Development of a Breathalyzer for Drug Detection
Herbert Hill and Nicholas LovrichRegents Professors
Chemistry and Political Science, RespectivelyWashington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
Nick LovrichRegents Professor Emeritus
Political Science
• 34 years at WSU
• Robert Woods Johnson Foundation Grant with Spokane Public Schools and Spokane Juvenile Court
• Currently attending American Society of Criminology Conference
“Legalization of Marijuana and the Challenges to Impaired Driving Enforcement”
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Prologue to Current Study• WSP Data Sharing with WSU for Racial Profiling Monitoring, Decade+ -- stops,
citations, searches & use of force
I. Experience with DUI/DWI Data Records in this racial profiling work
II. Experience with DRE Program; awareness of drug-impaired driving trends
III. Digitization of DRE Archival Records (Paper to dataset)
• Engagement with Hill Lab prior to I-520 in 2010; objective top 20 drugs detection in the field
• Interest of Chemring Corp. in commercialization of field assessment tools; exploratory meeting in Nov. of 2011; provision of grant funds and instrument for lab studies; request for second proposal for additional funds to promote lab work and preliminary field testing
• Emphasis shifts to THC after passage of I-520
• Washington Association of Sheriffs and Police Chiefs – Traffic Safety Committee– 2030 goal of no traffic fatalities.
~440 last year and dropping at a rate of about ~3/year. Need to drop at a rate of ~30/year to meet goal.
What have we done recently?Privatized Alcohol
Legalized Marijuana
Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer
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• Increase in impaired driving due to drugs other then alcohol
• Marijuana was legalized in Colorado and Washington state, DC and Oregon
Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer
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• DRE (drug recognition experts) trained in recognizing drug-impaired driving.
– Not possible to have enough DREs to combat the increase in drugged driving especially with the legalization of marijuana.
Need for a drug breathalyzer that can be used by law enforcement to identify drugged
driving.
Need for a Marijuana Breathalyzer
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State of the Art• Beck1: drugs can be captured on absorbents in the field
– Runs all analysis in laboratories after pretreatment of samples – Analysis done on non-portable instruments (LC-MS, GC-MS)
• Reviews and publications have been written about saliva, sweat, urine, hair and blood analysis for drugs2,3
– Saliva and sweat can be performed in the field by immunoassay – Numerous sample pretreatment methods– Large contamination problems
• No scientific literature published on breath collection methods that have been recognized in the media. – Cannabix
Currently no field method that can easily identify drugs in the field and can be used by law enforcement to combat
drugged driving. 1)Beck, O.; Sandqvist, S.; Dubbelboer, I.; Franck, J., Detection of Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol in Exhaled Breath Collected from Cannabis Users. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2011, 35, 541-544.2) Kidwell, D. A.; Holland, J. C.; Athanaselis, S., Testing for Drugs of Abuse in Saliva and Sweat. Journal of Chromatography B 1998, 713, 111-135.3) Desrosiers, N. A.; Lee, D.; Schwope, D. M.; Milman, G.; Barnes, A. J.; Gorelick, D. A.; Huestis, M. A., On-Site Test for Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid. Clinical Chemistry 2012, 58(10), 1418-1425. 8
Hair: Not performed on site Breath for Alcohol
Saliva: lateral flow immunoassay
Urine: Not performed on site
Blood: Not performed on site
Breath: sample collected on site then shipped to lab for analysis.
http://www.psychemedics.com/ ;http://www.bactrack.com/products/bactrack-s80-pro-breathalyzer ; http://www.narcocheck.com/en/saliva-drug-tests/thc-marijuana-saliva-test.html; http://www.imarijuana.com/drug-tests/how-to-pass-urine-drug-test-marijuana-detection; http://www.marilynglenville.com/tests/vitamin-d-deficiency-test-at-home-finger-prick-blood/; http://sensabues.com/product.
Potential for on Site Analysis
WSU ADA Pilot Study Funding for Hill and Lovrich
Correlation of Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Evaluation with Chemical Field Analysis: The Timely Enhancement of
Enforcement Capacity to Deal with Drugged Driving
Doctoral student on task: Jessica Tufariello
Discovery of Detection of Drugs in Breath• Amphetamines Detected in Exhaled Breath from
Drug Addicts –Journal of Analytical Toxicology, (34), 2010
Olof BeckDepartment of Medicine
Karolinska InstitutetStockholm Sweden
Discovery ofDetection of Drugs in BreathDetection of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Exhaled Breath Collected from Cannabis Users-Journal Analytical Toxicology, 35, Oct 2011
Empore C18 Filter diskLiquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetateLC-MS-MS1-12 hr after cannabis smoking
Thermal Desorption of Drugs• Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in
Breath Using Thermal Desorption …- Anal. Chem. (82) 2010
Prof. C. L. P. ThomasDepartment of ChemistryLoughborough University
Loughborough, UK
Discovery of Detection of Drugs by IMS
Heroin and Cocaine with Mass-Identified Mobility Spectra
- J. Chromatogr. 117, 1976
Herbert HillDepartment of Chemistry
Washington State UniversityPullman, WA
Applications in Explosives & Drugs Detection
• Correction Facilities• Embassies• Federal Buildings• Forensic Labs• Military Sites• Postal Facilities• Schools
Public Venues
Airports Border Crossings
Courts
Morpho DetectionWilmington, MA
Explosives and Narcotics Detection
ITEMISERVaporTracer2
Smiths DetectionMississauga, Ont.
Canada
IONSCAN
SABRE 4000
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On site analysis of samplesHistory of hand held IMS:
• 1970’s: 14cm long drift tube IMS• 1980’s: Ceramic drift tube design• 1990’s: miniaturized 15mm by 70mm• Chemical agent monitor (CAM) • Lightweight Chemical Detector
(LCD)Ionization sources:
• Radioactive• Corona discharge
Used for:• Chemical warfare agents (CWAs)• Explosives• Drugs
Hand Held IMS Systems
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ASMS 2013
Hand-Held Ion Mobility SpectrometersProducts in Development or Off-the-Shelf
ChemPro-100
Open-Loop IMS
Environics, OyMikkeli, Finland
DT IMS
Smiths DetectionWatford, UK
Lightweight Chemical Detector
DT IMSG.A.S.
Gesellschaft fur Analytische Sensorsysteme
Dortmund, Germany
μ-IMS ODOR
RF-DC IMS
General DynamicsCharlotte, NC, USA
JUNO
21June 9, 2013
Fundamentals of an Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Electric Field
Drift (buffer) Gas
IONS
Ion
Col
lect
or
Sour
ce o
f Ion
izat
ion
–R
adio
activ
ity, E
lect
rical
Dis
char
ge, e
tc.
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Pulsed Sampling – Gated-Grid – Ion Mobility Spectrometer
LOUDSPEAKER(sample-on-demand)
ION SOURCE[CORONA
DISCHARGE]
ABSORPTION PUMPING
SHUTTERGRID
REACTION REGION DRIFT REGION
IONCOLLECTOR
SAMPLE PLENUM
5/10/14ASMS, Baltimore 2014
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Hand held DMS system:
• 63Ni ionization source• Membrane inlet• DMS Chip• Self cleaning • Visual and Audio
Alerts• Detect and identify
CWA’s and Toxic Industrial Chemicals
• Chemring Detection Systems Juno® Training Package DOC# E30761 REV C Jan 10,201225
AIR/SAMPLEFLOW
IONSOURCE
IONCOLLECTORS
PARALLEL PLATES ORCONCENTRIC CYLINDERS
DISPERSIONVOLTAGE
(Asymmetric AC)
RF-DC Ion Mobility Spectrometry“Field Ion Spectrometry” “Differential Mobility Spectrometry”
“Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry”
COMPENSATIONVOLTAGE
(DC)
5/10/14 ASMS, Baltimore 2014 26
MeOH (-) 150˚C
RIP
MeOH (+) 150˚C
RIP
THC (+) 150˚C 1ppm
PIP
THC (-) 150˚C 1ppm
RIP
PIP
DMS: Drug Vapor Standard Solutions
Positive Mode
Negative Mode
THC
Drug response in DMS• Difference responses for five different
drugs:– Methamphetamines– Cocaine– Tetrahydrocannabinol– Morphine– Dextromethorphan
IMS has been used in the field by the military and
law enforcement for identification of chemical
warfare agents, explosives, and drugs.
Develop and test a breathalyzer interfaced to an IMS system for rapid field detection of illicit drugs from human breath.
Breath has been an accepted sample method by the public
for law enforcement to collect on site.
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Thermal desorber (design 1)
Filter holder to JUNO
Drug vapor introduction Breath
introduction
Drug vapor introductionFilter
holder to JUNO
WSU: Hill Laboratory
Two different IMS systems in the Hill lab
Differential Mobility
Spectrometer Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Conclusions• Drugs can be detected in Breath using Solid Phase
Adsorption (SPA) technologies.• Drugs can be transferred from adsorbents to IMS
by thermal desorption (TD)• Ion Mobility is a proven screening technique for
Explosives, Drugs, and CWAs
By combining SPA-TD-IMS we can develop a light portable hand-held screening device for drugs.
1) Test DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS system for THC response2) Test Breathalyzer absorbents (Tenax-TA, Filter papers, CarboPack Y, etc.) 3) Human breath samples captured by breathalyzer and thermally desorbed into DMS, GC-DMS,
or DTIMS a. Basic human breathe background b. Breath contaminatesc. Human breath sample from marijuana user captured by breathalyzer and thermally
desorbed into a DMS, GC-DMS, or DT-IMSd. Time studye. Reproducibility study
4) Evaluate Breathalyzer using DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS for identification of Other drugs of abuse5) Solid works design of breathalyzer prototype and construction6) Statistical evaluation of breathalyzer-DMS, GC-DMS, or DTIMS 7) Write and defend thesis
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