anywhere to store the excess energy during peak
hours, the plant shout meet the average demand during peak
hours.
Therefore:
P = 1200.00 MW ANS.
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El-Wakil, M. M. Powerplant Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1984.Daughtry, Robert L. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications. SI
Metric Edition. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1989.
Energy Sources: Hydroelectric Power.http://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/hydro.htm
Saburnido, R. Renewable Energy in the Philippines. 2009 March 1.http://www.bukisa.com/articles/38626_renewable-energy-in-the-philippines
Farret, F.A. Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy. Hoboken, NewJersey. John Wiley&Sons, Inc.
Newman, David. History of Hydroelectric Power.http://ffden2.phys.uaf.edu/104_spring2004.web.dir/Todd_Robyn/Page5.htm
Electropaedia. http://www.mpoweruk.com/hydro_power.htm
Chima, R.V. NASA Glenn Research Center: CFD Codes for Turbomachinery.Ohio, U.S.A. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/rvc/swift.htm