Designation: D 2216 – 98

Standard Test Method forLaboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content ofSoil and Rock by Mass 1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope *

1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe water (moisture) content by mass of soil, rock, and similarmaterials where the reduction in mass by drying is due to lossof water except as noted in 1.4, 1.5, and 1.7. For simplicity, theword “material” hereinafter also refers to either soil or rock,whichever is most applicable.1.2 Some disciplines, such as soil science, need to deter-

mine water content on the basis of volume. Such determina-tions are beyond the scope of this test method.1.3 The water content of a material is defined in 3.2.1.1.4 The term “solid material” as used in geotechnical

engineering is typically assumed to mean naturally occurringmineral particles of soil and rock that are not readily soluble inwater. Therefore, the water content of materials containingextraneous matter (such as cement, and the like) may requirespecial treatment or a qualified definition of water content. Inaddition, some organic materials may be decomposed by ovendrying at the standard drying temperature for this method(110°C). Materials containing gypsum (calcium sulfate dihy-drate or other compounds having significant amounts ofhydrated water) may present a special problem as this materialslowly dehydrates at the standard drying temperature (110°C)and at very low relative humidities, forming a compound(calcium sulfate hemihydrate) which is not normally present innatural materials except in some desert soils. In order to reducethe degree of dehydration of gypsum in those materialscontaining gypsum, or to reduce decomposition in highlyorganic soils, it may be desirable to dry these materials at 60°Cor in a desiccator at room temperature. Thus, when a dryingtemperature is used which is different from the standard dryingtemperature as defined by this test method, the resulting watercontent may be different from standard water content deter-mined at the standard drying temperature.

NOTE 1—Test Methods D 2974 provides an alternate procedure fordetermining water content of peat materials.

1.5 Materials containing water with substantial amounts ofsoluble solids (such as salt in the case of marine sediments)

when tested by this method will give a mass of solids whichincludes the previously soluble solids. These materials requirespecial treatment to remove or account for the presence ofprecipitated solids in the dry mass of the specimen, or aqualified definition of water content must be used. For ex-ample, see Noorany2 regarding information on marine soils.1.6 This test method requires several hours for proper

drying of the water content specimen. Test Method D 4643provides for drying of the test specimen in a microwave ovenwhich is a shorter process. Also see Gilbert3 for details on thebackground of this test method.1.7 This standard requires the drying of material in an oven

at high temperatures. If the material being dried is contami-nated with certain chemicals, health and safety hazards canexist. Therefore, this standard should not be used in determin-ing the water content of contaminated soils unless adequatehealth and safety precautions are taken.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids4

D 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic Soils4

D 4220 Practice for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples4

D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils4

D 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven Method4

D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil and RockTesting4

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.

Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originallypublished as D 2216 – 63 T. Last previous edition D 2216 – 92.

2 Noorany, I., “Phase Relations in Marine Soils”, Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, No. 4, April 1984, pp. 539–543.

3 Gilbert, P.A., “Computer Controlled Microwave Oven System for Rapid WaterContent Determination”, Tech. Report GL-88–21, Department of the Army, Water-ways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, November 1988.

4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.

1

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428

Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

D 6026 Guide for Using Significant Digits in Calculatingand Reporting Geotechnical Test Data5

E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection And Forced-Ventilation Ovens6

3. Terminology

3.1 Refer to Terminology D 653 for standard definitions ofterms.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 water content (of a material)—the ratio expressed as a

percent of the mass of “pore” or “free” water in a given massof material to the mass of the solid material. A standardtemperature of 110°6 5°C is used to determine these masses.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 A test specimen is dried in an oven at a temperature of110°6 5°C to a constant mass. The loss of mass due to dryingis considered to be water. The water content is calculated usingthe mass of water and the mass of the dry specimen.

5. Significance and Use

5.1 For many materials, the water content is one of the mostsignificant index properties used in establishing a correlationbetween soil behavior and its index properties.5.2 The water content of a material is used in expressing the

phase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given volumeof material.5.3 In fine-grained (cohesive) soils, the consistency of a

given soil type depends on its water content. The water contentof a soil, along with its liquid and plastic limits as determinedby Test Method D 4318, is used to express its relative consis-tency or liquidity index.

6. Apparatus

6.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically-controlled, preferably ofthe forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifica-tion E 145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperatureof 1106 5°C throughout the drying chamber.6.2 Balances—All balances must meet the requirements of

Specification D 4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of0.01g readability is required for specimens having a mass of upto 200 g (excluding mass of specimen container) and a ClassGP2 balance of 0.1g readability is required for specimenshaving a mass over 200 g. However, the balance used may becontrolled by the number of significant digits needed (see 8.2.1and 12.1.2).6.3 Specimen Containers—Suitable containers made of ma-

terial resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeatedheating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH, andcleaning. Unless a dessicator is used, containers with close-fitting lids shall be used for testing specimens having a mass ofless than about 200 g; while for specimens having a massgreater than about 200 g, containers without lids may be used(see Note 7). One container is needed for each water contentdetermination.

NOTE 2—The purpose of close-fitting lids is to prevent loss of moisturefrom specimens before initial mass determination and to prevent absorp-tion of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before finalmass determination.

6.4 Desiccator—A desiccator cabinet or large desiccator jarof suitable size containing silica gel or anhydrous calciumsulfate. It is preferable to use a desiccant which changes colorto indicate it needs reconstitution. See 10.5.

NOTE 3—Anhydrous calcium sulfate is sold under the trade nameDrierite.

6.5 Container Handling Apparatus, gloves, tongs, or suit-able holder for moving and handling hot containers afterdrying.6.6 Miscellaneous, knives, spatulas, scoops, quartering

cloth, sample splitters, etc, as required.

7. Samples

7.1 Samples shall be preserved and transported in accor-dance with Practice 4220 Groups B, C, or D soils. Keep thesamples that are stored prior to testing in noncorrodible airtightcontainers at a temperature between approximately 3 and 30°Cand in an area that prevents direct contact with sunlight.Disturbed samples in jars or other containers shall be stored insuch a way as to prevent or minimize moisture condensation onthe insides of the containers.7.2 The water content determination should be done as soon

as practicable after sampling, especially if potentially corrod-ible containers (such as thin-walled steel tubes, paint cans, etc.)or plastic sample bags are used.

8. Test Specimen

8.1 For water contents being determined in conjunction withanother ASTM method, the specimen mass requirement statedin that method shall be used if one is provided. If no minimumspecimen mass is provided in that method then the values givenbelow shall apply. See Howard7 for background data for thevalues listed.8.2 The minimum mass of moist material selected to be

representative of the total sample shall be in accordance withthe following:

Maximum particlesize (100 %passing)

Standard SieveSize

Recommendedminimum mass ofmoist test spec-imen for watercontent reported

to 60.1 %

Recommendedminimum mass ofmoist test spec-imen for watercontent reported

to 61 %

2 mm or less No. 10 20 g 20 gA

4.75 mm No. 4 100 g 20 gA

9.5 mm 3⁄8-in. 500 g 50 g19.0 mm 3⁄4-in. 2.5 kg 250 g37.5 mm 11⁄2 in. 10 kg 1 kg75.0 mm 3-in. 50 kg 5 kg

ATo be representative not less than 20 g shall be used.

8.2.1 The minimum mass used may have to be increased toobtain the needed significant digits for the mass of water whenreporting water contents to the nearest 0.1 % or as indicated in12.1.2.

5 Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 04.09.6 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

7 Howard, A. K., “Minimum Test Specimen Mass for Moisture Content Deter-mination”,Geotechnical Testing Journal,A.S.T.M., Vol. 12, No. 1, March 1989, pp.39-44.

D 2216

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8.3 Using a test specimen smaller than the minimum indi-cated in 8.2 requires discretion, though it may be adequate forthe purposes of the test. Any specimen used not meeting theserequirements shall be noted on the test data forms or test datasheets.8.4 When working with a small (less than 200g) specimen

containing a relatively large gravel particle, it is appropriatenot to include this particle in the test specimen. However, anydiscarded material shall be described and noted on the test dataforms or test data sheets.8.5 For those samples consisting entirely of intact rock, the

minimum specimen mass shall be 500 g. Representativeportions of the sample may be broken into smaller particles,depending on the sample’s size, the container and balancebeing used and to facilitate drying to constant mass, see 10.4.Specimen sizes as small as 200 g may be tested if watercontents of only two significant digits are acceptable.

9. Test Specimen Selection

9.1 When the test specimen is a portion of a larger amountof material, the specimen must be selected to be representativeof the water condition of the entire amount of material. Themanner in which the test specimen is selected depends on thepurpose and application of the test, type of material beingtested, the water condition, and the type of sample (fromanother test, bag, block, and the likes.)9.2 For disturbed samples such as trimmings, bag samples,

and the like, obtain the test specimen by one of the followingmethods (listed in order of preference):9.2.1 If the material is such that it can be manipulated and

handled without significant moisture loss and segregation, thematerial should be mixed thoroughly and then select a repre-sentative portion using a scoop of a size that no more than afew scoopfuls are required to obtain the proper size ofspecimen defined in 8.2.9.2.2 If the material is such that it cannot be thoroughly

mixed or mixed and sampled by a scoop, form a stockpile ofthe material, mixing as much as possible. Take at least fiveportions of material at random locations using a sampling tube,shovel, scoop, trowel, or similar device appropriate to themaximum particle size present in the material. Combine all theportions for the test specimen.9.2.3 If the material or conditions are such that a stockpile

cannot be formed, take as many portions of the material aspractical, using random locations that will best represent themoisture condition. Combine all the portions for the testspecimen.9.3 Intact samples such as block, tube, split barrel, and the

like, obtain the test specimen by one of the following methodsdepending on the purpose and potential use of the sample.9.3.1 Using a knife, wire saw, or other sharp cutting device,

trim the outside portion of the sample a sufficient distance tosee if the material is layered and to remove material thatappears more dry or more wet than the main portion of thesample. If the existence of layering is questionable, slice thesample in half. If the material is layered, see 9.3.3.9.3.2 If the material is not layered, obtain the specimen

meeting the mass requirements in 8.2 by: (1) taking all orone-half of the interval being tested; (2) trimming a represen-

tative slice from the interval being tested; or (3) trimming theexposed surface of one-half or from the interval being tested.

NOTE 4—Migration of moisture in some cohesionless soils may requirethat the full section be sampled.

9.3.3 If a layered material (or more than one material type isencountered), select an average specimen, or individual speci-mens, or both. Specimens must be properly identified as tolocation, or what they represent, and appropriate remarksentered on the test data forms or test data sheets.

10. Procedure

10.1 Determine and record the mass of the clean and dryspecimen container (and its lid, if used).10.2 Select representative test specimens in accordance with

Section 9.10.3 Place the moist test specimen in the container and, if

used, set the lid securely in position. Determine the mass of thecontainer and moist material using a balance (see 6.2) selectedon the basis of the specimen mass. Record this value.

NOTE 5—To prevent mixing of specimens and yielding of incorrectresults, all containers, and lids if used, should be numbered and thecontainer numbers shall be recorded on the laboratory data sheets. The lidnumbers should match the container numbers to eliminate confusion.NOTE 6—To assist in the oven-drying of large test specimens, they

should be placed in containers having a large surface area (such as pans)and the material broken up into smaller aggregations.

10.4 Remove the lid (if used) and place the container withmoist material in the drying oven. Dry the material to aconstant mass. Maintain the drying oven at 1106 5°C unlessotherwise specified (see 1.4). The time required to obtainconstant mass will vary depending on the type of material, sizeof specimen, oven type and capacity, and other factors. Theinfluence of these factors generally can be established by goodjudgment, and experience with the materials being tested andthe apparatus being used.

NOTE 7—In most cases, drying a test specimen overnight (about 12 to16 h) is sufficient. In cases where there is doubt concerning the adequacyof drying, drying should be continued until the change in mass after twosuccessive periods (greater than 1 h) of drying is an insignificant amount(less than about 0.1 %). Specimens of sand may often be dried to constantmass in a period of about 4 h, when a forced-draft oven is used.NOTE 8—Since some dry materials may absorb moisture from moist

specimens, dried specimens should be removed before placing moistspecimens in the same oven. However, this would not be applicable if thepreviously dried specimens will remain in the drying oven for anadditional time period of about 16 h.

10.5 After the material has dried to constant mass removethe container from the oven (and replace the lid if used). Allowthe material and container to cool to room temperature or untilthe container can be handled comfortably with bare hands andthe operation of the balance will not be affected by convectioncurrents and/or its being heated. Determine the mass of thecontainer and oven-dried material using the same type/capacitybalance used in 10.3. Record this value. Tight fitting lids shallbe used if it appears that the specimen is absorbing moisturefrom the air prior to determination of its dry mass.

NOTE 9—Cooling in a desiccator is acceptable in place of tight fittinglids since it greatly reduces absorption of moisture from the atmosphereduring cooling especially for containers without tight fitting lids.

D 2216

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11. Calculation

11.1 Calculate the water content of the material as follows:

w 5 @~Mcws2 Mcs!/~Mcs2 Mc!# 3 1005Mw

Ms3 100 (1)

where:w 5 water content, %,Mcws 5 mass of container and wet specimen, g,Mcs 5 mass of container and oven dry specimen, g,Mc 5 mass of container, g,Mw 5 mass of water (M w 5 Mcws−Mcds), g, andMs 5 mass of solid particles (Ms5 Mcds− Mc), g.

12. Report

12.1 Test data forms or test data sheets shall include thefollowing:12.1.1 Identification of the sample (material) being tested,

such as boring number, sample number, test number, containernumber etc.12.1.2 Water content of the specimen to the nearest 1 % or

0.1 %, as appropriate based on the minimum sample used. Ifthis method is used in concert with another method, the watercontent of the specimen should be reported to the valuerequired by the test method for which the water content isbeing determined. Refer to Guide D 6026 for guidance con-cerning significant digits, especially if the value obtained fromthis test method is to be used to calculate other relationshipssuch as unit weight or density. For instance, if it is desired toexpress dry unit weight to the nearest 0.1 lbf/f3(0.02 kN/m3), itmay be necessary to use a balance with a greater readability oruse a larger specimen mass to obtain the required significantdigits the mass of water so that the water content can bedetermined to the required significant digits. Also, the signifi-cant digits in Guide D 6026 may need to be increased whencalculating phase relationships requiring four significant digits.12.1.3 Indicate if test specimen had a mass less than the

minimum indicated in 8.2.

12.1.4 Indicate if test specimen contained more than onematerial type (layered, etc.).12.1.5 Indicate the temperature of drying if different from

1106 5°C.12.1.6 Indicate if any material (size and amount) was

excluded from the test specimen.12.2 When reporting water content in tables, figures, etc.,

any data not meeting the requirements of this test method shallbe noted, such as not meeting the mass, balance, or temperaturerequirements or a portion of the material is excluded from thetest specimen.

13. Precision and Bias

13.1 Statement on Bias—There is no accepted referencevalue for this test method; therefore, bias cannot be deter-mined.13.2 Statements on Precision:13.2.1 Single-Operator Precision (Repeatability)—The

single-operator coefficient of variation has been found to be 2.7percent. Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests bythe same operator with the same equipment should not beconsidered suspect unless they differ by more than 7.8 percentof their mean.8

13.2.2Multilaboratory Precision (Reproducibility)9—Themultilaboratory coefficient of variation has been found to be5.0 percent. Therefore, results of two properly conducted testsby different operators using different equipment should not beconsidered suspect unless they differ by more than 14.0 percentof their mean.

14. Keywords

14.1 consistency; index property; laboratory; moistureanalysis; moisture content; soil aggregate; water content

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D-18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue.(D 2216-92) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Title was changed to emphasize that mass is the basis forthe standard.(2) Section 1.1 was revised to clarify “similar materials”.(3) New 1.2 was added to explain a limitation in scope. Theother sections were renumbered as appropriate.(4) An information reference was included in 1.5.(5) An information reference was included in 1.6(6) A new ASTM referenced document was included in 2.1.(7) New Footnotes 2, 3, and 5 were added and identified.Other footnotes were renumbered where necessary for sequen-tial identification.(8) Information concerning balances was added in 6.2(9) Section 6.3 was revised to clarify the use of close-fittinglids, and a reference to Note 8 was added.

(10) In 6.4, “anhydrous calcium phosphate” was changed to“anyhydrous calcium sulfate” to correct an error and to agreewith Note 3.(11) A typo in 8.1 was corrected from “before” to “below” anda footnoted reference was added for information.(12) A portion of 8.2 was deleted for clarity.(13) A new 8.2.1 was added to clarify minimum mass require-ments.(14) Sections 8.3, 8.4, 9.3.3, and 12.1 were changed tosubstitute “test data form/sheet” for “report”.(15) Footnote seven was identified.(16) Section 9.2.1 was revised to improve clarity and intent.(17) The word “possible” was changed to “practical” in 9.2.3.

8 These numbers represent the (1s) and (d2s) limits as described in Practice C670.

9 These numbers represent the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits as described in PracticeC 670.

D 2216

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(18) Section 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 were revised to improve clarityand for practicality.(19) A reference to Guide D 6026 was added in 12.1.2.(20) Footnotes 8 and 9 were added to 13.2.1 and 13.2.2,respectively. These were inadvertently omitted from the 1992

version. These explanations provide clarity and information tothe user.(21) A Summary of Changes was added to reflect D-18’spolicy.

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectionwith any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

D 2216

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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

इंटरनेट मानक

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 2430 (1986): Methods for Sampling of Aggregates forConcrete [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

yr --____--_~_

IS : 2430 - 1986

Indian Standard METHODS FOR

SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

( First Revision

Third Reprint SEPTEMBER 1993

UDC 666.972.12:620.113

@ Copyfight 1987

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD S MANAKBHAVAN, 9 BAHADUFt SHAH ZAFARMARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr3 3wu 1987

IS:2430-1986

Indian Standard METHODS FOR

SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

( First Revision ) Building Materials and Components Sampling Sectional Committee,

BDC 31

Chairman

DR MOEAN RAI

Members

Represrnling

Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ), Roorkee

SIiRI S. K. Goswanr ( Al&safe to Dr Mohan Rai )

SHRI S. K. BANERJEE National Test House, Calcutta DR P. Ray CHAUDRURI Centgralhyd Research Institute ( CSIR ), New

SBRI L. A. GOKHALE Mini~;iykXwTransport, Department of Railways,

Sam B. K. JAIN ( Alfrmutr ) SHRI S. C. KUYAR Development Commiuioner, Small Scale Industries.

New Delhi SHRI K. V. K. RAJU ( Allrmare )

SHRI M. V. LAKSF~XANASAMY Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta DR A. G. MADHAVA RAO Struc;;;iaFineering Research Centre ( CSIR ),

SHRI D. S. RAYACHANDRA MURTHY ( Alinnate )

SHRI J. P. MAIKWRI SHRI P. P. SAXENA ( Akrrnatc )

Export Inspection Council of India, New Delhi

DR A. K. MULLICK Nati~$“,t$l for Cement and Building Materiala, e

SHRI K. H. BABU ( Alternate ) SERI S. S. RAJPUT SRRIK.S. SRINIVASAN

Forest Research Institute and Colleges. Dehra Dun National Buildings Organization, New Delhi

SHRI T. R. BHATIA ( Akmutr ) SHRI N. VEERABADHU

SHRI S. B. JAISWAL ( Aftrrnotc ) Central Public Worka Department, New Delhi

SHRI G. VENXATESULU Ministry of Shipping and Transport, New Delhi SHRI PRAFULLA KUMAB ( Afternate )

SHRX G. W. DATEY, Director General, BIS ( Ero@cio Mmbn ) Director ( Stat: )

SIcretafy

SYT ANDPAM GUPTA Deputy Director ( Stat ), BIS

@ Cowight 1987

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Co@yriiht Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Art.

IS : 2430 - 1986

Indian Standard METHODS FOR

SAMPLING OF AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

( First Revision

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 28 November 1986, after the draft finalized by the Building Materials and Components Sampling Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 Sampling is of equal importance to testing and a man drawing samples shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the true nature and condition of the materials which they represent.

0.3 One of the major contributing factors to the quality of concrete is the quality of aggregates used therein. It is, therefore, imperative that due consideration is given to sampling procedures which will help in the proper and objective evaluation of the quality of aggregates.

0.4 This standard was originally issued in 1969. This has been revised so as to make it more easily implementable in practice and bring it in line with the current national and international trade practices. [ In this revised version, the weight of the gross sample and number of increments have been modified so that it may be more economical to use them in practice.]

0.5 In preparing this standard, assistance has been derived from the following publications:

ASTM/D 75-1982 Standard practice for sampling aggregates ISO/DIS 4847 Concrete - Sampling of normal weight aggregates.

0.6 For reporting the results of a test or analysis, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

*Ruler for rounding off numerical values ( rsckad ).

2

E.,-..r I.._. - ._._ I_ _ _. “_._..

IS : 2430 - 1986

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard prescribes the methods of sampling for coarse and fine aggregates for the following purposes:

a) PreIiminary investigation of source of suppl’y,

b) Inspection of shipment of materials, and

c) Inspection of materials on the site of work.

1.2 This standard also specifies methods of sample reduction, packing and forwarding them for examination and testing.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall

apply-

2.1 Aggregates - Crushed stone, crushed boulders, gravel, sand, industrial by-products or such other inert material.

2.2 Fine Aggregates - Aggregates most of which pass thtough 4’75 mm IS Sieve.

2.2.1 Natural Sand - Fine aggregates resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which have been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.

2.2.2 Crushed Stone Sand - Fine a’ggregates produced by crushing hard stone.

2.2.3 Crushed Gravel Sand - Fine aggregates produced by crushing natural gravel.

2.3 Coarse Aggregates - Aggregates most of which are retained on 4’75 mm IS Sieve.

2.4 All-in Aggregates - Material composed of fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.

2.5 Lot - The quantity of aggregates of the same class, nominal size, source and offered for inspection at one time. The lot may consist of the whole or a part of the quantity ordered for.

2.6 Sub-lot - The quantity of aggregates in each of the parts into which a lot is divided for the purpose of sampling. As far as possible sub-lots should be of equal size.

2.7 Increment - The quantity of aggregates obtained by a sampling device at one time.

2.8 Unit Sample - The quantity of aggregates collected at one point in sectional -ampling or at one time from the conveyor.

3

IS : 2430 - 1986

2.9 Gross Sample - Sample as collected from a sub-lot, that is, the quantity of aggregates consisting of one Or several increments or unit samples taken from a sub-lot.

2.10 Laboratory Sample - The quantity of aggregates obtained by reducing a gross sample following a specified procedure and intended for laboratory testing.

2.11 Composite Sample ( for the Lot ) - The quantity of aggregates obtained by mixing together equal quantities from each of the laboratory samples.

3. SAMPLING FOR PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF SOURCE OF SUPPLY

3.1 Stone from Ledges for Quarries

3.1.1 The ledge or quarry face of the stone shall be inspected to determine any discernible variations or strata. Differences in colour and texture shall be observed.

3.1.2 Separate samples having a mass of at least 25 kg of stone should be obtained from each discernible strata. The sample should not include material weathered to such an extent that it is no longer useful for the purpose intended.

3.2 Field Stone and Boulders

3.i.l A detailed inspection of the deposits of field stone and boulders, over the area from where the supply is to be obtained, shall be made. The different kinds of stone and their condition in various deposits shall be recorded.

3.2.2 Separate samples shall be selected of all classes of stone that visual examination indicates would be considered for use in construction. These individual samples shall weigh at least 25 kg each.

3.3 Sand and Gravel ( Road Side, Bank Run Sand and Gravel Deposits )

3.3.1 Road side production is the production of materials with portable or semi-portable crushing, screening, or washing plants estab- lished or reopened in the vicinity of the work on a designated project for the purpose of supplying materials for that project.

3.3.2 Potential sources of bank run sand may include previously worked pits from which there is an exposed face or potential deposits discovered through air-photq, interpretation, geo-physical exploration or other types of investigation.

3.3.3 Samples shall be so chosen from each of the different strata in the deposit discernible to the sampler. An estimate of the quantity of different materials shall be made.

1

IS : 2430 - 1986

3.3.4 If the deposit is worked as an open-face bank or pit, the sample shall be taken by channelling the face vertically, top to bottom, so as to represent the materials proposed for use. Over-burden and disturbed material shall not be included in the sample. Test holes shall be excavated or drilled at numerous locations in the deposit to determine quality of material and the extent of the deposit ljeyocd the exposed face, if any. The number and depth of these lest holes will depend upon the quantity of the materia1 to be used, topography of the area, nature of the deposit, character of the material and potential value of the material in the deposit. Separate samI>les shall be obtained from the face of the bank and from test holes. If visual inspection indicates that there is considerable variation in material, indivii;ual samples shall be selected from the material in each well defined stratum. Each sample shall be thoroughly mixed and quartered, if necessary, so that the.gross sample obtained wail be of at least 12 kg for sand and 33 kg If the deposit contains an appreciable amount of coarse aggregates. If the deposit being in\,estiqated does not have an open face, sample shall be obtained entirely from test holes as outlined herein.

4. SAMPLING FOR INSPECTION OF SHIPMENT OF MATERIALS AND OF MATERIALS ON THE SITE OF WORK

4.1 The samples shall be selected and examined from each lot ( see 2.5 ) separately.

4.1.1 For obtaining reliable conclusions, it is recommended that as far as possible aggregates be sampled when in motion, that is, from conveyors or during loading and unloading,

4.2 Sampling from Conveyors

4.2.1 Sub-lots - For the purpose of sampling a lot, while it is being discharged over a conveyor, shall be divided into a number of sub-lots of approximately equal size as specified in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NUMBER OF SUB-LOTS INTO WHICH A LOT IS TO BE DIVIDED

( Clauses 4.2.1, 4.3.1 and 4.4.3 )

LOT STZE No. OF SrjB-LOTS

(md)

(1) (2)

101 to 500 3

501 to 1 500 5

I 501 to 5 000 7

NOTE - In case the lot contains 100 ms or less of aggregates, the sampling shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.

5

IS :2430- 1986

4.2.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots and shall be kept separately. Thus there will be as many gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.

4.2.2 The weight of the grocs sample shall depend on the maximum nominal size of aggregates and shall be according to Table 2. In order to obtain this weight of gross sample, at least 10 increments of a suitable weight, each not less than 1 kg, shall be taken. Increments shall be taken with the help of a suitable scoop ( see Fig. 1 ) at regular intervals.

TABLE 2 WEIGHT OF GROSS SAMPLE

M_cama NOMINAL SIZE OF MINIMUM WEIGHT OF AGGREGATES

(mm)

2.36

475

9.5

10'0

12-5

13’2

l&O

19.0

20’0

251)

37.5

40.0

50.0

63.0

75.0

80’0

90’0

GROSS SA~~PLE ( kg )

Fine Aggregates

10

10

Coarse’ Aggregates

10

10

15

15

20

25

25

50

75

80

100

125

150

160

175

NOTE 1 - For aggregates, the maximum nominal size of particles is the largest sieve size upon which any material is permitted to be retained.

NOTE 2 -For all-in-aggregates, minimum weight of gross sample shall be the mass of coarse aggregates ( minimum ) plus 10 kg.

6

IS : 2430 -1986

Dimansions of the Scoop in mm ~-.--‘-~--h----~~-~

A B c D E

’ 10 250 250 120 200 300

5 200 200 90 175 240

2 150 150 75 125 180

FIG. 1 SAMPLING Shoop

IS : 2430 - 1986

4.2.2.1 The increments shall be taken at equal intervals preferably from the cross section and thickness of the stream in one operation. When the aggregates are in motion, the most reliable means of taking such increments is to sample at a point where the material discharges from the belt. The best possible increment is one which cuts across entirely the falling steam of the material by means of a suitable receptacle passed from one side of the steam to the other without allowing the receptacle to overflow. If the whole of the steam cannot be covered by one increment without overflowing the receptacle, the steam should be sampled systematically by taking material from all portions.

4.2.2.2 If’it is not possible to sample satisfactorily at the point of discharge, increments may be drawn from the moving belt itself. In this case, the increments shall be col1ecte.d from the centre and the left and right side of the belt along the same width. To ensure that very small material is also correctly obtained, a scoop should sweep the conveyor.

4.2.3 The material collected from various increments in a sub-lot shall be combined and mixed together to constitute a gross sample.

4.3 Sampling from Transportation Units ( Wagons, Trucks and Boats )

4.3.1 Sub-lots - For the purpose of sampling, all the carriers ( wagons/ trucks/boats ) in a lot shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately equal size in accordance with the requirements of Table 1.

4.3.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots and shall be kept separately. Thus, there will be as many gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which a lot has been divided.

4.3.2 In order to get a representative gross sample, the aggregates shall be sampled as far as possible when in motion, during loading or unloading.

4.3.2.1 A minimum of 25 percent of the carriers shall be selected at random from the sub-lot. ‘For the random selection of carriers, the procedure given in 3.1 of IS : 4905-1968” may be followed. Ten increments shall be taken from the selected carriers and a suitable weight of the increment, not less than 1 ks, shall be used SO that a Fross sample of the quantity required m Table 2 is obtained. The Increments shall be evenly distributed over the selected carriers with a

*Methods for random sampling.

8

IS : 2430 - 1986

view to determine the necessary number of increments that should be ,collected from e&h of the carriers in the sub-lot ‘for making up the grogs sample. These increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable scoop ( see Fig. 1 ) at regular intervals, at the time of loading or unloading of the carriers.

4.3.3 When the samples are to be collected from the 1Qaded carriers, for collecting ten required increments, an equal number of points shall be located at random on the entire aggregate surface of all the carriers in a sub-lot. At every selected point, an increment shall be collected by the sectional sampling method.

4.3.3.1 Sectional sam/ding - At every selected point an increment shall be collected by taking the whole section of’ aggregates from top to bottom over the area of a circle of 20 cm diameter for aggregates more than 20 mm nominal size. For doing so, aggregate from the surface up to a depth of approximately 45 cm shall be collected at first. The bottom of the hole so formed shall then be covered by a plate and the aggregate lying on the sides shall be removed up to that plate so that, when the hole is dug further, the material from the sides does not fill up the hole by falling down. The procedure is repeated till the bottom is reached. For aggregates up to 20 mm nominal size and fine aggre- gates a sampling auger may be used in a casing pipe of 15 cm diameter and length slightly more than the height of the sub-lot. The casing pipe is pushed vertically down till it touches the bottom of the lot. The entire material from the inside of the ca$ing pipe is removed by the auger to give an increment.

4.3.3.2 In sampling coarse aggregates from loaded carriers effort should be made to enlist’ the services of power equipment capable of exposing the material at various levels and random locations. When power equipment is not available the procedure given in 4.3.3.1 may be followed.

4.4 Sampling from Stacks or Stock Piles

4.4.1 For sampling material from stock piles or stacks, it is very difficult lo ensure unbiased samples, due to the segregation which often occurs when material is stacked, with coarser particles rolling to the outside face of the pile. For coarse or all-in aggregates every effort should be made to procure a power equipment to develop a separate, small sampling pile composed of materials drawn from various levels and locations in the main pile after which several increments may be combined to compose the gross sample. If it is necessary to indicate the degree of variability existing within the main pile, separate samples should be drawn from separate areas of the pile.

4.4.2 Where power equipment is not available, samples from sack piles should be made up of the required number of increments taken

9

IS:2430- 1986

equally from top third, at the mid point and at the bottom third of the volume of the pile. A board put vertically into the pile just above the sampling point helps in preventing further segregation. In sampling stock piles of the aggregates, the outer layer which may have become segregated, should be removed and the sample taken from the material beneath.

4.4.3 Sub-lots - For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of aggregates in a stack shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately equal size in accordance with Table 1.

4.4.3.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn f;om each of the sub-lots. Thus there will be as many gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.

4.4.4 Sampling of aggregates from stacks shall be carried out as far as possible, during the making ( or breaking ) of the stack.

4.4.4.1 A minimum of ten increments shall be taken from a sub-lot for making up a gross sample. The weight of the gross sample shall be according to Table 2 for various sizes of aggregates. The weight of the increment shall be governed by the weight of the gross simple and minimum number of increments i.e. 10. This weight of increment shall not be less than 1 kg. The number of increments shall be equally distributed over the sub-lot. Increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable scoop ( see Fig. 1 ) at regular intervals in the course of making or unmaking of the stacks.

4.4.5 When it becomes necessary to sample a stationary stack, trench sampling method ( see 4.4.5.1 and 4.4.5.2 ) may be used. This method is applicable for stacks up to a maximum height of 1’5 m only.

4.4.5.1 The weight of the gross sample shall be according to Tabfe 2 and minimum number of increments from a sub-lot shall be ten. These increments shall be collected according to 4.4.5.2.

4.4.5.2 Along a randomly chosen line on the aggregates surface of the sub-lot, a trench shall be dug right down to the ground level. From the trenches so dug, the required number of increments shall be collected with the help of a suitable sampling scoop ( see Fig. 1 ) at various points randomly spread over the two exposed sides of the trenches. In case of large stacks, in addition to the trench, the sides of the piles may also be opened to expose the aggregates down to the bottom at places where the trench does not expose the aggregates inside.

5. REDUCTION OF GROSS SAMPLE

5.1 Each gross sample shall be reduced separately. The process of mixing and reduction of each gross sample shall be repeated until the material required for each test, as specified in the relevant test method specification, IS : 2386 ( Parts 1 to 8 )-1963* is obtained.

*For titles of the various parts of IS : 2386, see page 12.

10

L,.,._..“._--_--. I.-_

IS : 2430 - 1986

5.2 Reduction by Riffle Divider - The aggregates shall be well mixed and poured into the riffle. This process shall be repeated using different size riffles according to the size of the aggregates.

5.3 Coning and Quartering Method - The aggregates shall be mixed and then scooped into a cone-shaped pile. Care shall be taken to drop each scoopful exactly over the same spot as otherwise the central axis of the, cone will be slackened and an uneven distribution of the particle sizes will result. After the cone is formed, it shall be flattened by pressing the top of the cone with the smooth surface of the scoop. Then it is cut into quarters by two lines which intersect at right angles at the centre of the cone. The bulk of the sample is reduced by rejecting any two diagonally opposite quarters. Accuracy in quartering is most easily attained, in the case of fine and all-in-aggregates, with damp material.

6. PACKING AND MARKING OF SAMPLES

6.1 Each sample shall be packed separately and despatched to the testing laboratory, great care being taken in packing to prevent the loss of any fine material.

6.1.1 Coarse aggregates shall be packed in secure containers or sample bags.

6.1.2 Fine aggregates and all-in aggregates shall be packed in tight containers or closely woven bags so that there is no loss of the finer particles.

642 Each package shall include a card, suitably protected from damage by moisture and abrasion, giving the name and address of the sender and the information required in 6.2.1.

6.2.1 As much as possible the following information about the origin of the material shall accoinpany each sample:

a) Name of the quarry, pit, river-bed, etc, and address;

b) Proposed use for the material; and

c) Geographic location, and shipping facilities.

7. NUMBER OF TESTS AND REPORTING OF TEST RESULTS

7.1 Unless otherwise stated each sample shall be tested individually for all the requirements and test results reported in accordance with IS : 2386 ( Parts 1 to 8 )-1963*.

*For titles of the various parts of IS : 2386, see page 12.

11

IS : 2430 - 1986

Titles of Various Parts of IS : 2&%X

IS : 2386 ( Part 1 )-I963

IS : 2386 (Part 2 )-1963

IS : 2386 ( Part 3 )-I963

IS : 2386 ( Part 4 )-I963

IS : 2386 ( Part 5 )-I963

IS : 2386 ( Part 6 )-1963

IS : 2386 ( Part 7 )-1963

IS : 2386 ( Part 8 )-1963

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 1 Particle size and shape

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 2 Estimation of deleterious materials and organic impurities

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 3 Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 4 Mechani- cal properties

Methods of test for aggregates for concrc te: Part 5 Soundness

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 6 Measuring mortar making properties of fine aggregate

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 7 Alkali aggregate reactivity

Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: Part 8 Petro- graphic examination

12

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